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All patients are under the care and management of Prof. B. A. Cam- 
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DR. B. A. CAMFIELD, 



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,T0 

HIS IMPERIAL MAJESTY 

THE MIKADO OF JAPAN, 

WHO WAS FIRST 

AMONG THE GREAT RULERS OF THE EARTH 

TO RECOGNIZE 

THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION ; 

FIRST 

AMONG FOREIGN POTENTATES 

TO SEND AN EXHIBIT; 

AND FOREMOST 

IN THE DISPLAY OF PRINCELY GENEROSITY 

TOWARD CHICAGO, 

THIS VOLUME 

IS DEDICATED BY 

THE COMPILER. 



BOGUE & CO, 
REAL ESTATE AGENCY. 

Rooms 203 to 209 Real Estate Board Building, 
59 DEARBORN STREET, CHICAGO. 



WE HAVE CONSTANTLY O.V HAND A LARGE LIST OF BUSINESS, 
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We call Special Attention to our Subdivided Properties in New 
and Thoroughly Improved Sections. 



THE GRANT LOCOMOTIVE WORKS 

ADDITION TO CHICAGO 

PRESENTS EXCEPTIONAL ADVANTAGES FOR PRO! ^ 

ITABLE INVESTMENT. ( 

I 

This property is situated at the southwest corner of West 
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Pacific; and street car lines and electric railways are 
planned, and it is expected will be completed to this prop- 
erty during the early summer of 1892. 



DIVISIONS OF THE HAND-BOOK. 



PART T.— Industrial Expositions— Where the idea of holding the'm was born 
and how it grew— The great national ind international fairs (7.^ history, 
from London in 1761 to Paris in 1889— Descriptive of the leadin^^ exhi- 
bitions. - - - - -■- - - r'age 17 

PART II.— Growth of the American Republic— Some amazing- figures for 
the visitor— The changes fifty years have wrought— Great cities vr>f 
to-day— From the Atlantic Ocean lo Chicago -Tourist guide. 1 age 50^ 

PART III— Chicago— The marvelous growth of the western metropolis -Its 
advancement in wealth and culture— Statistics of an interesting char- 
acter for the visitor -Information of a general nature alphabetically 
arranged. ----.-._ Page 64 

PART IV.— Inception of the World's Fair project— The selection of Chicago 
-President's proclamation— Cost of the great undertaking— The site and 
buildings— A view of the W^orld's Columbian Exposition from the lake 
— Won a ers of the day and beauties of the night. - - Page 109 

PART v.— Development of the plans for the great Exposition— The neces- 
sity for expenditures beyond the original estimates— Comparison 
between the Chicago and the last Paris Exposition -Interesting figures 
—Descriptions of the magnificent buildings— Their dimensions, cost, 
etc. -----.--- Page 1^4 

PART VI . —The State buildings and exhibits— Rules governing them- What 
the great Commonwealths of the Union have contributed to the 
World's Columbian Exposition— Resources and products illustrated— A 
general review— The Territories. _ _ _ - Page 155 

PART VII.— Foreign representations and e^fhibits -The civilized world dis- 
plays its progress at the Chicago Exposition— Some of the leading 
attractions— Rules governing foreign exhibits— Location of foreign 
buildings, etc. ...... ^ Page 183 

PART VIII.— Departments an i departmental exhibits— What the visitor 
will behold in th great buildings and on the grounds of the World's 
Columbian Exposition— A wonderful display made by the nations of 
the globe— Art, agriculture, electricity, fish, etc. - - Page 231 

PART IX.— Women andthe Fair— The scope given to their work— Exhibit in 
the Woman's building— Marvellous interest created throughout the 
world in this departm-^ nt— The curious things of the Exposition- 
Special exhibits— Midway Plaisa nee, etc. _ . . Page 260 

PART X — The educational exhibit— How the schools of the country are 
represented- Arrangements for music— Rand stands and choral halls- 
World's Congresses— Military— Electric effects— The medusaline walks 
—General notes and information. - . . _ Page 280 

PART XI.— What Chicago has to offer for the entertainraentof her visitors 
besides the Exposition— Where one may spend an hour or a day com- 
fortably or profitably- Information of all kinds alphabetically 
arranged -------- Page 288 

PART XII.— Dedication of the World's Columbian Exposition, October 12, 
1893— Turning the buildings over to the Pre ident— The " Procession of 
Centuries "— Fireworks— Great chorus— Military display— Prices of 
admission, etc. - - - . - - - Page 313 

PART XIII.- Appendix — Rules for Exhibitors — Directory of the World's 
Fair- Officers, Departments, Committees, Bureaus, Etc. — Hack and 
Cab Rates— Chicago Street Guide - - - - Page 316 



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GENEEAL INDEX. 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EX- 
POSITION, 

PAGE. 

Administration Building 13 ) 

Administration Building, Cost 130 

Administration Building 

Described 13 ) 

Administration Building, 

Dimensions 130 

Agricultural Building 131 

Agricultural Building, Cost... 13L 

Agricultural Building, ... 

Described 131 

Agricultural Building, Dimen- 
sions 131 

Agricultural Department 2M 

Agricultural Department, As- 
sembly Building 3,'8 

Agricultural Department, Ex- 
hibits 228 

Agricultural Department, Ex- 
periment Stations 229 

Agriculturial Department, . . . 

Scope of 227 

Alabama Building 15/' 

Alabama E'chi bit lof 

Alaska Exhibit 181 

Algiers' Exhibit 19 

Ancient Anchors 61 

Ancient Bell 2b8 

Andrews, The Lone Voyager. . 268 

Annexes, Area covered 115 

American Antiquities 269 

American Indian Exhibit 267 

American Indian Exhibit, .... 

Scope of 267 

Archeological and Ethnolog- 
ical Section 266 

Archeological and Ethnolog- 
ical Section, Scope of... 2*16 

Architects Employed 126 

Area covered by buildings ... 131 

Arizona Exhibit 181 

Arkansas Exhibit 157 

Argentine Exhibit 19 L 

Agricultural Department, Illi- 
nois Prizes 228 

Art Building 13 

Art Building, Cost 133 



PAGE. 

Art Building, Described 133 

Art Building, Dimensions 133 

Art Department 2'22 

Art Department, Architecture 226 
Art Department, Conspicious 

Exhibits 225 

Art Department, Extent of .. . 22j 
Art Department, Foreign Ex- 
hibitors 222 

Art Department, Grecian Ex- 
hibit 224 

Art Department, Paintings . . 23;i 
Art Department, Rules Gov- 
erning 226 

Art Department, Sculpture .. 324 
Art Department, Space occu- 
pied 233 

Art Depa tment, Statuary 233 

Articles for Exhibition 185 

Astronomic il Clock :;69 

Attractive Exhibits 268 

Australian Exhibit 191 

Austrian Exhibit. ... 193 

Balloon Ascensions 369 

Ba lots for Location 109 

Band Stands 1^4 

Bank 154 

Battle Ship 134 

Batte Ship, Co t 131 

Battle Ship, Described 134 

Battle Ship, Dimensions 134 

Bazaar of Nations ^ 69 

Bible of 1615 370 

Big and Rare Trees 270 

Brazilian Exhibit 193 

Bridges 153 

British Colum'oian Exhibit . . . 194 

British Guiana Exhibit 195 

British Honduras Exhibit ... 195 
British West Indian Exhibit.. 195 

liolivi m Exhibit 192 

Bull ing«. Area Covered 115 

Buildings, Costof 115 

Building Statistics 115 

Bulgarian Exhibit 195 

California Building 157 

California Exhibit 558 

Clam Bake 270 

Canadian Exhibit 195 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Capacit5% etc 1-^8 

Care of Foreig-a Visitors 185 

Casino Pian Abandoned J5l 

Casino, Substitute 151 

C6y Ionian Exhibit 196 

Chicago's Pledge to Congress.. 109 
Chicago Municipal Subscrip- 
tion 109 

Chicago's Citizens' Subscrip- 
tion 109 

Chinese Exhibit 196 

Chilian Exhibit 196 

Cocoa Exhibit 270 

Columbian Exhibit 197 

Columbian Museum 385 

Columbus Bell 270 

Columbus Collection 270 

Cold Storage Warehouse 370 

Colorado Building.. 159 

Colorado E hibit 159 

Congressional Artion 110 

Congressional Conditions. ..... Ill 

Congressioi al Restrictions 111 

Connecticut Exhibit 150 

Contents of Great Bui 'dings. . . 2^ 

Convent of LaRabida 152 

Cut G Jass Factory 271 

Compared with other Exposi- 
tions 124 

Compared with last Exposition 127 

Competitors for Location 109 

Cost of Buildings 115 

Cost of Buildings 131 

Costa Rican Exhibit 198 

Cuban Exhibit 198 

Curious Things 268 

Cyclists' Parade 271 

Dairy Building 135 

Dairy Building, Described ... 135 
Dairy Building, Dimensions . 135 

Dairy Section. 229 

Dairy Section, Tests 229 

Denmark Exhibit F8 

Delaware Building. 150 

Delaware Exhibit 150 

Descriptive 116-123 

Description of Buildings. . . 131 

Description of Site 1 13 

Development of Plans 124 

Department Building 15J 

Department Building, De- 
scribed 153 

Department Classification... .331 

Departmental Exhibits 321 

Diamond Exhibits 37L 

Dimensions of Buildings 131 

District of Columbia Exhibit. . 183 



PAi 

Dominion Exhibit 195 

Dutch West Indian Exhibit . . 199 
Early Railroad Architecture.. 271 

East Indian Village 271 

Ecquador Exhibit 199 

Eddystone Lighthouse 271 

Educational Exhibit 280 

Educational Exhibit, Scope of. 281 

Electrical Effects 285 

Electrical Effects at Night. . . : . 285 

Electricity Building 1 5 

Electricity Bui ding, Cost ... .135 
Electricity Building, Described 135 
Electricity Building, Dimen- 
sions 135 

Electricity Department 230 

Electricity Department, An 

Electric Household 231 

Electricity Department, Edison 

Exhibit 233 

Electricity Department, Elec- 
tric Power 234 

E ecti-icity Department, Eng- 
lish Display 333 

Electricity Department, Ex- 
hibitors 230 

Electricity Department, Ex- 

hihits 230 

Electricity Department, Ger- 
man Display 333 

Electric liighting. > 34 

Employes of Exhibitors 1^5 

English Exhibit 199 

Estimated Cost l:-7 

Exposition Act 110 

Exposition at a G lance 116 

Exposition from the Lake. . . . 116 

Exposition Proclaimed 113 

Exposition, Scope of 387 

Extent of Plans 14 

Fast Flight of Carrier Pigeons. 371 

Fire Arms ... 271 

Fire-Proof Construction 272 

First < otton Gin 271 

First Forei j n Exhibit 271 

First Locomotive 373 

First Map of the World 272 

First Telegraph Message 273 

First Tele/raph Wire 373 

Fishe ies Building 1 37 

Fisheries Building, Cost . . 137 

Fisheries Building, Described.. 137 
Fisheries Building, Dimensions 137 

Fisheries Department 236 

Fisheries Dep'tment, Aquarial 237 
Fisheries Department, Curios- 
ities of 238 



GENERAL INDEX. 



iii 



PAGE. 

Fisheries Dep'tment Exhibit . . 237 

Floriculture Display 289 

Fl riculture, Foreign Exhibits 239 

Fioriculture Section 239 

Florida Building 161 

Foreign Agents, Exhibits of ... IfcO 

Foreign Appropriations 183-220 

Foreign Art 183-220 

Foreign Buildings 139 

Foreign Buildings 183-220 

Foreign Commission 183 

Foreign Countries Represented 190 

Foreign Difficulties. . . 184 

Fore gn Employes of Exhib'ors 185 

Foreign Exhibits 183 

Foreign Exhibits, How Entered 185 
Foreign Exhibits, Law Gov- 
erning 185 

Foreign Exhibits, Magnitude 

of 183-220 

Foreign Exhibits, Questions 

Answered 187 

Foreig.i Exhibitors, Informa- 
tion for 185 

Foreign Governments Notified 113 

Foreign Interest 183 

Foreign Representation 183 

Foreign Re resentatives . . . .183-220 

Fore'gn Visitors, Care of J85 

Forestry I?uilding 138 

Forastry Buildiaj-, Cost 138 

Forestry Building, Described . 138 
Forestry Building, Dimensions 138 

Forestry Department 240 

Forestry Department, Display 240 
Forestry Department, Exhibits 241 

French Exhibit SOO 

Friendship of For'gn Countries 185 

German Exhibit 201 

Georgia Building 161 

Georgia Exhibit 161 

Government Building 147 

Government Buii' ing. Cost . . 147 
Government Building, De- 
scribed 147 

Government Building, Dimen- 
sions — 147 

Government Exhibit 267 

Great Britain Exhib t 199 

Great Buildiags Described 130 

Great Eagle 272 

Grecian Exhibit 203 

Ground Adornment 139 

Guatemalian Exhibit 203 

Guianan, British, Exhibit 195 

Gun Boat Niaa-ai-a 272 

H.iWaian Exhibit 216 



PAGE. 

Haytian Exhibit 4O4 

Headquarters for Manufact- 
urers , 272 

Holland Exhibit 204 

Honduras, British, Exhibit ... 195 

Honduras Exhibit 201 

Horticu -tural Building 140 

Horticultural Building, Cost.. 140 
Horticultural Building De- 
scribed 140 

Horticultural Building, Di- 
mensions 140 

Horticultural Department 24L 

Horticultural Department Ex- 
hibit 241 

Horticultural Department, 

Foreign Exhibits 243 

Horticultural Department, 

Space Al otted 24 J 

Ice Skating Rink 272 

Iceberg Shaped Building 273 

Idaho Building 161 

Idaho Exhibit 161 

II inois Building 162 

Illinois Building, Description.. 162 

Illinois Building, Interior 163 

Illinois Building, Sculpture 164 

Illinois Exhibit 165 

1 Uinois Exhibit, Features of. . . 166 

Inception (>f the Project 109 

Increase of Expenditures 124 

Indiana Building 167 

Indiana Exhibit 167 

Indian Exhibit ( East) 205 

Iowa Building 168 

Iowa Exhibit 168 

Irish Exhibit .... 205 

Ita'ian Exhibit 205 

Japanese Exhibit 208 

Japanese Gift 208 

Kansas Building 168 

Kansas Exhibit 168 

Kentucky Building 169 

Kentu ky Exhibit 169 

Lab r Contract Law 185 

Lake George Wreck 270 

La Rabida, Convent of. ... 153 
Last Nail for Woman's Build- 
ing 150 

Lavatories, etc ISS 

LiCe Saving Station 272 

Life Savin g Exhibit 267 

Live Stock Section 243 

Live Stock Section, Cattle and 

Horses 244 

Live Stock Section, Dogs . . . 243 
Livestock Section, Exhibits.. 243 



IV 



GBNBRAL INDEX. 



Louisiana Exhibit 169 

Machinery Department 244 

Machinery Department Exhib- 
it.. . 244 

Machinery Hall ., . 141 

Machinery Hall, Cost 14 L 

Machinery Hall, Described. .. 141 
Machinery Hall, Dimensions. . 141 

Maderian Exhibit 209 

Magnificent Microscope 2 3 

Maine Building 169 

Maine Exhibit 169 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 

Building 14S 

Manufactures and Liberal Ai ts 

hullding. Cost 143 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 

Building, Desciibed 143 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 

Building, Dimensions 143 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 

Department 245 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 

Department, Exhibit 345 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 

Department, Exhibitors. . 246 

Maori Curiosities 2^3 

Marine Device 273 

Maryland Building 170 

Maryland Exhibit 170 

Massachu;etts Building.. . i70 

Massachusetts Exhibit 170 

Marvellous Clock 273 

Material Used 126 

Maya House 273 

Medusaline Walks 286 

Meteoric St^ nes 273 

Mexican Exhibit 209 

Michigan Building 171 

Michigan Exhibit 171 

Military D splays 286 

Mines and Mining Building. . . 145 
Mines and Mining Building, 

Cost 145 

Mines and Mining Bui ding, 

Described 145 

Mines and Mining Building, 

Dimensions 14o 

Mines and Mining Department J;47 
Mines and Mining Department 

Exhibits 249 

Mines and Mining Department, 

400 Years' Progress 250 

Mines and Mining Department, 

Scope of 247 

Minnesota Buil'Ung 171 

Minnesota Exhibit 171 



PAGE. 

Miscellaneous Buildings . 151 

Mississippi Exhibit 171 

Missouri Exhibit 171 

Model Home 273 

Model Post-office 267 

Models of War t-hips 273 

Montana Exhibit — 173 

Moorish Palace 273 

Morocco Exhibit 213 

Music Hall 151 

Musical Section 282 

Musical Section, Exhibit ^82 

Musical Section— Society Par- 
ticipation 283 

Musical Section, Vocal Forces 283 

Natatorium 374 

Natatorium Building 154 

> ational Museum Exhibit 267 

National Prison Association 

Exhbit 374 

Naval Exhibit in Battle Ship. . 134 
Naval Review in New York. . Ill 

Nebr ska Building 173 

Nebra-ka Exhibit 173 

Nevada Exhibit VIS 

New Foundland Exhibit 213 

New Hampshire Exhibit 173 

New Mexico Exhibit 181 

New Jersey Building — 173 

New Jersey Exhibit 173 

New York Building 173 

New York Exhibit 173 

Newspaper Ea hibit 274 

Nicar^guan Exhibit 3 3 

Norwegian E ^ hibit 212 

North Carolina Building 174 

North Carolina Exh bit 174 

North Dakota Building 174 

North Dakota Exhibit 174 

Notification to President Ill 

Novel, Quaint and Curious 

Things 268 

Ocean Currents 274 

Ohio Building 175 

Ohio Exhibit 175 

Oklahoma Exhibit 181 

Old Cotton Exhibits 274 

Oregon Exhibit 175 

Organization of Commission ... Ill 
Outlay on Buik.ings and 

Grounds 135 

Panama Exhibit 313 

Panorama of a Volcano 274 

Paraeuan Exhibit 313 

Parthenon of Athens 375 

Pennsylvania Building 176 

Pennsylvania Exhibit 176 



GENERAL INDEX. 



I 



PAGE. 

Permanent Circus 275 

Feisian Exhibit 213 

Peruvian Exhibit 2i3 

Petrified Loj? 275 

Pliysicians' Bur.au of Service., 275 

Plan Statistics 114 

Pigmies From Africa 275 

Pizarros' Chi'ouometer L75 

Pompeii Reproduced. 275 

Postal Museum 275 

Post Office Exhibit 275 

Power3( f Comm ssion liO 

Prelimin ry Action Ill 

Presidential Proclamation 112 

Pro jabl ■ Total Expenditures.. 129 
Pr -vision for Grovernment 

Exhibits Ill 

Provision for U. S. commis- 
sion 110 

Provisions of Act of Congress.. 110 

Public ati ns Free of Duty 1>^ 5 

'•Puck"B ildia- 276 

Pullman in Miniature 276 

Quainc Things 26S 

Keccption of Foregn Visitors. 18') 
Relics oft iC Mouu.l Builders.. 276 
Religious Exnibits Building'... 154 

Restaurants 286 

Rhode Island Building- 177 

Rhode Isl.nd Exhibit 177 

Roumanian Exhibit 215 

Rules Governing State Build- 
ings and Exhibits 155 

Russian Exhibit 214 

Salt Plant 276 

'V-ams jn, " The Locomotive. . . 276 

Sam Houston's Capture 276 

Sandwich Islands Exhibit 216 

San Domingoan Canon 277 

San Domingoan Exhibit 215 

' 'Santa Maria" 277 

School Exhibit 280 

Scope of World's Congress 

Auxiliary 113 

Scotch Exhibit 200 

Servian Exhibit 216 

Shakespeare's Home 277 

Shoe and Leather Building — 1' 3 

S amese Exhibit '<^16 

Side Shows . . : 277 

Signal Service Exhibit 267 

Silver Building 277 

Site of the Exposition 286 

Site Selected 113 

Smithsonian Exhibit 267 

South American Exhibit 217 

Society of friends 376 



PAGE. 

South African Exhibit 216 

South Carolina Exhibit 178 

South Dakota Building 178 

South Dakota E.^:hibit 178 

South Sea Islands Exhibit '^ 8 

Spanish Exhibit 218 

"St tf" 1.9 

Stamp Mill 277 

Standard ciuide Abroad 185 

State Buildinj-s GroupeJ 182 

State Buildings and Exhibits . 155 

Statuary 277 

Steam Engine, Centuries Old. . 278 

Street in Cairo 278 

Streets in Reproduction 153 

Survey of Exposition 116 

SAvedish Exhibit 212 

Swiss Exhibit 219 

Tea House 278 

Tennessee Exhibit 178 

Territorial Exhibits 181 

Texas BuiLing 178 

'Cexas Exhibit ... 178 

'I heatrical Exhibit 278 

To ver 152 

Tower Decoration J54 

Tower of London 278 

Transit ; 87 

Transportation Building 146 

Transportation Building, Cost 146 
Transp ^nation Building, De- 
scribed 146 

Transportation Building, Di- 
mensions It6 

Transpor ation Department . . 254 
Transportation Department, 

Classification 255 

Transportation Dep'tment Ex- 
hibit 254 

Transp rtation Dep'tm'nt, Ex- 
hibitors 256 

Trinidad Exhibit 219 

Turkish Exhibit 219 

Turners' Gymnastic Exhibit'n 278 
U. S. Government Building.... 147 

Utah Building 183 

Utah Exhibit 18i 

Uruguan Exhibit 220 

Vermont Building 179 

Vermont Exhibit 179 

Virginia Exhibit . . 179 

Viticulture Section 259 

Vote of Congress on Location. 109 

Washington Building 179 

Washington Exhibit 17 ♦ 

Washington Park Races 378 

Waukesha Water 278 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE 
West Indian, British, Exhibit.. 195 

West Virginia Building J 80 

West Virginia Exhibit 180 

White Star Steamship Exhibit. 278 

Wild We^t Show :79 

Wisconsin Building 180 

Wisconsin Exhibit 180 

Woman's Building 147 

Woman's Building, C.st . 147 

Woman's Department ... .260 
Woman's Dep rtment, General 

P an ... 264 

Woman's Department, Wo- 
man's Exhibits 263 

Woods and i etrifacti ns.. ... :^79 
World's Congresses . . . 2t3 
Wor d's Fair Autograph Al- 
bum 279 

Wyoming Building 181 

W yoming Exhibit 18L 

DEDICAT ON CEREMONIES. 

Admission Price 3' 2 

Dedication Ball 3W 

Ded cation Day Program 313 

Dedi ation of Buildings 313 

Ded cat on Mus.c 313 

Dedication Ode 312 

Dedication Oration 313 

Fire Works 313 

General Arrangements 312 

Mihtary Di-play 314 

Procession of Centuries 314 

Special Trains 314 

APPENDIX. 

Boards, Bureaus, Departments, 

etc . 319 

Boar 1 of Architects '.*...... . . 320 

Bureau of Constru tion 320 

Board of Control and Manage- 
ment of the United Ptates 

Exhibit 320 

Poard of Lady Managers 3il 
Bf)ard of Lady Managers, Chi- 
cago Managers 321 

Board of s ady Mana ers. Pres- 
idents and Vice-Pres dents 3.21 
Board f Lady Mana g e r s, 
'-cope. Plans, Officers, etc ... 3-^4 

Chicago Street Directory 3 9 

Dtpa tments A to P 319 

Hack and Ca > Rates 3 '7 

Local Board Committees 318 

Local Board Directory 318 

Local Board Executive Com- 
mittee 3 8 



PAGE. 

Local Board Headquarters and 
Officers 3 8 

Medical Bureau 320 

Rules and Regulations World's 
Columbian Exposition 316 

Worl '8 Columbian Commis- 
sion 319 

World's Columbian Exposition 
Management 318 

World's Congress Auxiliary. .. 321 

World's Congress Auxiliary 
Departments. 331 

HI TORICAL. 

Austrian National Exhibitions. 24 

Belgium National Exhibitions. 25 

Centennial Exposition. 1876 .. 39 

Co vent Garden Exhibition 27 

Crystal Palace, The 27 

Dublin Exposition, 1853 30 

Early Industrial Displays . . 17 
Eifectof Centennial on Com- 
merce 43 

English National Expositions. 36 
First International Exposi- 
tion 27 

Foreign Expositions .... . 30-49 

German National Exhibitions. 24 

Industrial Exhibitions 17 

Iri-h Exposition, 1829 36 

London Exposition, 1851 3 ? 

London Exhibition, 1761 30 

London Exposition, 1863,. 31 

Melbourne Exposition, 1880 ... 46 
McCormick Reaper, First Eng- 
lish Exposition 39 

Ni w York Exposition, 1853 — 31 

O igin of Expositions 17 

Paris Exposition, 1798 21 

Paris Exposition, 1867 36 

Paris Rxposition, ] 878 44 

Paris Exposition, 1855 32 

Paris Exposition, 1889 47 

Philadelphia Exposition, 1876.. 39 

Saxon National Exhibition — 24 

Swiss National Exhibitions ... 25 

Sydney Exposition, 1879 46 

Vienna Exposition, 1873 38 

Why Expositions are Held 17 

CHICAGO— CONDENSED GUIDE 
TO. 

Academy of Music 289 

Advancement in wealth and 

Culture 64 

Alhambra Theatre 28'> 

Amusements , — .....■■ 66 



GENERAL INDEX. 



68 



PAGE. 

Amusement, Places of .. . . 

Anarchy 

Annexation 69 

Architecture 69 

Area 70 

Area in Square Miles 65 

An Institute. . *;89 

A rt Interests 70 

A shland Block 77 

Asylums, etc 76 

Athletic Clubs 81 

Athenaeum 289 

Audito ium 73 

ruditoiium Building- 290 

Auditorium Hotel 290 

Auditoi ium Theatre 290 

Banks 70 

Bank Capital 65 

1 anif dealings 65 

Banking Business 71 

Board of Trade 71 

Boating 290 

Bound Book Production 66 

Breweries 71 

Bridewell 71 

Bridges and Viaducts 72 

Buildings in 189 J 65 

Buildings since 1876 65 

Building Statistics 72 

Buildings, the Notable 73 

Bunco Steerers 290 

Cable Lines 80 

Calumet Lake — hS 

Calumet River 93 

Casino .291 

Cemetei'ies 78 

Chamber of Commerce 75 

Charities 73 

Charitable Institutions 78 

Chicago Opera House 29J 

Chicago River 93 

Christian Organizations 79 

Churches 79 

City Railways 80 

Clark Street Theatre 293 

Climate 81 

Clubs 66 

Colleges 85 

Commercial Exchanges 82 

Compared with Other Cities. . . 79 

Concert Saloons 293 

Confidence Men 293 

Cook County Abstract Buildg, 77 

Coroner's Inquest 82 

County Expenditures 83 

County Revenue 83 

Court House 83 



PAGE. 

Courts 83 

Crib, The 84 

« ycloramas 294 

Daily Papers 96 

Daily and We _ kly Papers 66 

Dime Museums j;94 

Distance to other Principal 

Cities 84 

Divisions or sides 93 

Educational Institu ions 65 

Electric Fountain 108 

Elevated Railroads 80 

Electric Railways . 81 

Fire Department 85 

Fire of 71 85 

Fi.eof '74 87 

Foreign Born People S7 

Gambling Houses ~97 

G ntlemen's Cmbs . 81 

Germania i^uilding 17 

Germania Theater 298 

Geographical location of 87 

Grain Elevators 88 

Grand Opera House 29J 

Gi and Pacific Hotel ^98 

Grand View Hotel 298 

Great Buildings 73 

Great Industi ies 89 

Great Northern Hotel 298 

Growth of the Western Metrop- 
olis 64 

Hacks and Hansom ; 8i 

Hansom Cabs 299 

Havlin's J heater 299 

Haymarket Massacre 88 

Haymarket Tiieater 2; 9 

Historical 64 

Historical Fac s 89 

Hooley's Theatre 299 

Hor^e Railways 81 

Hospitals 90 

Hote s 90 

Hotel Wellington - ... 299 

Hon e of Correction 71 

Hyde Lake 9 5 

Inebriate Asylums 90 

Insane Asylum . 82 

Iron and Steel Manufacture. . . 91 

Jail 83 

Jobbing Business 91 

Keeley Institute 91 

Kimball Hall 300 

Lakes and Rivers 93 

Lake and River Frontage 93 

Leading Theaters 68 

Lemont Ston-^! Quarries 301 

Length and Width 93 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Libraries . . 'J ^ 

Libby Prison Museum bOl 

Life fcsavjng- Stations 9'J 

Light Houtees 9t 

Literary CJubs 81 

Lumber Trade -. 94 

Manufactures 65 

Manufactures, capital and 

Jabor 94 

Marriages — 94 

Masonic Temple 74 

Mc \'icker's Theater . . 3<J1 

M<^a Packing 94 

Meat Products — <J5 

Military 95 

Monuments 95 

Municipal (jovemment 95 

Newspapers 96 

Palmer Housj 304 

Parks, A ttractions of 97 

Park and iioulevard System 96 

Parks, How to reach them 96 

Pa. ks,'Ihe Great 96 

Piankint^jn < f Milwaukee . . . t(J5 

Police J Jepartment 98 

Police Pr(jt','ct ion 305 

Population, 1>59; 64 

Population, 1 89-J 64 

Population, Growth of. 64 

Poor, Care of The 77 

PoorHousfi Ki 

Postal rnformation 98 

Post (^fljce J. uil«!ing lOQ 

Poverty 77 

Printed Matter Mai od.. 66 

Private Schools 65 

Prominent IJuildingg 77 

VuYAU: ijWjr'dry ". . , 1(0 

PubJic School System, Co^t of 65 

Pullman 305 

Pullmun Paiawi Car Co 306 

Jiaxdng Tracks 66 

Railroads JOl 

ItaJIroad J>epots 101 

jteljc House 306 

Jtf'w.rts 66 

Jievenu^:* and Disbursements 

of ^ity Government 81 

Richelieu Hotel 307 

llookery. The 75 

Sem in;i ries 85 

Sherman Hoiise 3f)8 

Shipping Ufi 

Ship » uilding Yard 308 

Sky Scrapers 7 '< 

Sp*^;iaJ Attractions 288 

Btan'lard Theater ... 309 



PAGE. 

StateC^ubs f-l 

Statistics 64 

Steam Surface Kailways 80 

Suburbs lOi 

Suburbs -How to Reach Them Hl3 

Tacoma, The 76 

Taxable Valuation of Cook 

Ojunty Pr. perty 103 

TempJe, The 74 

Topojrrnphy 10:3 

Tremont House 'Mi 

Tributary Cities and Towns. . 10 J 
Tributary Cities. How to Reach 

Them 103 

Tributary Cities. Population of 10 { 

Union St'»ck Yards 3<J9 

Universities 85 

Variety Theaters 310 

Venetian Bui Iding . 77 

Viaducts 72 

Victoria HoUil 310 

Virginia Hotel 310 

Water Works . . 105 

WaU^r Works, Capacity 107 

Water Works, Descri tion of. 105 
Water Works, Pumping Sta- 
tions 105 

Watf:;r Works, Source of Sup- 
ply 105 

Water Works, Temperature of 

Water 108 

Water Works, Towers 106 

Water Works, Tunnels IW 

Weekly Papers 9fi 

Wellington Hotel '^m 



Wholesale Fiuf-iness. 

Windsor Theater 

Wolf Lake 

Women's Cubs 

Yerkf-K fountain — 
Zoological Gardens. 

GENERAL INFORMATION. 

Across the Continent 

Riltimore 

Ranking Business of the U. S. 

Bost^m 

Ch;tng.s of 100 Years in the 

United States 

Cleveland,.. 

Cincinnati 

Columbus . . . . 

(;omm"rcial Statistics of IJ. S. 
Educational r>evelopment U. S. 
Exports of U. S .... — 
From the Atlantic to Chicago, 
Great Cities of the U. S 



91 

3 

93 

n 

108 
311 



GENERAL INDEX. 



PAGE. 

Growth of the American Re- 
public 50-63 



Imports of U. S . 

Increase of Wealth in the U. S. 

Indianapolis 

Liquor Manufacture in the 

U.S 

Money Circulation of the U. S. 

New York City 

Pbiladelpbia. 



51 
bl 
54 
56 

Pittsburgh 59 

Popu ation of U. S 50 

Railroads of the U. S 51 

Rise of Cities and Common- 
wealths 52 

School Houses in the TJ. S .. . . 51 

Southern Cities . f-3 

St. Louis 62 

Tourist Guide 50 

Washing-ton 56 

Wealth of U. S 50 

Western Cities 63 



SPECIAL MENTION. 

^tna Chemical Fire Engine 
Co 

Armour & Co 

Andrews, A . H. & Co 

Architectural Iron Works. . . . 

Belden F. Culver 

Berwyn 

B. F. Clarr 

Calumet Iron & Steel Co 

Chambers, J. B. & Co 

Charles Curry 

Charles McDonald's News 
Sttire 

Charles Kaestner & Co 

Chicago Copper Refining Co. . . 

Chicago Raw Hide Manu- 
facturing Co 

Clay, Robinson & Co 

Columbia Steel Car Co 

( olumbia Theater 

"Crown" Pianos and Organs. . 

Dale and Serapiirs Corner 

Deuney Tag Co 

Dodge Manufacturing Co 

Douglass Instantaneous Water 
Heater 

Dunning, Andrew 

Economist, The 

Eggleston, Mallette & Brown- 
ell 

Ely, The Edward E. Co . . 

E. S. & W. S. Fowler 



293 
293 
293 
293 
£94 
294 
:94 

294 

295 
295 

i95 
296 
296 



PAGE. 

E. W. Blatchf ord & Co 296 

Fred S. James & Co 297 

Geo. B. Carpenter & Co 297 

Geo. M. Bogue & Co 298 

Gormully & Jetfery Mfg. Co. . . 298 

Grant Locom five Works 298 

Gutta Percha Mfg. Co 299 

Hartman, I. A. & Co 2fc9 

Henry Dibblee Co 2 9 

Iron Works 299 

Irwin, Green & Co 299 

Jenkins, Krter & Comp&ny... 300 
Kimball, The W. W. Co ...... 300 

Klinck Catarrh Remedy 300 

Krimbill & Fuchs 300 

Kumyss 300 

Kurtz Bros. & Buhrer 3C0 

M. A Richardson, Jr., «& Co . . . 301 

Marine Engine Works 301 

Mason&DavsCo 301 

McCormick Harvesting Co 3< 1 

Milwaukee Ave. State Bank. . . 302 
Mosely Foldmg Bath Tub Co. . 302 
Munger-Colton M'f 'g Co ... . 303 
Mutual Life Ins. Co. cf New- 
York £03 

Newcomb,J.C 303 

Newman Bros 303 

Northern Assurance Co. of Lon- 
don.... 303 

Northwestern Masonic Aid As- 
sociation 304 

O'Connor Shoe, The 3i'4 

Orcutt Lithographing Co., The 304 
Pettibone, Mulliken & Co's 

Works 304 

Powell, M. W.& Co 315 

Pratt & Ely 30 1 

Redfleld,C. S 306 

Remington Typewriter 316 

Rice & Whitacre Mfg. Co 3 6 

Ritchie, W. C. & Co 507 

Sawyer-G oodman Co 3li7 

S. D. Kimbark 3 7 

Simonds Manufacturing Co . 308 

Smyth's Town Market 308 

Snediker Hprnia Treatment. r08 

Sweer, Wallach & Co 309 

TheDunlapHat 309 

Thomson & Tnj'lor Spice Co. . . . 309 

Vierling, McDowell & Co 310 

Warner Bros, Corset Mfrs 310 

Western Wheel Works 310 

Wrought Iron Bridge Co 311 

Wood Bros 310 

STREET DIRECTORY 329 




IMON 





fl 



THE SiMONDS KNIFE 



UUJL_[L_fl_JUJJ 



We carry in Chicago a large finished stock, 
besides have a Chicago Factory for Manufactur- i 
ing and Repairing Saws and Knives. 



Simonfls Manulaciurlna Go. 



FITCHBURG, MASS, 



CHICAGO, ILL. 



LIST OF ILLUSTKATIOTSrS. 



PAGE. 

Administration B'lding, between 

pag-es 28-29 

Agricultural Building, between 

pages 96-97 

Agricultural Building, Another 

View, between pages 228-229 

Art Building, between pages.132-133 
Alt Institute of Chicago, between 

pages 178-179 

Battle Ship, between pages. . .116-117 
Berwyn, Suburb of, between 

pages 332-333 

Bird's Eye View, facing page 17 

Carpenter, Geo. B. & Co., be- 
tween pages 29^-299 

Delaware State Bldg., between 

pages 186-187 

Donohue & Henneberry Bldg., 

between pages 328-329 

Electi'icity Building, between 

pages 34-35 

Ely, The Edward Co., Interior, 

between pages 266-267 

Eggleston, Suburb of, between 

piges 29.-291 

Fisheiies Bldg., between pages.44-45 
Forestry Bldg., b.-t'e n pages. 218-219 
Herald Buildi ig. The, between 

pig;es .. 258-259 

Horticultural Building, between 

pages 140-141 

Illinois State Building, between 

pages 80-81 

Indiana St ite Building, between 

pages 210-211 

Jackson Fark, Map of, between 

pages 220-221 

John M. Smyth Bldg., between 

pages 108-109 

Kansas and North Dakota State 

Buildings, between pages. ..244-245 
Keeley Laboratory and Offices, 

between pages 90-91 



PAGE. 

Lagoon and Surroundings, frontis- 
piece. 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
Buildii.g, between pages — 40-41 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
Building, Another View, be- 
tween pug s 102-103 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
building. Full View, between 
pages 146-147 

Marshall Field &Co.'s Retail H's \ 
between pages 50-51 

Massachusetts Build ng, between 
pages 170-171 

Mines i.nd Mining Building, be- 
tween pages 162-163 

Mines and Mining Bldg., Another 
View, between pages 236-237 

One of the Floats, between 
pages 20 -203 

Palace of Mechanical Arts Build - 
ing, between pages 22-23 

Palace ( f Mechanical Arts Build- 
ing, Another View 66-67 

Pennsylvania Building, between 
pages 154-155 

RiLch.e, W. C. & Co., between 
pages 310-311 

Sawyer-G odmanCo. Saw Mills, 
etc., between pages 322-323 

Tower and Landing Pier, be- 
tween pag s 124-125 

Transportation Bldg., between 
pages — ... 56-57 

U. S. Gov't Building, between 
pages 74-75 

Wellington Hotel, The, between 
pages 274-275 

Woman's Blfig., between pag;es.86-87 

Woman's Bldg., Another View, 
bet veen pages 194-195 

Wyoming and Nebraska State 
Buildings, between pages . . .250-251 



INDEX TO ADYERTISEMENTS. 



PAGE 

^tna Chemical Fire Engine 
Co., The, Fire Extinguishers, 
between pages 103-103 

Andrews, A . H. &Co.. Folding 
Beds, Office Desks, etc., be- 
tween pages 154-155 

Andrews & Piper, Berwyn Prop- 
erty, between pages 332-333 

AthenEeum, Chicago, Gymnasi- 
um, facing page 23 

Ath-nseum, Chicago, "The Peo- 
ple's College," between 
passes 22-23 

Baltimore & Ohio R. R., Chica- 
go, New York, Philadelphia, 
Baltimore and Wanhingt ju, 
front of book page viii 

Bentley & Gerwig, Rope, Twine, 
etc.,betwpen pages 2t'i-245 

Besley's Waukegan Brewir^ 
Co., Ale and Porter, between 
pages 140-141 

Bogue & Co.,R^al Es' ate Agency, 
Grant Locomotive Works 
Addition, facing Book Divis- 
ion Index. 

Bruce's Law & Inquiry Office, 
Robt. Bruce, Supt., facing 
page 28 

Carpenter, Geo. B. & Co., Ship 
Chandlers and Sail Makers, 
between pages 298-299 

Chambers, J. B. & Co., Watches, 
Dinmonds, etc., between 
pages 74-75 

Chicago Copper Refining Co., 
The, Electrolytic Copper, etc., 
facing page 56 

Chicago Eye & Ear Infirmary, 
Dr. B. A. Camfleld, front of 
bonk page ii 

Chicago & Northwestern Ry., 
Chicago, West and Northwest, 
between pages 88-87 

Clarke, B. F., Morgan Park 
Property, between pages. 96-97 

Clay, Robinson & Co., Live 
Stock Commission, facing 
pag ' 44 

Continental National Bank, 
John C. Black, Pres., facing 
page 86 

Cooper, H. N.& Co., Choice Resi- 
dence Property, facing page. . 80 



PAGE. 

Corn Exchange B ink, Chas. L. 
Hutchinson, Prcs., between 
pages 178-179 

Crown Pianos & Organs, Geo. P. 
Bent, front of book page — i 

Culver, Belden F., Real Estate 
Agency, between pages . . 124-125 

Pale & Sempill, Chemists and 
Pharmac sts, between pages 132-133 

Denney Tag Co., The, Shipping 
Tags, Envelopes, etc., front of 
bookpaga — iv 

Dodge Mfg. Co., View of Engine 
Room, facing Back Cover. 

Dodge Mfg. Co., Engineers, 
Founders and Machinists, In- 
side Back Cover. 

Donohue & Henneberry,Printers 
and Bin ers, between Pages 328-329 

Dunlap&Co., The Dunlap Hat, 
between pages 1^0-171 

Dunning, Andrew, Real Estate 
Investments, facing dedication 

Economist, The, Financial and 
Commercial newspaper, facing 
last page of book, 

Eggleston, Mallette& Brownell, 
Real Estate and Mortgage 
Bankers, between pages ^90-291 

Ely, The Edward Co., Merchant 
Tailors, between pages 266-267 

Erie Railway Line , Chicago to 
New rork, front of book, page vi 

Evening Post, The Chicago, fac- 
ing page. S2 

Forsyth, Jacob, Map of Forsyth 
Land, facing page 28o 

Forsyth Jacob, Whiting, Indiana, 
fa ing page 281 

Fowler's, Scientific Opticians, 
between pages 56-"7 

"Granitoid" Side walks, S. P. 
McKelvey, facing page 61 

Gregg Electric Belts and Appli- 
ances, The Gregg Electric Cure 
Co., facng title page. 

Gregg system of Home Electric 
Treatment, The Gregg Electric 
Cure Co., facing frontispiece. 

Gutta Percha & Rubber M't'g 
Co., The, Fu-e Hose, Belting, 
etc., between pages 202-203 

Hanford-Hall Works, Pure Lin- 
seed Oil, between pages 44-45 



INDEX TO ADViERTISEMENTS. 



PAGE. 

Hartman, I. A. & Co., Real Estate 
and Loai s, betwe n i, ages.. 250-251 

Henry Dibblee Co., The, Ceramic 
Mosaics, Mantels, etc., between 
pages. 236-237 

Herald, The Chicago,Daily Morn- 
ing Newspaper, between pages 
258-259 

Illinois Central R. R., Chicago, 
St Louis and th 3 South, front 
of book, page vii 

Instantaneous Water Heating 
Co., The, The Douglas and 
Acme Water Heaters, between 
pages l46-:47 

Klnck Catarrh and Bronchial 
Remedy Co., f :icing page 66 

Kiimbill & Fuchs, Real Estate, 
Ins J ranee. Loans, etc., facing 
page. .124 

Lowell Art C'.,The M. H., Pic- 
tures and Picture Frames, fi.c- 
ing page 140 

Marshall Field & Co., Retail Dry 
Goods, facing page 50 

Mason & Davis Co., Wrought 
Steel R inges,betweenpage^il0-21] 

Mead & Coe, Real Estate Agents 
between pages 116-117 

Merchants National Bank, 
Chauncey J. Blair, President, 
facing page 102 

Merrick Thread Co., Merrick's 
Spool Cotton, between pages 162-163 

Milwaukee Ave. State Bank, 
Banking, Safety Vaults, facing 
C p. light. 

Morgan Park Property, B. F. 
Clarke, between pages 96-97 

Moseley Folding Bath Tub • Co., 
Folding Bath Tubs, front of 
book, page iii 

Munger-Colton M'f 'g Co., "Col- 
ton" Sliding Door Hanger, 
front of book, page v 

Newcomb, J. C, Ornamental 
I icture Frames and Mouldings 
facing pag ■ 96 

Newman Bros., Parlor and Chapel 
Organs, between pages — 22ri-2 9 

Northern Assurance Co. Aber- 
deen-London, facing page. . . 34 

O'Connor, The E. L. Co., O'Con- 
nor Extens'n Shoe, facing- pa go 108 

Office Specialty Manf 'g Co.,Oftice 
Furniture, facing page. 65 



Orcutt Co. High Grade Lithog- 
raphy, facing page V62 

Peabody, Houghteling & Co., 
Real Estate Investments, be- 
tween pages 28-29 

P ankinton. The, Leading Mil- 
waukee Hotel, facing page. .. 183 

Powell, M. W. & Co., Roofers, 
facing page 116 

Prat & Ely, Real Estate Agents, 
between pa es .0-81 

Pi'idmore,W. A.,R'l Estate,Rent- 
ing and Loans, Inside Front Cover 

Rand, Chas. E., Real Estate, Cal- 
umet Lands, between pages. .£'6- ..7 

Red field, C. S.,City and Suburban 
R'l Estate, Front of book page iv 

Relic House, The, Relics of the 
Great Fire, between pages . . 186-187 

Remington Standard Typewriter 
Wyckoff , Seamans & Benedict, 
facing page 17 

Remington !-tandard Typewriter 
Wyckotf, Seamans & Benedict, 
facing Bird's-eye view Engrav- 
ing. 

Rice & Whitacre Mfg. Co., En- 
gines, Boilers, Heaters, etc., be- 
tween pages 40-41 

Ritchie,W. C. & Co , Paper Boxes 
and Paper Cans, bet'n pages 310-311 

Sawyer-Goodman Co., Lumber 
M'f'rs and dealers, between 
pages 322-323 

Scully-Ctistle Co., The, General 
Railway Supplies, facing page 146 

Cimonds Mfg. Co., Saws, Knives, 
etc., facing index to illustra- 
tions. 

Snediker Hernia Treatment Co., 
The D. L, Rupture, etc. , facing- 
General Index. 

Union National Bank, The, J. J. 
P. O'Dell, Prest., between 
pages 34-35 

Vierling, McDowell & Co., Iron 
Works, facing page 40 

Wellington Hotel, The Gage Ho- 
tel Co . , between pages 274-275 

Western Fence Co., contractors 
between pages 244-245 

Wood Bros. Live Stock Commis- 
sion, facing page 74 

Wrought Iron Bridge Co., Can- 
ton, O., between pages ... .218-219 



80,000 COPIES 

— OF — 

Tli6 Sianflarfl Guide lo Gnicaoo 

SOLD IN 1891. 

250,000 COPIES 

WILL CERTAINLY BE SOLD IN 1892. 

1,000,000 COPIES 

Will be Sold in 1893. 

THE WORLD'S FAIR EDITION 

OF 

The standard GUIDE TO CHICAGO 

WILL, BE 

The Greatest Advertising Medium on Earth. 



THE STANDARD GUIDE GO 

358 Dearborn St, CHICAGO, ILL, U. S. A, 



PEEFACE TO FIRST EDITION. 



This Hand-Book, so far as it relates to the World's Columbian 
Exposition, is compiled from official sources. I believe it contains, 
in substance, all the information in possession of the management up 
to this time. The extent of this information, one year before the 
opening, will probably surprise the reader. As a matter of fact, 
however, the scope and character of the World's Fair is as well 
understood now as it wll be on May 1, 1893. Henceforth it will be 
the task of the Director-General and his Chiefs of Departments 
rather to compress than to expand. Notwithstanding the immense 
amount of space originally provided for and afterward increased, it 
is found even at this early day that the allotments to foreign and 
home exhibitors must be curtailed. 

The World's Fair of 189B will be a Universal Exposition in the 
strictest sense of that term. It will overshadow all its predecessors. 
The latest and greatest of European Expositions must lose by com- 
parison with it. This statement is supported by the facts presented 
within these covers. 

I have thought it essential to devote considerable space to informa- 
tion concerning Chicago. This is presented in alphabetical order, 
and covers, I think, everything that might be of value or interest to 
the stranger within our gates. 

This Hand-Book will be revised from time to time, until, at the 
opening of the Exposition, it will be a complete guide for the visitor. 
In order to make it so, I do not think that many alterations or 
additions will be necessary. John J. Fwnn. 

' May, 1892. 



The 
1892 
Model 

of the 



Remington 

is now 

on the market. 




Wyckoff 



Seamans & 
Benedict, 

327 Broadway, New York. 

I 75 Monroe Street, 
Chicago. 



Constant improvement has charac- 
terized the history of the Reming- 
ton Standard Typewriter. 

The new model presents no start- 
ling novelty and involves no radical 
departure from the principles of 
construction which have been ap- 
proved by twenty years' experience. 

The changes introduced into the 
1892 Model represent the carefully 
tested results of expert study of 
various points deemed capable of 
improvement. 

Old users of the Remington will 
find advantages in the quality of the 
work, and ease as well as conveni- 
ence of operation. New ones will 
soon discover that the 1892 Model 
will increase the prestige of the 

STANDARD WRITING MACHINE 
OF THE WORLD. 



OUR GOODS ARE SOLD 
IN ALL THE PRINCIPAL 
CITIES OF THE WORLD. 
SEND FOR AN ILLUS- 
TRATED CATALOGUE. 



!► 



The Best Work 

BY THE 

Simplest Means 

IN THE 

Shortest Time 




Remington 

Standard Typewriter. 

Send for Illustrated Catalogue. 



Wyckoff, Seamans & Benedict, 

327 Broadway, New York. 
175 Monroe Street, Chicago. 



PART I. 

INDUSTRIAL EXPOSITIONS— WHERE THE IDEA OF HOLDING THEM 
WAS BORN AND HOW IT GREW-THE GREAT NATIONAL AND 
INTERNATIONAL FAIRS OF HISTORY-FROM LONDON IN 1761 TO 
PARIS IN 1889 - DESCRIPTION OF THE LEADING EXHIBITIONS. 

It is eminently fitting that the civilized Nations of the earth, 
individually or collectively, should pause at intervals, to take 
an accounting, as it were, of the progress which they are making 
in science, art and commerce, as well as in government, morality 
and politeness. The world of discovery, of invention and of 
appliance travels at a rate of speed which defies the most acute 
and coolest-headed observer of events— he becomes amazed if he 
tries to classify them; confused if he aims to follow them; 
bewildered if he attempts to understand them. At best his 
vision, even though he be blessed far beyond the average with an 
ability to measure the achievements of his contemporaries, is of 
short range. He may be able to trace the progress of his neigh- 
borhood, of his country, or even of the world at large, in a given 
direction, but beyond this his knowledge, as it is extended, 
becomes uncertain, unreliable, superficial. His eye can not behold 
any more than his mind can comprehend the countless changes, 
innovations or improvements which are occurring in every depart- 
ment of human activity. If he be a physician, and would be 
considered worthy of distinction, he must be constantly on the 
alert, or discoveries of living interest to his profession will escape 
him. He will have little time to devote to astronomy or to archi- 
tecture, and his knowledge of the progress being made in these 
branches must necessarily be that which is acquired by the inter- 
ested spectator, rather than by the toiling student. If he be an 
astronomer, an architect, a painter; a civil engineer, an electri- 

17 



18 HAND-BOOK OF 

cian, a worker in wood or a worker in iron; a merchant or a 
mechanic ; an artist or an artisan, and is striving to gain honorable 
prominence in his profession or extraordinary success in his 
calling, so much of his time and so much of his labor must be 
devoted to the special line of duty which lies before him, that he 
will have but small opportunity of investigating the triumphs of 
mind or muscle which are recorded daily in other parts of the 
world and in other walks of life. 

The enlightened nations of the globe, spurred on by the lovers 
of art, the enthusiasts in discovery, the devotees of science, the 
far-seeing philosophers, the liberal-minded philanthropists, the 
studious political economists and the wise statesmen, have for 
over two centuries been seriously engaged in devising plans 
whereby suc'.i a man may be enabled to see, within a reasonable 
period of time and at a reasonable outlay, what his brother- 
laborers are accomplishing. Since all men can not travel in search 
of knowledge, it has been deemed proper that the results, at least, 
of the skill which is born of knowledge and which is diffused pretty 
equally throughout a nation and throughout the earth, should be 
collected, as far as may be, at intervals, so that the thinker and 
toiler might be enabled to witness what is being achieved by brain 
and brawn beyond the limits of the village, town, city, state or 
country, in which he lives and labors. Few men in the rank of 
life where constant activity of mind or body is an absolute 
requisite, have the means or the time at their disposal, no matter 
how strong the inclination may be, to travel the world over. As 
a rule, the very men to whom the experience of sight-seeing 
would be beneficial, and from whose experience communities and 
nations would be most likely to profit, are debarred from the 
opportunities which travel affords. The statesmen of many coun- 
tries realized this fact as early as the seventeenth century, 
and it gave rise to a problem for the solution of which 
suggestions without number were offered. England, France, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 19 

Germany and Holland had their envoys — scientists, artists, 
scholars and artisans — abroad at public expense, whose mis- 
sion it was to penetrate the secrets held by the industrial 
classes of the sister nations, and bring back the knowledge 
they obtained to the country which sent them forth. France for 
centuries guarded certain industrial secrets with a jealousy and 
with a care that defied the prying eyes of those envoys, and which 
were only made known to England finally by the immigration of 
the Huguenots. Holland sent her tradesmen and her manufact- 
urers into France and England, on every pretense, with no other 
object in view than the discovery of certain processes of dying 
wool. Peter the Great of Russia, disguised as a mechanic, 
worked as a common laborer in a Dutch shipyard in order that he 
might learn the art of ship-building and introduce it to his sub- 
jects. The special industries of nations had not become as fixed 
as they are now. The contest for pre-eminence in the arts of 
peace was only less bitter than that which was waged for pre- 
eminence in the arts of war. Proud as a nation might be of the 
skill displayed by her artificers or her weavers, she wanted no 
foreign apprentices, and the secret of turning the links of a chain 
or of weaving a pair of stockings was preserved by a family or a 
community carefully behind locked doors or high walls, com- 
municated only in whispers, and never allowed by any chance to 
escape from the lips of the possessor in the presence of the unin- 
itiated, even when a fortune would have been the price of treason. 
And yet in those days of trade-jealousy between nations there 
existed a vanity, as there always has and always will exist a van- 
ity where human nature is given a fair opportunity of assert- 
ing itself, which was gradually bringing about a change 
in the drift of popular opinion, that finally culminated in the 
unlocking of trade secrets and in the solution of the problem. 
This vanity assumed at first only neighborhood proportions; but 
it gradually spread over entire continents, and has continued to 



20 HAND-BOOK OF 

be one of the inspiring and inspiriting motives of the brain- 
worker and the muscle- worker, the scientist and the artist, the 
scholar and the handicraftsman to this day, as well as one of the 
most important factors in the expansion of human ideas, in the 
enlightenment of mankind, and in the development of domestic 
and international trade. It is the vanity, not only excusable but 
praiseworthy, of desiring to excel, and, excelling, to exhibit. It 
began at the village fair, spread to the town hall, grew to the 
dimensions of a national industrial display, and finally took on the 
proportions of an international exposition. 

We are indebted to the English Society of Arts for the idea 
of National Industrial Expositions. As the International Exposi- 
tion was the natural and inevitable outgrowth of this idea, it 
may be said that to England belongs the credit of originating 
what of late we have been pleased to term ''world's fairs." 
There was, however, no broad or generous impulse behind the 
action of the Society of Arts when, in 1761, it offered prizes for 
machinery, agricultural and miscellaneous, which it proposed to 
exhibit in the rooms occupied by the Society in London. The 
exhibition was to be strictly national in character — that is to say, 
strictly British. And as an evidence of the jealousy with which 
inventions and improvements were guarded by the patentees and 
manufacturers, the advertisement announcing the exhibition, 
among other things, promised that the machinery displayed should 
be constantly under the surveillance of members of the Society, 
who would see that foreign spies were kept at a safe distance, 
and that no drawings were made upon the premises. "We have 
only to recall, from prints or descriptions, what agricultural and 
miscellaneous machinery looked like at the beginning of the pres- 
ent century in order to form a fair estimate of what it was in 
1761. That first exhibition of machinery in London must have 
been a very crude affair from our standpoint, but it was the begin- 
ning of a movement in the direction of encouraging a taste for 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 21 

invention, which spread rapidly throughout Great Britain and into 
continental nations. The French, quick to see and seize upon a 
good idea, were not long in following up and improving upon the 
English mechanical exhibition. The Revolution had scarcely made 
Napoleon Emperor before a series of National Industrial Exposi- 
tions were planned by that versatile and indefatigable monarch. 
The first of these displays was held in Paris in 1798, ere the 
country had yet recovered from the Reign of Terror, and only 
110 exhibitors took part in it. A jury of nine persons, selected 
by the Emperor, was empowered to decide upon the merits of the 
various manufactures presented for public inspection. Napoleon 
and Napoleon's subjects in those days hated the English with an 
intensity that would not be allayed, and this hatred permeated 
every movement of a national character in France. And so we 
find that a gold medal was offered at this, the first of the French 
Expositions, to the manufacturer who should deal the heaviest 
blow to English trade. The name of the successful contestant, as 
well as a description of the contrivance, whatever it was, which 
it was believed would cripple English commerce, are both lost to 
us. We only know that British trade survived the blow, and that 
France has continued to prosper right in the face of English com- 
petition. A second exhibition was opened in 1801, and proved to 
be more successful than the first — so much more so that a third 
exhibition was opened in 1803, and this was followed by exhibi- 
tions in 1806, 1819, 1823, 1827, 1834, 1839, 1844 and in 1849. At 
the exhibition last named there were no less than 4,494 exhibitors. 
This was the last of the purely national fairs held in Paris. One 
has only to follow up the history of these exhibitions, and trace 
the progress of French manufacture and trade between 1798 and 
1849, to see what a marvelous influence they exerted in the devel- 
opment of the industries of that country. In half a century the 
number of exhibitors increased from 110 to 4494, France became 
a nation of manufacturers, and Paris was transformed from a mere 



22 HAND-BOOK OF 



resort for the dissipated pleasure-seekers of Europe into one of the 
greatest industrial centers on the globe ! The impetus given to 
French manufacture by the very first and least successful of 
these exhibitions was so pronounced and so evident that Napoleon 
became an enthusiastic promoter of trade displays in all parts of 
the Empire, and Talleyrand declared, long before the exhibitions 
had attained respectable proportions, that in their encouragement 
lay hidden the future glory of the French people. It is not 
necessary, hardly, to point out to the intelligent reader the 
remarkable strides make by France in art, manufacture and com- 
merce between 1798 and 1849. Every student of recent French 
history is familiar w^ith the subject. In spite of revolutions and 
wars, such as have cursed no other European nation during the 
present century, the French people have clung tenaciously to the 
arts in which they excel, and the competition of the world has not 
been sufficient to weaken their hold upon the trade which beyond 
question received its first impulse from the little exhibition 
held in Paris in 1798. The arts were popularized by the series 
of National Exhibitions which closed in 1849. The youth of 
France was spurred by these displays to emulate and to surpass 
the achievements of their fathers. A taste for the useful, the 
beautiful and the ideal was created and encouraged. All France 
was in training for these exhibitions, and the results of the skill 
and labor of the people were displayed and given prominence 
by successive governments. The brains of the French people were 
kept in a state of constant activity. Their pride, local, national 
and personal, was excited ; the people of all nations acknowledged 
their industrial supremacy. The National Exhibitions had brought 
about all this. France had reached a point where she acknowl- 
edged no competitor ; she had no rivals to fear. She was ready, 
when invited in 1851, to display her handiwork alongside of the 
productions of other nations at the first great International Exhi' 
bition which was held in London, 



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"The People's College." 

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A well-chosen Library and Reading Room, and a spacious, elegant 
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BUSINESS, GRAMMAR AM) MUNSON SHORTHAND 
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TERMS: For Gentlemen $14 a Year, including Locker; Ladies $10 a Year. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 23 

Prominence is given here to the ISTational Expositions of France, 
for the reason that in France, more than in any other country, 
were industrial displays encouraged during the early part of tlii i 
century, and in France, more than in any other country, is it possi- 
ble to trace the direct influence of these exhibitions upon the 
people, upon their products and upon the growth of a nation 
in the estimation of the world. We know that in the fine arts, in 
the production of delicate fabrics, in the<" manufacture of the 
thousand and one useful and beautiful things which contribute to 
our comfort and delight, the French people have excelled -for 
many years. Vie know fully as well that the National Industrial 
Expositions of that country were the schools in which the people 
received their education and imbibed a taste for the arts which 
have made them famous. 

England, as we have said, was the founder of the National Exhi- 
bition. In England, also, was held the first International Exposition. 
But between the little mechanical fair of 1761 and the great world's 
display of 1851 a wonderful change had occurred throughout 
Europe. Every nation on the continent was struggling to shine as 
the center of some special industry. The arts^of peace became of 
more importance to the people, if not to their rulers, than the 
arts of war. Machinery was working its way gradually and 
steadily into favor, and the minds of the people were diverted 
from national and religious jealousies and hatreds into channels 
that promised not only prosperity for the manufacturer and 
merchant, but a little more ease and comfort than the mechanic 
and the artisan had enjoyed under the old system of labor. 

A spirited competition arose among the different villages, 
towns and cities of the various coun.ries, and the National Exhi-. 
bitions, which came to be of annual occurrence on the continent, 
became the battle-fields on which the skilled and industrious 
artificers tried their strength. Wo find that in 1820 a series of 
Exhibitions were opened in Austria, and that National Exhi' 



24 HAND-BOOK OP 

bitions were held in Vienna in 1835, 1839 and 1845 — exhibitions, by 
the way, which did much toward attracting strangers to theAustrian 
capital and which promised at one time to make that city as popular 
with continental travelers as Paris. Had the Austrian pursued the 
liberal policy of the French government, which, whether Bourbon 
or Corsican, imperial, monarchistic or republican, never neg- 
lected the goose that laid the golden egg, Vienna might have 
outranked Paris among the attractive cities of the continent. 
But Austria grew tired of Industrial Exhibitions just at the very 
time when all the rest of the world was becoming interested in 
them. In Glermany there were National Exhibitions at Berlin in 
1822 and 1827, neither of which was a pronounced success, but at 
the Berlin Exposition of 1844 there were 3,060 exhibitors. Ger- 
many at this time was cut up into kingdoms. Duchies and prov- 
inces, and Berlin was not the prominent capital it has become in 
our day . Yet these exhibitions did much toward keeping Prussia 
in the lead of her sister States and in determining that Berlin 
should be the center of German art, German industry and German 
activity. National exhibitions were held in Saxony, at Dresden, 
from 1824 to 1845. In the last named year the number of exhibit- 
ors was 6,013. Saxony has for years been the home of " cottage 
industry. " It continues to be a kingdom of manufacturers and 
artisans. Though the exhibitions of Dresden ceased, the people 
of Saxony have seldom failed to solicit and obtain space for their 
exhibits among the displays of other countries. And it might be 
said truthfully that perhaps there is no people in Europe who 
watch with closer attention the progress made in art and manufact- 
ure outside of their own country than the Saxons. It is by carefully 
observing the work of foreign designers as well as by studiously 
following close at the heels of the leading manufacturers of 
France, Belgium and Switzerland, that the hosiery and glove 
manufacturers of little Saxony have been able through all these 
years to keep a grip upon the immense traffic which they enjoy. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 25 

Switzerland had national exhibitions between 1837 and 1848, 
Lausanne, Bern, St. Gall and Zurich equally sharing in the dis- 
tinction of being selected as locations. Belgium had national 
exhibitions in Brussels and Ghent, between 1835 and 1850; 
national exhibitions were held at Moscow, St. Petersburg and 
Warsaw between 1829 and 1849; at Lisbon, in Portugal, between 
1844 and 1849; in the kingdom of Sardinia between 1829 and 
1855; at Madrid, in Spain, between 1837 and 1850; at New York, 
and Washington, in the United States, between 1828 and 1844, and 
in England and Ireland periodically from the time first named 
until 1849, the last great national exhibition being held at Bir- 
mingham. 

A peculiar fact will be noticed in running over the list of 
national exhibitions — that they practically went out of fashion all 
the world over between 1840 and 1850. The reason for this is plain. 
Between the years mentioned London was gathering force and 
material for the first great International Exposition. The nations 
of the earth were to be pitted against each other for the first time. 
The various countries were husbanding their strength for this 
great contest. Besides, they felt, one and all, that if the London 
exhibition was successful, the great exhibitions of the future must 
be international in character. This has proved to be the case, as 
a matter of fact, although many local or minor exhib tions, of 
great interest to the countries in which they were held, have been 
opened and conducted successfully since 1851. 

The National Industrial Expositions by the middle of the 
present century attained such proportions that it was difficult to 
improve upon them or to add new attractions, unless the coun- 
tries in which, and under whose auspices they were ] eld invited 
their neighbors to participate. Strange as it may seem, England, 
which had originated the national displays, was the most back- 
ward of the great nations of Europe in encouraging them. The 
Society of Arts never allowed its interest to la guish, however. 



26 HAND-BOOK OP 

althou<^h it met with innumerable obstacles and disappointments. 
The English public, unlike the French, was apathetic. There 
was little or no enthusiasm among the working classes, and a 
taste for mechanics had not been cultivated among the nobility 
and gentry. The fine arts, of course, were encouraged and 
fostered, but mechanical pursuits were hardly deemed deserving 
of the recognition which they received on the continent. In spite 
of this apathy and contempt the inventors, artisans and manufact- 
urers of Great Britain and Ireland, who profited as best they 
might from the lessons which were being ta' ght annually in the 
National Exhibitions of neighboring countries, pursued their 
tasks with a genius, an ability and an energy which prevented 
foreign competition from destroying the commerce of their indus- 
trial centers with the colonies. Parliament, although frequently 
appealed to by the Society of Arts for such assistance as 
would enable England to make an industrial display worthy 
of herself and of the Empire, refused to recognize the neces- 
sity for the outlay required. In the meantime, and while 
France, Austria, Germany, Switzerland, Spain and Portugal 
were exerting themselves in the encouragement of industries 
peculiar to their people and in experimenting with those 
which had grown up among their neighbors, and doing all 
in their power to encourage discovery, invention and proficiency 
in workmanship among their people, an exhibition was opened in 
London, under the patronage of George IV. — the first gentleman 
of Europe — which, according to the writers of the times, was a 
miserable failure and " dragged out an unfortunate existence 
until 1833, when it was consigned to oblivion as an unsuccessful 
bazar," In Ireland, we learn that exhibitions of native industry 
were held triennially in the rooms of the Royal Dublin Society, 
commencing in 1829. Not until 1845 did the English public or 
the English statesmen become fully aroused to the necessity of 
doing something which would awaken an interest in and an 



THE world's COLOIBIAN EXPOSITION. 27 

enthusiasm for home manufactures, such as were felt so intensely 
across the channel, and the want of which was working 
serious inroads upon British trade and influence throughout the 
world. In the year mentioned an exhibition of manufactures was 
held in Covent Garden, London, which proved to be so success- 
ful, as regarded the number of exhibitors, the attendance and the 
interest felt by the public of all classes, that the project of hold- 
ing an International Exhibition — something that had not been 
attempted before by any nation — found warm supporters every- 
where, but it nevertheless required all of the arguments and the 
influence which the Society of Arts could bring to bear to con- 
vince the government that an enterprize of the magnitude sug- 
gested could be successfully carried out. Numerous proposals 
were made by the Society, between 1846 and 1849, and at length 
it became clear to parliament that the time had arrived when the 
work, if ever, should be undertaken, for France had, as usual, 
discovered the value of a good idea, and was on the point of 
doing precisely what England still hesitated to enter upon. A 
Royal Commission was issued in 1849 "to take steps for an indus. 
trial exhibition to be held in 1851." The Commissioners were 
offered and selected a site of eighteen acres in Hyde Park, and 
immediately set to work upon the building which became known 
as "The Crystal Palace," and has continued to be a famous 
structure down to our day. The designer of this wonderful 
piece of architecture was Mr. Joseph Paxton, who was knighted 
by the Queen afterward, in recognition of the services he had 
rendered the country. The general plan of the building was a 
parallelogram, 1,848 feet long by 408 feet wide. On the 
north side there was a projection 936 feet long. The 
entire structure covered a space of 1,000,000 square feet. There 
were four great departments of the Exhibition — raw material 
(which we would probably call products), machinery, manufact- 
ures, and fine arts. These departments were subdivided into 



28 HAND-BOOK OF 

thirty classes, an arrangement which was followed in the Paris 
Exposition of 1855, in the London Exhibition of 1862, and to 
some extent in all national disj)lays down to the Centennial 
Exposition of 1876 in Philadelphia. One-half of all the space 
was allotted to England and the Colonies, and one-half to foreign 
countries. The nations of the earth did not generally participate 
officially in this Exhibition, but most of them did, and private dis- 
plays were made by exhibitors from nearly every part of the globe. 
Of course, the exhibits were of a more select order than those 
usually granted space in the national displays. This kept down the 
number of exhibitions to 13,937, of which 6,861 were from Great 
Britain anu Ireland, 520 from the Colonies, and 6,556 from the 
rest of the world. The estimated value of the exhibits was 
£1,781,929, or about $9,000,000. The admission price was fixed 
at one shilling, or about 24 cents, for four days in the week ; on 
Fridays two shillings and sixpence, and on Saturdays five shil- 
lings. Season tickets for gentlemen were sold at three guineas 
($15.75), season tickets for ladies two guineas ($10.50). The 
difference in the prices charged for admission on Fridays, Saturdays 
and other days arose out of the class distinction which always 
enters into affairs of this kind in England. The high prices on 
Fridays and Saturdays would, it was thought, keep the common 
people away on those days, and give the nobility, gentry and 
well-to-do tradespeople an opportunity of witnessing the display 
without incurring the "annoyance " of being brushed against by 
laborers and mechanic^. The gates were open from 10 a. m. to 
8 p. M. There were collected at the gates £275,000 ($1,375,000) 
in silver and £81,000 ($405,000) in gold. About £500 in bad 
money was taken in. The gates were attended to by eighteen 
collectors, assisted on special occasions by six aids. It w^as esti- 
mated that the fixed income of the City of London was increased 
about £4,000,000 ($20,000,000) for the six months during which 
the Exposition was kept open, "without reference to any 



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THE WOHLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 29 

permanent advantage which accrued at a later period." The 
receipts exceeded the expenditures by about $1,000,000. The 
enterprise brought thousands of foreigners to London. It 
acquainted the people of the world with the English metropolis, 
with the English people, and with the English methods of doing 
business. It helped to break down many barriers and remove many 
prejudices. It served to establish friendly trade relations between 
British and foreign merchants. It brought the intellectual, the 
inventive, the manufacturing and the industrial classes of the 
world closer together. More than all, it opened the eyes of the 
English people to the fact that other countries were far more pro- 
gressive than was supposed, and that England would have to bestir 
herself if she expected to hold her pre-eminence as a great com- 
mercial nation. The lessons taught at this great exhibit of the 
world's progress were not lost upon the industrious people of the 
tight little isle. A new impetus, a fresh vigor was given to invention 
and manufacture. The general trade of England almost imme- 
diately felt the beneficial effects of the exhibition of 1851, and it 
is looked upon to this day as a event which marked the beginning 
of a new era in the history of British art and manufacture. 

The United States made a very poor showing at the London 
exhibition from one point of view and a very good one from 
another. The total number of exhibits from this country was 499, 
and only 5,048 Americans visited London during the progress of 
the display. Our exhibits were nearly all of a private character. 
The United States display for the most part consisted of manufact- 
ures of the Eastern States, and these were hardly representative 
of the progress we had made even in 1851. A number of awards 
were secured for coaches, buggies, wagons, trotting sulkies, 
pianos, woolen goods, etc., and Chicago, in this early day, was 
distinguished by the McCor'mick reaper, which carried off the 
gold medal. The only work of art of prominence which we 
contributed was Power's Greek Slave in marble. 



30 HAND-BOOK OF 

The first great International Exposition was a success in every 
particular; it more than justified the outlay, and more than ful- 
filled the predictions of its promoters. Queen Victoria, then in 
her youth, opened the exhibition in person on May 1, 1851. By 
her side was her young husband, who from the first was an 
enthusiastic champion of the enterprise. This recognition on the 
part of royalty made it easy for the nobility and gentry to give 
their support to this and similar exhibitions which followed. It 
became fashionable — at least it ceased to be vulgar — at last in 
England to have some knowledge of the mechanical arts. The 
structure in which the exhibition w^as held was removed to Snyden- 
ham. Since then, as the Crystal Palace, it has been the scene of 
many notable exhibitions and occurrences, and has been visited 
by hundreds of thousands of people during recent years. The 
wisdom of erecting a building which should remain as a memorial 
of the exhibition has been strongly exemplified in the case of the 
Crystal Palace. 

The London exhibition started the ball in motion, and two 
years later an international display was opened at Dublin, Ireland, 
which, though more modest in proportion, attracted universal 
attention. Although ostensibly under the auspices of the govern- 
ment and the municipality, the cost of the undertaking, about 
$400,000, was assumed by a private citizen of Dublin. It was an 
exhibition of Irish arts and industries, but there were many foreign 
exhibitors. The Lord Lieutenant opened the exhibition, as a rep- 
resentative of the Queen, on May 12, 1853, and it remained open 
until October 39th. There had been no paintings on exhibition 
at the London Exhibition, and the managers of the Dublin display 
took advantage of this fact. The result was that a magnificent 
collection of the finest paintings in Great Britain and Ireland and 
on the continent was exhibited here. It was practically t!:e first 
great art exhibition held in Europe. The value of the paintings 
was estimated at |1, 000, 000. The number of visitors w^as 1,150,- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 31 

000. It was not a financial succesc. Neither can it be said to 
have accomplished anything for art and industry in Ireland. 
Its failure in both of these directions was due, however, to other 
causes which do not require an explanation here. 

Although the United States made a discreditable display at 
the London exhibition, the idea of a similar enterprise foui.d 
form at once among the manufacturers and merchants of New 
York, many of whom had visited London in 1851. The govern- 
ment gave the enterprise no official sanction. It was purely a 
local undertaking, but every effort was made to create the impres- 
sion abroad that it was to be National and held under National 
sanction. The association at the head of the enterprise was incor- 
porated under the title of an "Association for the Exhibition of 
the Industries of All Nations," with a capital of $200,000. Patri- 
otism might dictate that the first American International Exhibi- 
tion should be spoken of in terms of praise, but the truth would 
hardly justify any such course. While many of the leading and 
wealthiest citizens of New York were interested financially and 
otherwise in the success of the undertaking, the interest taken 
in it, not only throughout the country but in New York City 
itself, was half-hearted. The plans, to begin with, were not on a 
scale commensurate with the greatness of the Republic. The 
capital was not as great as some of the small States of Europe 
had provided for their National Exhibitions. 

This exhibition was opened to the public on July 14, 1853. 
The main building covered an area of 170,000 square feet, and an 
annex covered 33,000 square feet. The first-named was two sto- 
ries high, the lower floor being in the form of an octagon and the 
upper that of a Greek cross. A dome 148 feet high rose from 
the center. The four corners were octagon-shaped, and each 
front was ornamented with a tower 70 feet high. The design of 
the building, so far as it related to iron girders, columns, etc., 
was like that of the Crystal Palace, the dome only being of Amer- 



32 HAND-BOOK OP 

ican design. The annex was also two stories high, 31 feet 
broad and 450 feet long, lighted from the roof, with colored 
sides. This building was arranged as a picture gallery, con- 
nections with the main buildings being through two one-story 
galleries, which were used as refreshment rooms. Altogether, 
the buildings of the first International Fair in the United 
States were inferior to many of the Exhibition buildings to be 
found now in our larger cities, while the exhibits at the annual 
displays in St. Louis, Cincinnati and Chicago of late years 
have been far more valuable and interesting than that which New 
York offered the world in 1851. There were only 4, 100 exhibit- 
ors, "more than half of whom," says an authority on the subject, 
"were foreigners," In fact, it was used as a vehicle of advertis- 
ing by foreign manufacturers and exporters w^ho saw an oppor- 
tunity of introducing their wares into this country. The cost of 
the buildings, added to other expenses, footed up $640,000; the 
total receipts were only $340,000, leaving a deficiency of $300,000, 
which had to be met by the stockholders. This exhibition, like 
the display we made at London, reflected no credit upon the 
United States, but on the contrary gave the world aj very poor 
idea and a very erroneous impression of American art, manufac- 
tures, and trade. 

Yery naturally the success of the London exhibition excited a 
desire and led to a determination on the part of the French people 
to achieve something more brilliant. It has been remarked above 
that had the English delayed action much longer upon the propo- 
sitions of the Society of Art, the French would have launched 
the enterprise themselves. It was scarcely suggested 1 i London 
before all Paris was ready to take it up . Courtesy, however, for- 
bade such a movement as long as it remained in contemplation 
across the channel. No sooner, however, had the London exhi- 
bition closed than preliminary steps were taken in Paris for the 
great Universal Exposition of 1855. Just four years and seven- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 33 

teen days after Queen Victoria opened the exhibition in London 
the Elmperor Napoleon declared the Universal Exposition opened 
in Paris. Up to the date named this was by far the greatest exhi- 
bition ever held. The French did not follow in a single ] articular, 
except in the matter of classification, the plans adopted for the 
London Exhibition. The buildings were of many kinds, and of 
various architectural designs. Instead of one great central hall 
as in London, the Paris Exposition had several, the most prominent 
being the Palais d'Industrie and the Palais des beaux Arts. Other 
structures were grouped around these, for the accomm« dation of 
agricultural implements, carriages, minor articles, etc. The great 
Panorama building was one of the leading features. Th 3 main 
building of the Expo ition was of stone, brick and glass, 800 
feet long and 350 feet wide. '' The Exposition," says a writer on 
the subject, "brought together an assemblage of objects in the 
industrial and fine arts such as. had never been seen before. The 
distinguishing feature of the Palais d'Industrie was its collection 
of works of living artists, while the London display of 1851 was 
principally a display of manufactured goods." The total number 
of exhibitors was 23,954, of which 11,986 (a number nearly equal- 
ing the total at the London Exhibition) were from the French 
Empire and 11, 968 from the rest of the world. The United States was 
represented, or rather misrepresented, by only 144 exhibitions, 
of whom thirteen were in the department of fine arts. The 
Exposition was open two hundred days, including Sundays. 
The admission generally was one franc, or twenty cents ; on Fri- 
days, a reserve day, $1 was charged, while on Sundays, that the 
very poorest and the most constantly employed class of people 
might enjoy the treat, the admission price was reduced to eight 
cents. The total number of visitors was 5,162,330. The largest 
number of persons in attendance on any one day was on Sunday, 
September 9, 1855, when there were 123,017 admissions. Paris 
during the Exposition was visited by 160,000 foreigners and by 



84 BAHD-BOOIv OF ^^^1 

350,000 French people from the various departments. The totu'' 
cost of the Exposition was $2,257,000, or, including cost of the, 
Palais d'Industrie, which was met by the French government, 
nearly $5,000,000. The total receipts reached 3,202,405 francs 
($644,100). This loss was anticipated by the projectors and 
caused no concern, as it was apparent rather than real. Paris 
profited greatly by the number of strangers which the Exposition 
attracted ; French Art and French Industry were given an adver- 
tisement which yielded large returns almost immediately, and 
altogether the deficiency was more than counter-balanced by the 
stimulus which the enterprise gave to trade of every character and 
the ambition which it gave to the artists, artisans and manufac- 
turers of the French Empire. Years of unparalleled prosperity 
followed the great Exposition. Whether this was a consequence 
or a coincidence it is difficult to say, but the French people have 
always believed that the first International Exposit on paid 
large dividends on the money invested. 

Passing over minor displays, international in name but hardly 
so in character, we come to the second great Universal Exhibition 
held in London in 1862. This was intended lo eclipse the 
first enterprise, as well as to overshadow the Paris Expo- 
sition, and in many respects it proved to be far in advance of 
its predecessors. The buildings were of brick, iron and glass 
and were erected adjoining the gardens of the Horticult- 
ural Society at South Kensington, ^'The main building con- 
sisted of two vast domes of brass, " we are told, "250 feet high and 
60 feet in diameter, larger than the dome of St. Peter's, connected 
by a nave 800 feet long, 100 feet high and 83 feet wide, with a 
closed roof lighted by a range of windows after the manner of a 
clere-story of a Gothic cathedral. The domes opened latterly into 
spacious transepts, and the nave into a wide central avenue, and 
interminable side isles and galleries roofed with glass. These 
apartments occupied 16 acres, but in addition there were two 



(ESTABLISHED 1836.) 



NORTHERN 

ASSURANCE COMPANY 

ABERDEEN. | LONDON. 



United States Department Offices : 

BOSTON, CHICAGO, CINCINNATI, 

NEW YORK:, SAN F^RANCISCO. 



Losses paid since organization, - $35,000,000 
Losses paid in United States, - 6,890,000 



Northwestern Department : 

WNl. D. CROOKE, IVlanager, 

226 La Salle Street, CHICAGO. 

Colorado, Dakotas, Illinois, Iowa, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montane 
Nebraska, New Mexico, Wisconsin, Wyoming. 



CHICAGO OFFICE: 

153 IvA SaIvLK STREE5P. 

Telephone 1520. 

Charles Nelson Bishop, - - City Manager. 



THE DKIOH HOTIOPL BjIKK 



OF CHICAGO. 



CAPITAL, - - 82,000,000. 
SURPLUS, - - 700,000. 



OFFICERS; 
J. J. P. ODELL, Ppest. DAVID KELLEY, V. Prest. 
AUGUST BLUM, Cashr. W. 0. HIPWELL, Asst. Cashr. 

DIRECTORSs 

C. R. CUMMINGS, J. H. BARKER, H. N. MAY, 

DAVID KELLEY, O. C. BARBER, S. K. MARTIN, 

S. B. BARKER, D. B. DEWEY, J. J. P. ODELL. 



A General Domestic and Foreign Bank- 
ing Business Transacted. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 35 

annexes wMcli covered 73^ acres." The opening ceremonies of 
tliis great exhibition, on May 1, 1862, was pronounced the most 
imposing public pageant which had been seen in Britain for 
many years. The date and the year were among the darkest in 
the history c f the United States, but English trade was flourishing 
as a result of the Civil war in this country and the crippled con- 
dition of our maritime interests. Prices had advanced for 
all classes of manufactures and nearly every country in Europe 
was enjoying a prosperity such as had not been experienced before. 
While England and the Colonies covered 229,759 square feet 
of space with exhibits, France and her colonies 54,481 square 
feet and Germany 38,691 square feet (for Germany was making 
rapid headway in art and manufacture), Austria 15,494 square feet, 
Belgium 12,473 square feet and Italy 7, 905 square feet, the United 
States once more contributed a contemptible display covering an 
area of 3,242 only square feet. The war was not altogether 
accountable for this. The Eastern States were prosperous. The 
arts and manufactures throughout the North were rather devel- 
oped than checked, rather expanded than contracted by the Civil 
war. The real cause was the old-time apathy, the want of pride 
in American industries, for which the East had become noted in 
these days. Our people were selfishly wrapped up in the contem- 
plation of their own greatness. They did not think it necessary 
to display it before the world. Were it not for a few enterpris- 
ing private establishments, some of which were located in the 
West, the American exhibit, such as it was, would have even been 
less deserving of notice. The number of exhibitions in the indus- 
trial division of this exhibition was 26,348, in the art division 
2,305, making in all 28,653. The fine art collection comprised 
901 pieces of sculpture, 1,275 engravings, 983 architectural 
designs and 3,370 paintings. The classification adopted in 1851 
was followed. The total area covered was 1,291,800 feet, of 
which 147,700 feet were given over to refreshment rooms, ofl&ces, 



36 HAND-BOOK OF 

entrances, staircases, etc., leaving 1,144,100 square feet available 
for exhibition purposes. The total area roofed was 988, 000 square 
feet. One-half of the entire space was given to foreign exhibi- 
tions. The total cost of the buildings was about $1, 605, 000, and the 
cost of the entire exhibition, including expenses, was $2,300,000. 
The total receipts for season and general admission tickets 
amounted to $1,644,260; and, including other revenue from con- 
cessions, privileges, etc., $1,298,150. Although the expenditures 
were liberal, not to say lavish, there was no deficiency after all of 
the business of the Exhibition had been wound up. The admis- 
sion price on general days was the same as in 1851 — one shilling, 
or about twenty-four cents. The total number of visitors was 
about 6,225,000. The daily average attendance was 36,328. 
This second Industrial Exhibition in London was as successful in 
every particular as the first. 

The French did not delay preparations for an exposition which 
would overshadow the magnificence of the English triumph. The 
Empire was in the height of its prosperity, and the Emperor was at 
the zenith of his glory. The Exposition of 1867 was destined to be 
the brightest event in the reign of the last Napoleon. Paris had be- 
come by this time the most magnificently built city on the globe. 
Napoleon had torn down square miles of old buildings, and 
erected in their place the beautiful structures which now line the 
boulevards in the center of the French capital. The boulevards 
had been widened, too; the magnificent Grand Opera House had 
been constructed; costly monuments had been added to the 
attractions of Paris; the improvements of a quarter of a 
century had completely transformed the city, and made it 
not only the gayest but the handsomest metropolis on earth. The 
site selected was the historic and beautiful Champ de Mars, the 
area exceeded thirty-sevtn acres, and in the preparation for the 
foundation of the buildings it became necessary to remove 870,000 
cubic meters of soil. The general design was an immense oval 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 37 

building arranged in twelve concentric aisles with a small open 
central garden. The oval building was 1,550 feet long and 1,250 
feet wide. It covered about eleven acres. The smaller buildings, 
erected as annexes, made the area covered about thirty-five acres. 
In addition, the island of Billancourt, comprising fifty-two acres, 
was added for agricultural purposes. "The outer circle of the 
oval structure," according to a writer on the subject, "was exca- 
vated so as to give a succession of vaulted cellars built of stone 
and concrete and lined with cement. The two interior galleries 
of the Exhibition were built of stone and the seven others of 
iron. The roof was formed of corrugated iron and supported by 
176 iron pillars, each weighing 24,000 pounds, upon which the 
arches or ribs were placed. The supply of water for this enor- 
mous structure and for the park, its various buildings and fountains, 
was o jtained from the river Seine, and was raised by powerful 
pumps to a reservoir with a capacity of 4,000 cubic yards of water, 
which was rendered water-tight by a lining of concrete." The 
grounds surrounding the Exposition, as well as the entire Champ 
de Mars, was laid out beautifully in flower beds, etc., ornamented 
with fountains, and covered with Turkish Mosques, Russian 
Slobodes, Swiss Chalets, Tunisian Kiosks, Swedish Cottages, 
English light-house, Egyptian temples, Caravan series, etc., many 
of which were erected by the different nations, but generally in 
conformity with the French plan of the exposition. It was pro- 
nounced by all writers, almost without exception, the grandest 
undertaking of the age, and the nations of the world united in 
praising the wonderful taste, energy and executive management 
displayed in every arrangement for the magnificent spectacle. 

The Exposition Universelle was opened by their Imperial Majes- 
ties, Napoleon and Eugenie, on April 1st, and closed on November 
3, 1867, having been open to the public 117 days, Sundays included. 
There were 50,226 exhibitors, and the number of visitors reached 
the unparalleled total of 10,200,000. The receipts were about 



38 HAND-BOOK OF 

$2,103,675. The expenditures exceeded the-e figures greatly, 
but they were never known definitely, as the government was not 
willing to make the cost of the undertaking or the losses incurred 
known to the world. But whatever may have been the deficit of 
the Exposition proper, Paris and France reaped a large profit from 
the enterprise. French art and French manufacture received the 
stamp of the world's indorsement, and such an advertisement as 
they had never received before. At no time in the history of the 
country was it so prosperous as during the three years succeeding 
this exposition, or until Napoleon madly plunged the nation into 
a disastrous war. But this very disaster gave the world the most 
convincing proof it had ever received of the wonderful degree of 
industrial development which it had attained, for the rapidity 
with which the government was able to raise by taxation the 
enormous amount of money exacted by the Germans as a condi- 
tion of their evacuating the country in 1871 could not have been 
possible had not the people of France been able to produce man- 
ufactures for which the whole world furnished a market. 

One of the remarkable features, as well as one of the leading 
attractions of the French Exposition of 1867, was the presence in 
Paris, during its progress, of the Czar of Russia with his two 
sons and suite, the Sultan of Turkey and suite, the Prince of 
Wales, the Khedive of Egypt, the King of Prussia, afterward 
Emperor of Germany, and Prince Bisma ck, the Kings of Den- 
mark, Portugal, Sweden, and members of the various royal fami- 
lies, representatives of the nobility, etc., of the various nations 
of Europe, Asia, Africa and South America. 

The Vienna International Exhibition was opened in thd Impe- 
rial Park in Vienna in May 1873. The building in which this dis- 
play was given was the largest single structure thus far erected, 
covering over 40 acres. There was a grand nave 1,000 yards long, 
from the middle of which rose a dome of great height. The 
Board of Trade of Vienna raised a guarantee fund of about 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 39 

$1,500,000, and the Austro-Hungarian Government fathered the 
enterprise, advancing $3,000,000 as a loan. There were grouped 
around the main building a large number of novel and attractive 
edifices erected by other nations. The total number of exhibitions 
was 70, 000. The United States was represented only by 654, but 
received 442 awards. The total cost of the Exhibition exceeded 
$7,850,000, and a very large deficiency was shown when the 
receipts were figured up. Yet Austria felt that indirectly the 
exhibition was a profitable undertaking. 

It is hardly necessary to enlarge upon the Centennial 
Exhibition held in Philadelphia in 1876. It was one of the 
greatest, perhaps, in many respects, the very greatest, of the 
International Exhibitions held up to that time. It was cer- 
tainly creditable to the United States and to the American people, 
and in a few weeks it did wonders in the way of removing the 
erroneous impressions entertained among foreigners regarding the 
development of the arts, manufactures and physical resources of this 
country. The unimportant, not to say contemptible, part which 
this country had taken in connection with foreign expositions, 
and the general beggarly character of the New York display in 
1853, had united in creating and in spreading the impression 
abroad that the United States was at best merely an agricultural 
country, rather raw in point of cultivation, and with no art or 
mechanical inclination worth speaking of. Three things, however, 
continued to protect this nation from the utter scorn of the out- 
side world. First, our exhibits were proved to be entirely incon- 
sistent with our progres^s by foreign travelers in the United States 
and American travelers in Europe. S cond, while we had made no 
displays worthy of the nation at home or abroad, it became 
a recognized fact in commerce that we had attained 
the highest rank as an inventive people, that our 
machinery was unequaled for ingenuity, utility and durability, by 
any other country; and that in the arts we frequently surpassed, 



40 HAND BOOK OF 

the older nations of the world. Thh'd, it was established that, 
while the United States made no such display of her progress as 
had France or England for instance, that she had, as a matter of 
fact, not only kept pace with these countries, but in almost every 
line of useful industry had passed them. The term "Yankee 
Invention " had become of common application to nearly every- 
thing ingenious and useful in machinery. We introduced nine- 
tenths of all the useful inventions and appliances of the first 
seventy-five years of the nineteenth century. These facts had 
their weight with the thinking people of the world, so that when 
the idea of holding a great national and International exposition ^t 
Philadelphia in 1876— one that should receive the sanction of 
the American government and the enthusiastic support of the 
American people — the nations of Europe became interested at 
once, and the result was an international display of arts and 
manufactures such as had never been witnessed before. 

The gi-eat Exposition was located in Fairmount Park, the site 
having been presented, free of all expense or charge, by the city 
of Philadelphia. In addition to the expenditure of a large amount 
of money in the improvement of the park, the municipality also 
built across the Schuylkill river two beautiful and substantial 
bridges at a cost of $2,500,000, in order to improve the means of 
communicating with the grounds. The distance from the city was 
about three miles; the area given over to the Exposition was 450 
acres, of which 236 were fenced in. Within this enclosure were 
the exposition buildings. The main building covered an area of 
870,464 square feet; Machinery Hall covered an area of 504,720 
square feet; the art building covered an area of 76,650 square feet 
floor space and 88,869 square feet wall space; Horticultural Hall 
was 350 feet long, 160 feet broad and 65 feet in height; the agri- 
cultural building covered an area of 117,760 square feet, and the 
Woman's Department building was ^08 feet long and 208 feet 
broad. 



Vierling, 
McDowell & Co. 



IRON WORKS 



23d St. & Stewart flv.. 



6HI6flG0. 




Robert Vierling, President. 
Louis Vierling, Sec'y dfTreas. Alfred Grossmitk, Supt. 

Manufacturers of 

flRGHITEGTURflL IRON 

General Foundry, Stair and Beam Work, 
fleavu and Llgtit Gastinas. 
Rolled Beams In Stock. 



Ill \ WPCRE M'FG CD. 

MANUFACTURERS OF and DEALERS IN 

ENGINES and BOILERS 



OF ALL SIZES AND STYLES 

SHAFTING, PULLEYS, 
HANGERS, BELTING, 




STEAM AND HOT WATER 

HEATERS »HD RADIATORS 



• RICE & WHITACRE M'F'G CO., 
47 and 49 South Canal Street, - CHICAGO, ILL. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 41 

The city of Philadelphia donated $50,000 for the preliminary 
work. Congress passed a bill creating a Centennial Board of 
Finance, which was authorized to issue stock in shares of $10 
each, the whole amount issued not to exceed $10,000,000. This 
money had to be raised by private subscription. Congress treated 
the great enterprise gingerly, and it was not until after persistent 
efforts that a national loan (since paid back) of $1,500,000 was 
secured from the treasury. The City of Philadelphia subscribed 
$1,500,000; the State of Pennsylvania, $1,500,000, and all the 
other States, notably New Jersey, Delaware, Connecticut and 
New Hampshire, contributed liberally. Later Ccngress appropri- 
ated $728,500 for the Government exhibit. 

The reader should pause long enough to compare some of the 
figures just given with those which have been presented with ref- 
erence to the previous International Expositions. Note the growth 
in the area covered by the various displays from the London Expo- 
sition of 1851 to the Philadelphia Exposition of 1876; the increase 
in the number and size of the buildings, but more particularly 
the increase in expenditures required by these great undertakings. 
It is equally as interesting to note the steady increase of public 
interest in these exhibitions, as indicated by the number of exhib- 
itors and visitors. The total number of exhibitors at the Centen- 
nial Exposition was estimated at 30,864; at London, in 1851, the 
number was 13,937; at Paris, 1855, the number was 23,954; at 
London, 1862, the number was 28,853; at Paris, 1867, the num- 
ber was stated at 50,226, but a |]reat majority of these were small 
exhibitions, principally from the various departments of France. 
The Centennial was, up to 1876, the greatest industrial exhibition 
ever held, as representing the world's art and industry on a large 
scale, the character of the exhibits, as well as their value, being 
far in excess of any hitherto brought together. 

Of the 30,868 exhibitors at the Philadelphia Exhibition, the 
United States was represented by 8,175; Spain and her colonies 



42 



HAND-BOOK OF 



by 3,822; Great Britain and her colonies, 3,584; Portugal, 2,462; 
all other nations m smaller numbers. The countries represented 
were as follows: Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Chili, 
Denmark, Egypt, France, Germany, Great Britain and colonies, Ha- 
waii, Italy, Japazi, Mexico, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Orange 
Free States, Peru, Portugal, Russia, Siam, Siberia, Spain, Swe- 
den, Switzerland, Tunis, Turkey, United States, Venezuela. 

The United States was well represented in every department. 
The following table will show the strength of American as com- 
pared with foreign exhibitions under every principle classification : 



1 Mining- and MetaJlurgy. 
a Manufactures 

3 Education and Science. 

4 Art 

5 Machinery 

6 Agriculture 

7 Horticulture 



Total 



U.S. 



8,175 



Total. 



644 


;i,139 


3,246 


8,760 


381 


2,490 


1,784 


4,9 


1,606 


2,360 


1,474 


10, '^17 


40 


108 



30,864 



The Centennial exhibition opened on May 10, 1876. In the 
fence line surrounding the enclosure, and which was 16,000 feet 
in length, there were 106 entrance gates for persons, seventeen for 
wagons and forty-one exit gates, so placed as to be perfectly con- 
venient to all classes and at all times. The admission gates were 
divided into classes to correspond with the classes of tickets used: 
Class A, for those persons paying fifty cents ; class B, for those 
holding complimentary tickets ; class C, for exhibitors, workmen 
and attendants. From the opening of the gates until the close of 
the exhibition, November 10, 1876, there were admitted a grand 
total of 9,910,966 persons, of whom 8,004,274 paid admission fees, 
which amounted to $3,813,726.49. There were 1,815,617 entrances 
of persons connected with the exhibition, and 91,075 complimen- 
tary admissions, making the daily average attendance, paid and 
free, 62,333. The largest attendance was on Pennsylvania day, 
September 28, 274,919; the smallest number was on May 12 (two 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITIOK. 43 

days after the opening), 12,720. The Exhibition grounds opened 
at 8: 30 a. m., and closed at 7: 30 p. m. Only a fraction over 
$1,000 in counterfeit money was taken in altogether during the 
progress of the exhibition. 

As said at the outset it is not necessary to enlarge upon the 
Philadelphia Exhibition. Nearly every detail of that splendid 
enterprise is fresh in the minds of all intelligent people of mature 
years now. It was in every respect a creditable display. From 
the opening to the closing there was no circumstance connected 
with it that had a tendency to lesson the pride of America in their 
own institutions or in their own people. It gave us a position in 
the estimation of the world which we had never held before, 
and attracted to us the favorable notice of people in all countries 
who previously had been known to shrug their shoulders when 
American art, American manufacture, American progress or 
American culture was mentioned in their presence. 

It may, again, have been a coincidence, but once more it was 
at least a remarkable one. The period between 1873 and 1877 
was about the most discouraging that the mercantile interests of 
the country ever passed through. Stagnation reigned supreme in 
every line of industry and in every avenue of trade. Mills and 
factories were closed; commercial failures were the order ( f the 
day; labor was cheap and without a market; money was tight; 
real estate was a drug ; confidence was in the ebb. It was with 
the greatest difiiculty that the Centennial Exhibition was gotten 
under way. "Were it not for the glorious anniversary which 
it was intended to celebrate, for the patriotism of a few noble 
Americans in Philadelphia, and for the generous assistance ren- 
dered by President Grant, his cabinet and his friends, the project 
would have fallen through. The May day on which the Exposi- 
tion opened was almost the gloomiest that this country ever 
beheld. Even in Chicago, where pluck and enterprise had found 
a home, there was nothing doing. Yet the opening day of the 



44 HAND-BOOK OF 

Exhibition marked the turn of the tide . From that time on there 
was a visible improvement in feeling throughout the business 
centres of the country. Even a confused and embittered polit- 
ical contest, while it delayed somewhat, did not prevent the 
gradual increase of trade, the gradual expansion of confidence, 
the gradual return of prosperity. From the Centennial Exposi- 
tion to the present time the people of the United States have 
been passing through the most glorious, prosperous and happiest 
period of their history. Whether we admit that the Centennial 
Exhibition influenced the changes which immediately followed, 
or not, it is pleasant at least to remember that the present era of 
prosperity dates from that enterprise. 

The Expositi(m held in Paris, in 1878, under the name of the 
"Exhibition of the Works of Art and Industry of All Nations," 
was the first opened in that country since the Empire had fallen 
into ruins. Projected under the auspices of a Republican gov- 
ernment which was endeavoring to show the people how econom- 
ical everything could be done, if wanted much of the brilliancy 
and much of the boldness which characterized its immediate 
predecessor. But although there was less extravagance displ .yed 
than under the old Empire, the French are not a people who do 
things by halves. Greatly to the surjDrise of their n ighbors, who 
predicted failure and perhaps rather wished it, the Exposition of 
1878 proved to be up to the national standard of excellence. In 
practical results the French Exposition of 1878 has been pro- 
nounced the most successful held in that country. The Champ 
de Mars wa-^ again the site selected, and the total area covered by 
the buildings on both sides of the Seine exceeded 100 acres. 
The French occupied one-half of the space, the rest bei g reserved 
for foreign exhibitions. The United States was more ably repre- 
sented ofiicially at this than at any previous foreign exposition, 
and out of 40,366 exhibits we contributed 1,229. The United 
States section was one of the princij^al attractions of the Exposi- 



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CHICAGO 
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KANSAS CITY 



Publishers of "THE LIVE STOCK REPORT" 

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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 45 

tion. Our display was first-class, representative, creditable and 
received the favorable notice of all classes of visitors and the 
enthusiastic praise of many. There were about 75,000 Americans 
ill attendance at this Exhibition, The attentions shown us during 
the Philadelphia display by the people of all nations had taught 
us to be courteous For the first time we cut a figure abroad, a- it 
were, as a people. American art, American skill, American indus- 
try, were popular topics everywhere. Our curious, useful, wonder- 
ful inventions were constantly surrounded in the American section 
by great throngs of admiring foreigners . We were recognized 
as a revolutionary people in art and industry, and compliments 
were not spared either by the visitors to or the managers of the 
Exposition when American exhibits came up for examination. 

This Exhibition opened on May 1, 1878, and closed on October 
10, following. The total number of admissions were 16,032,725, 
an average of 82,650 per day, considerably in excess of the aver- 
age at Philadelphia. On one day, June 10th, the number of 
entrances reached a total of 200,613. of which 182,240 were on 
payment. The number given exceeded the largest day in 1867 
by about 30,000, which went to prove that popular interest in 
International Exhibitions was growing rather than diminishing. 
The total receipts for visitors was 12,253,746 francs, or $2,531,650, 
a respectable increase over 1867, though considerably less than the 
receipts of the Centennial. It was estimated that the number of 
persons who visited Paris during the six months of the Exposition 
was 571,792, or 308,000 more than came to Paris the preceding 
year, and that the profit to the city of Paris, as a direct result of 
the Exposition, was $15,000,000. 

Congress appropriated $190,000 for the United States depart- 
ment of the exhibition, while Great Britian, although by no 
means anxious to contribute toward a Republican triumph, gave 
335,000. It has always been difficult to move Congress in mat- 
ters of this kind. A national body that at times can be so extrav- 



46 HAND-BOOK OP 

agant in its appropriations of public money as to amaze and alarm 
the country, it has proved itself on all such occasions as the one 
just mentioned to be penurious and mean in the extreme. Little 
credit, therefore, is due the national government for the admir- 
able display w^hich our exhibition made in the Paris Exposition 
of 1878. 

The Sydney International Exposition, opened September 17, 
1879, and closed April 20, 1880, vv^as, as might be expected, a 
small affair comparatively, but it resulted in great benefit to 
Australians and Australian interests, as did also the Melbourne 
Expos tion, held later on. The num' er of visitors to the Sydney 
( isplay was 1,117,536, of whom 850,480 paid admission, the 
amount realized being about $202,180. Some of the numerous 
annual State expositions in this country make much better returns, 
but it was Sydney's first effort and proved to be a successful one. 
The number of exhibitions was 9,345; the net cost of the Exhibi- 
tion after deducting all returns, entrances, concessions, etc., was 
$1,321,000, which, however, the people of Sydney felt was M^ell 
invested. 

The Melbourne Exhibition of 1880 was more pretentious and, 
generally speaking, far more successful. The total cost of the 
buildings was $1,201,025. They consisted of a permanent 
nave 500 feet long and 160 feet wide, and main temporary hall 
820 feet long and 490 feet wide, a temporary annex for British 
machinery containing about 21,000 square feet, and German and 
Austrian annexes containing about 20,000 square feet. The 
buildings were very handsome, and the display of exhibits was 
remarkable in view of the distance of Melbourne from the great 
centers of the world. The number of exhibitors was 12,792, 
representing over 32,000 separate exhibits, nearly all countries 
being represented. The United States exhibitors numbered 366, 
while those of Great Britain and Ireland numbered 1379, France 
1106, Germany 963 and Italy 888. The total attendance wag 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 47 

1,330,379. The United States exhibits received a liberal share of 
the awards, honorable mention, etc., and it is stated that our 
trade with Australia has very materially increased since 1880. 

The Boston Exhibition of 1888 was hardly claimed to be an 
International Exhibition, nor does it deserve to be ranked here as 
such. It was a private enterprise entirely, and yet it proved to 
be not only very successful but beneficial in a large sense to 
American industries. The total number of exhibits was but 680, 
of visitors 800,000. 

The last great International Exposition and the crowning triumph 
of the series which are here described, was that which opened in 
Paris in commemoration of the French Re olution on May 5, 1889. 
As serving to illustrate at once how the demands of an enterprise 
of this character had grown since the first International Exposi- 
tion held in Paris, and also how the public interest had increased, 
it is only necessary to give the figures showing the receipts and 
expenditures. They are, briefly: Receipts, 49,500,000 francs; ex- 
penses, 41,500,000 francs; profit, 8,000,000 francs, or $1,600,000. 
This was by all odds the most successful International Exposition 
ever held. It stands out head and shoulders above all others. 
It is the exposition which Chicago must surpass. The World's 
Columbian Exposition of 1893 must suffer the disadvantage of 
being compared with the Paris Exposition of 1889 or reap the 
benefit of such a comparison. It remains to be seen whether, 
after 1898, the Paris Exposition of 1889 will still be remembered 
as the greatest International Fair ever held, or whether it will be 
overshadowed by an event at Chicago. 

The Champ de Mars was again selected as the site of the fair. 
The total space occupied w^as 173 acres. The Machinery Palace, 
the largest structure on the ground, measured 1,878 feet in length, 
406 feet in width and 166 feet in height. This building alone 
cost $1,500,000 and covered eleven acres. The Palace of Arts 
cost $1,850,000, the Palace of the French Section $1,150,000, and 



48 HAND-BOOK OF 

improvements ia the parks and gardens, $16,500,000. Besides 
the buildings and ornaments devised and provided by the Exposi- 
tion management, nearly all nations contributed to the architect- 
ure. The Indian dwellings, street in Algiers, houses of New \ 
Caledonia, Tunisian Minaret, Turkish village, English dairies, 
Dutch bakeries, etc., vrhich were scattered over the park were 
very attractive. It is hardly necessary to mention the Eiffel 
Tower, of which so much has been written. The structure is 984 
feet high, and has occupied a more prominent place than any 
other attraction in Paris for the past three years. The number of 
exhibitors was 55,000, the largest number that has ever contrib- 
uted to the success of an art and industrial exposition before. 
The United States was represented by no less than 1,750, and 
received 941 awards. It was estimated that Americans alone 
emptied 350,000,000 francs into the lap of Paris during the Exposi- 
tion. The gold revenue in the bank of France rose enormously. 
Police estimates gave the total number of strangers in Paris 
during the Exposition at 1,500,000, divided as follows: 

Belgians 225,000 Swedes and Norwegians 2/00 

English 380,000 Greeks, Roumanian and Turks 5,000 

Germans 160,000 Africans, principally Algeri- 

SwiS3 52,000 ans 12,000 

Spaniards 56,000 North Americans 90,000 

Italians 38,000 South Americans 35,000 

Russians 7,000 Oceanica, Java, etc. . 3,000 

The various railroads reported an increase over the six 
months of the preceding year of 1,878,747 in the number 
of passengers carried, and in receipts an increase of 66,- 
000,000 francs. The City of Paris Omnibus Company reported 
an increase of 14,000,000 francs. The Cab Company tran- 
sported 29,097,111 persons from Jan. 1 to Nov. 1, 1889, the 
same period in the previous year only 12,000,000, with an 
increase in revenue of 1,558, 000 francs. All other lines of business 
in Paris are known to have increased in revenue at a corresponding 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 49 

rate. Among the interesting things discovered was that the con- 
sumption of meat increased 3,278,871 pounds and of wine 3,162,- 
227 gallons. The total excess of the receipts of the theaters over 
the corresponding six months of the previous year was 10,867,555 
francs. It was estimated that the total gain to Paris must have 
exceeded 500,000,000 francs. The Exposition of 1889 gave very 
general satisfaction to visitors from all countries. Paris never 
looked better. The republic positively outshone the empire. 
There was not so much glare and brilliancy as during the expo- 
sition of '67; there was less of tinsel and less of surface display, 
but the Parisians were evidently more contented, a spirit of 
patriotic regard for the government pervaded the masses, and 
strangers felt whatever appearance of prosperity they witnessed 
was genuine. 




PAET 11. 



^ 



GROWTH OF THE AMERICAN REPUBLIC-SOME AMAZING FIG- 
URES FOR THE VISITOR— THE CHANGES FIFTY YEARS HAVE 
WROUGHT-GREAT CITIES OF TO-DAY-FROM THE ATLANTIC 
OCEAN TO CHICAGO-A TOURIST GUIDE. 

If one were asked to select from the mass of statistics which is 
at the hand of every student a single group that would give a 
comprehensive idea of the general progress of the United States 
for ten, twenty, fifty or a hundred years, it would be difiicult to 
make a choice. Figures prove inadequate almost to tell the 
story of our National advancement. We find ourselves drifting 
into generalities and coquetting with adjectives unconsciously 
whenever we dwell upon the material progress of the Republic. 
How shall we convey to the foreigner who has never turned his 
thoughts to us before, an idea of the increase in population, the 
growth in wealth, the advancement in enlightenment that have 
marked the years of the present century in the United States ? 
If we deal in generalities our story will read like a chapter of 
fiction. If we deal in specific facts we will bewilder him beyond 
understanding. If we produce figures we will certainly amaze 
him. Suppose, for instance, that we tell him the population of 
the United States in 1790 was 3,929,212; that it rose to 7,239,881 
in 1810; that it jumped to 17,069,453 in 1840; that it more 
than doubled itself by 1870; that it reached 50,155,783 in 
1880; that it was over 62,000,000 in 1890, and that it is gain- 
ing at a rate which promises u'^ a population of something 
like 75,000,000 in 1900, what will he think of it ? Or, sup- 
pose we tell him that our exports have grown from a figure 
too small to mention to $845,293,826 in 1890, and that our 
imports reached the enormous total of $789,222,228, what will he 

50 




MARsmiFiaD&O). 

State and Washlngton Streets, Chicago. 



Probably of more importance to ladies than any point of interest 
in Chicago, is the retail house of Marshall Field & Co. Rated 
as it is among the largest in the world, it is by far the most complete 
and most handsomely equipped in Chicago, and a Shopping head- 
quarters for the larger portion of its residents. To strangers a most 
cordial welcome is extended. Waiting Rooms, Check Rooms, Re- 
tiring Rooms, and all possible conveniences are offered to those 
who care to enjoy them. To patrons it has to recommend it 

Large Stock of Dry Goods, etc. 
Low (the lowest) Prices, and 
Absolute Trustworthiness. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 51 

say to that? Will he be prepared to take in the statement that 
foreign immigrants in sufficient numbers to people an empire have 
been landed on our shores since 1856; that we have produced 1,- 
260,157,086 bushels of wheat since 1880, that the number of miles 
of railroad in operation in the United States increased from 30,626 
miles in 1860 to 161,255.08 miles in 1889, that the amount of 
money in circulation in the United States increased from $806,- 
807,889 in 1878 to $1,502,891,123 in 1890; that the money in the 
United States, in the treasury and in circulation, increased from 
$1,063,493,310 in 1878 to $2,186,929,195 in 1890; that we raised 
in the United States during the year 1890 wheat to the value of 
$334,773,687; corn to the value of $754,433,451, and oats to the 
value of $222,048,486; that there are 216,330 school houses and 
12,291,259 enrolled pupils in public schools, 1,122,000 in private 
schools, and 352,231 teachers employed in their behalf, and that the 
total expenditures for school purposes amount to $132,129,600 per 
annum — suppose we should tell him that the National Banks of 
the United States have a capital of $531,858,282, or that the pro- 
duction of gold and silver in the United States has increased 
from $10,050,000 in 1848 to $97,735,730 in 1889; or that we pro- 
duce 83,535,165 gallons of distilled and 854,420,264 gallons of 
fermented liquors in a single year — suppose we tell him these 
and a great many other things equally true ; will he be any the 
better able to appreciate the resources, wealth or immensity of 
this country than he was before? 

He can not be expected to realize the changes that have 
occurred upon the face of the United States during the past one 
hundred years better than those who are familiar with the changes 
that are occurring in the present, and n their own immediate 
neighborhood, and those who fully appreciate the extent and 
magnitude of these changes are few indeed. No better il ustra- 
tion of the growth of the country can be given than is obtained 
from a glance over the population returns of the leading cities 



HAND-BOOK OF 



or by comparing the population of the States and Territories of 
the country in 1890 with what it was in 1880. 

Over an expanse of country which was a wilderness fifty 
years ago great commonwealths and cities have arisen. 
The original thirteen States of the American Union are 
but a small part of the nation now, and have but a small 
part of the wealth or population that belongs to it. The 
center of population has moved from Maryland to Indiana. 

Millions of people have crowded into the great valley of the 
Mississippi within a quarter of a century, and places like Chi- 
cago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Omaha and Kansas City have grown 
from mere hamlets or thriving towns, to great and prosperous 
cities within the memory of young men. The chain of American 
States now extends across the entire width of the continent. We 
have been passing as a people since 1876 through a period of 
prosperity unparalleled in the history of this or any other 
country. It has been the golden age of American enterprise, 
American industry and American development. Wonders have 
been achieved in every branch of thought, and in every line of 
trade. We have been at peace at home and abroad. It is fitting 
that we, as the people of the greatest nation on the continent dis- 
covered by Christopher Columbus, should lead in the celebration of 
the 400th anniversary of that event, and call upon the people of 
the civilized world to unite with us. It is fitting also that the 
celebration should have for its expression not only the glorifying 
of a name and of a deed which stand out in bold relief against the 
dark background of the middle ages, and which will live for cen- 
turies to come in the memory of humanity, but in an exhibition of 
arts and industries which will tell the story of the world's progress 
through those four centuries, and enable us to form a just concep- 
tion of the advancement mankind has made in every department 
of life since the day when Columbus, bending his knees on the 



I 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 53 

sand of the southern island, poured out his heart in gratitude to 
God that his long voyage was at last happily ended. 

In the Unite I States as in all countries, the general progress 
of the people has found its most eloquent expression in the great 
centers of commercial act.vity. Although we produce food 
material in sufficient quantities to supply half the globe, Ameri- 
cans are neither, by instinct, by taste, nor by education, an agri- 
cultural people. Trade and commerce in all their multiform 
aspects claim the best energies, the best thought and the most 
intelligent application of the people. Marvelous cities have 
marked the progress of civilization as it has extended across the 
American continent. The pioneers of the age have built towns — 
settlements they are called — first of all. The country has grown 
up around them later on. This is a reversal of the order which 
obtained in the up-building of European nations. The conditions 
of life in America have compelled it. The first move of the Ameri- 
can settler has ever been to develop the resources of the country 
as he found them. He has claimed from the soil barely sufficient 
to supply his own modest wants while he delved in the mines or 
hewed in the forest. The agriculturist has almost invariably fol- 
lowed the woodsman, the miner, the railroad-builder and the town- 
builder. Hence it is that the traveler in the United States, and 
more especially in the western part of the country, has in other 
days been surprised to find prosperous towns and large cities 
almost in the midst of wildernesses. The manufacturer and the 
artisan follow close upon the heels of the woodsman and the 
miner. The tradesman and the merchant come next. The prac- 
tical farmer comes last. In a country where the soil yielded so 
generously to all, merely for the asking, as it were, the trade of 
farming could not in the very nature of things be looked upon as 
a special branch of industry, or one deserving of particular recog- 
nition. The woodsman, the miner, the manufacturer, the artisan, 
the tradesman, the merchant, in the early days, delved or hewed. 



54 HAND-BOOK OP 

or wrought or bargained to make a livelihood, and plowed and 
sowed in leisure hours for recreation or maintenance. As the 
country grew older and the demands for supplies grew larger, 
this naturally changed. The lands, too, required something like 
careful cultivation before they would yield, after the first fruits 
had been gathered. Farming is now reduced to a science 
throughout the United States, and the farmer takes rank among 
the most useful and most intelligent of citizens. In no land has 
machinery been applied so generously in agriculture. In no 
department of life has invention been more active. In no 
country on earth are there more fertile, more beautiful farms 
than may be seen in the great valleys of the United States. 

But the cities will naturally attract the attention of the great 
majority of strangers who will visit us during the progress 
of the Exposition. Imperial among them is New York, the 
metropolis of the Republic, the largest city on the continent, and, 
in many respects, the most remarkable city on the globe. Al- 
though ranking third among the great cities of the world, with 
a population of 1,515,301, London, Eng., with a population of 
about 4,500,000, and Paris, France, with a population of 2,344,- 
550, leading her, this is in reality not her rightful position. For 
New York City proper, on Manhattan Island, is the center of a 
cluster of great cities, all of which should be reckoned one, as 
they are, in fact, as much a part of each other, and as closely 
allied to each other geographically, commercially and socially as 
are the suburbs and outlying towns which, with the parent center, 
constitute the metropolis of London. Considered in this light, 
and adding Brooklyn, with its population of 806, 343 ; Newark, 
with its 181,830; Jersey City, with its 163,003, and Hoboken, 
with its 43,648 — to say nothing of the numerous smaller suburbs 
and villages lying between — we find that New York should be 
credited with a population of 2,710,125, or about 300,000 
more than Paris. 



I 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 55 

New York is the great financial and commercial center of the 
United States. One statement of fact will make unnecessary a 
vast quantity of statistical matter which would prove tiresome 
to the reader. The sixty-four banks of Kew York City re- 
ported clearings for the year ending October 1, 1890, of 
thirty-seven thousand, six hundred and sixty million, six hun- 
dred and eighty-six thousand, five hundred and seventy-two 
dollars ($37,660,686,572), out of a total of $58,845,279,505, repre- 
senting the total clearings of all the banks in the country. This 
figure exceeded the clearings of the London banks by about $500,- 
000,000, and was equal almost to the clearings of all the banks in 
England combined. It should be stated, however, that a great 
number of the leading financial institutions of England do not 
report clearings. The figures given represent the enormous vol- 
ume of business transacted in the financial institutions of the chief 
city of the nation, although it can not be considered as represent- 
ing the commercial transactions of New York alone. But these 
commercial transactions are of a magnitude commensurate with 
the importance of the American metropolis. 

New York City has other claims upon the attention of the for- 
eigner and stranger than those which arise from her unquestioned 
pre eminence as a financial and commercial center. It is one of 
the most beautiful cities in the universe — beautiful in its situation, 
beautiful in its architecture. Seen from the quarter deck of an 
ocean steamer, the very first view the traveler obtains of the 
Empire City is an entrancing one. Nor is he disappointed 
when he finds himself carried along with the tide of humanity 
which surges along the great central artery of the city. Broad- 
way is famous the world over, as is Fifth Avenue, as is the 
Bowery, as is Printing House Square, as is Central Park, and the 
thousands of attractions which the superb metropolis has to offer. 
Nor will the visitor be contented with New York alone, for within 
easy access is the magnificent scenery of the Hudson and Catskills, 



56 HAND-BOOK OF 

Ihe beautiful City of Churches, across the bridge, the delightful 
summer resorts which dot the coast, the sea views, the river 
vie.NS, the mountain views, innumerable, which invite him upon 
daily excursions beyond the noise and bustle of the city streets. 

He will not neglect either while in the East to visit Philadel- 
phia, until within the past few months recognized as the second 
city on the continent. The Quaker City, as it is familiarly called, 
is within a few hours of New York. It is one of the historic 
cities as well, and one of the greatest commercial centers of the 
country. Here American independence, born at Lexington and 
cradled in Boston, attained its manhood. Philadelphia has a 
population of 1,046,964, according to the census of 1890, and 
ranks third (Chicago being second) among American cities. It 
is a great manufacturing center, and excels in carpets, in 
machinery, and in many other industrial arts. Besides it is, 
perhaps, the most genteel city on the continent. Philadel- 
phia society does not take on the gay plumage which is 
characteristic of New York, Chicago and San Francisco. The 
manners of her people are more subdued. Tb'' Quaker tinge is 
felt everywhere. It is a city of homes, rather than a city of 
clubs. There are more single householders in Philadelphia than 
in any other city in the United States. But it is lacking in none 
of the essentials of a great metropolis. Its streets and avenues 
are among the finest in the world. Many of its buildings are 
marvels of architecture. Its maritime interests are immense. In 
ship building it ranks its sister cities. It is the financial and 
commercial center of the great iron and coal regions of the 
country. 

Washington is not far off, and the Nation's capital must 
surely be visited. It has been transformed from a very dirty 
town into a very beautiful city within twenty-five years. It is 
now, without question, one of the handsomest cities on the 
globe. The magnificent National buildings alone fail to make 



W. G. COOLIDGE, 

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Supt. 




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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 57 

it SO. For years these noble piles were set in the midst of 
mud holes, and Washington was a place abhorred by people of 
taste. It has arisen out of its mud, however. Its streets are now 
paved with asphaltum, and are the most beautiful avenues to be 
found in the United States. They are, besides, broad and sweep- 
ing, running at angles and curving, forming graceful circles and 
beautiful squares. Monuments ornament the numerous parks, 
and the public buildings are set off by the hundreds of ele- 
gant mansions which surround them. Washington is becom- 
ing the favorite home of retired statesmen, of literary and 
of wealthy people. The salubrious climate, the brilliant and con- 
genial surroundings and the ever changing phases which society 
at the Capital assumes, have contributed toward making it a pop- 
ular place of residence for people of means and leisure. Al hough 
it has a population of 230,392, trade is not one of the features of 
the city. It is rather a great suburb than a great city. Phila- 
delphia and Baltimore rob it of whatever commercial prominence 
it might naturally have by reason of its size. Its people do not 
encourage the industrial arts, for in most instances they have fled 
to Washington to escape them. It is a city given over almost 
wholly to political and social duties and pleasures. 

Baltimore — the monumental city — is close by. A city of 
434,439 inhabitants, a great commercial city, and, from an Ameri- 
can point of view, an ancient city, it demands the attention of the 
visitor. It is the most Northern of the Southern cities, as well as 
the most consequential one. It is a bustling, thriving place — the 
center of much wealth and refinement. Its numerous monuments, 
its great libraries, and its magnificent picture galleries testify to 
the higher taste of the people. Baltimore has grown wonderfully 
during the last twenty years, and ranks among the most prosper- 
ous cities on the Atlantic seaboard. Its maritime, manufacturing 
and commercial interests are expanding annually. It is the city 
nearest on the Atlantic coast to Chicago, 



58 HAND BOOK OF 

Kichmond, the chief city of Yirginia, made historic by hav- 
ing been during four of the darkest years of the American nation 
the seat of government of the Southern Confederacy, is only a 
short distance from Baltimore and "Washington . Annapolis, at 
one time the seat of government, now the home of the national 
naval academy; Mount Vernon, the home and burial place of 
Washington, and hundre "s of historic and interesting points are 
at hand. The beautiful Potomac and the hardly less beautiful 
James, Fortress Monroe, Harper's Ferry, and a thousand resorts 
of pleasure and fashion offer themselves to the stranger here, and 
a month may be pleasantly divided among them. 

Before turning his face to the West the visitor should not fail 
to see Boston — the ''hub of the Universe," the home of American 
culture, the cradle of American liberty. A city made famous 
abroad by Bunker Hill, ' y Faneuil Hall, by Harvard, by Long- 
fellow, by Oliver Wendell Holmes, by James Russell Lovvell — by 
so many events, so many men, so many associations, demands 
attention. It will be found worthy of all t' at the stranger may 
bestow upon it. Boston, to paraphrase a familiar line, to be loved 
needs but to be seen. It will be a relief to the European to find 
himself in a city which, although the most distinctively American 
of American cities, bears the unmistakable European, or, to be 
more exact, the unmistakable English impress. The lay of the 
streets, their width (or want of width), their crookedness; the 
style of buildings in the older part of the town, the churches 
which have survived colonnial times, and even the manners 
and accent of the people— the genuine Yankee people — will 
remind him forcibly of a town and of a people of which he has 
read in Thackeray, or perhaps in Dickens, or of a town he may 
have seen before stepping on the deck of the vessel which 
brought him over. But this impression will be short-lived. 
Boston has quaint streets, quaint buildings, and quaint ways 
from one point of view ; from another it is a city as thoroughly 



THE world's COLUilBIAN EXPOSITION. 59 

young in its ideas and fresh ia its vigor as any of its sisters 
on this side of the Atlantic. Boston stands next to New York as 
a great financial center. Capital is centralized here. Boston capi- 
talists wield a powerful influence throughout the entire country. 
They own or control railroads, canals, steamship lines everywhere. 
They own or control private corporations in all parts of the country. 
They hold mortgages on real estate in the newly developed sections 
of the country. They lend money at a good rate of interest to 
the mercantile classes in all parts of the country. They avoid 
the rush of such cities as Kew York and Chicago, and quietly 
and noiselessly clip their coupons, gather in their dividends, 
and draw their interest under the shadow of the tall elms in Bos- 
ton Common. Boston is the great wool and cotton goods market, 
the center of the milling interests of New England, It is also a 
great leather and boot and shoe center. For years it ranked as 
the leading book and periodical publishing city, but New York 
and Chicago both lead Boston in this particular now. Its ship- 
23ing interests are extensive. It is surrounded by a score of busy 
and prosperous m nufacturing towns, like Lowell, Lawrence, 
Lynn, Waltham, etc., all of which will interest the stranger. 
Boston itself has attractions innumerable. The old South Church, 
Faneuil Hall, the Common, the Public Gardens, the Back Bay, 
the Public Library, the Art Hall, ^the Scientific Institution, will 
each claim a visit from the stranger. Within a few minutes from 
Boston are numerous seaside resorts. All of the leading and 
attractive points on the New England coast are accessible by rail 
or water. Harvard, in Cambridge, is but a street car ride from 
the hotel. Plymouth Rock may be visited in a forenoon. The 
population of Boston is now 448,477. The city ranks as the sixth 
in the country in point of population ; as the first, of course, in 
point of culture. 

Or the visitor may think it a saving of time to travel west- 
ward by way of Pittsburgh, and hold Boston in reserve for the 



60 HAND-BOOK Oy 

return trip. In any event the famous manufacturing city of Penn- 
sylvania must be visited. It may not be too late to witness the 
wonderful distribution and utilization of natural gas. We say it 
may not be too late, for natural gas is failing in Pittsburgh and 
vicinity, and this is a misfortune rather than a calamity. The 
city for generations was known as one of the blackest and dirti- 
est in America, because of the immense clouds of smoke which 
overhung it like a pall, creating a condition in the atmosphere 
which made spotless linen an impossibility and cleanliness as rare 
as godliness among the Pittsburghans. Natural gas was discov- 
ered and put to use, and suddenly the clouds dissolved above 
Pittsburgh, the atmosphere cleared up, and, from the dirtiest, in 
an incredibly short space of time it became one of the cleanest 
cities on the continent. But Pittsburgh, in a commercial sense, 
will scarcely feel the loss of natural gas. It is situated so close 
to the great anthracite district that it must always remain one of 
the great iron and steel manufacturing centers of the world. 
Here and at Allegheny City the visitor will behold some of the 
most gigantic rolling mills and iron foundries on earth. Pittsburgh 
has at times been called the American Bradford and the Ameri- 
can Birmingham. It is greater than either or than both combined 
as a manufacturing town, and the output of its mills and manu- 
factories, in iron, steel, brass and metal ware generally, is greater 
than that of any city on the globe. Its population is 238,617. 
Allegheny, practically a suburb of Pittsburgh, has a population 
of 105,287. 

In the ordinary course of travel the visitor's next stop will be 
at Cleveland, the bea^-itiful and bustling city of northern Ohio. 
This city has grown at a truly phenomenal rate during the past 
twenty-five years. From a fairly prosperous town it has de\ eloped 
into a city of 261,353 inhabitants. Here is located the home of 
the celebrated Standard Oil Company — a company that practically 
controls the petroleum production and traffic of the United States 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 61 

and the illuminating oil market of the world. The visitor, no 
matter where he comes from, or what his station in life, has paid 
tribute in some shape or other to this stupendous monopoly. In 
the beautiful cemetery which overlooks the lake lies the mortal re- 
mains of President Garfield, and on the way to this silent city of the 
dead the stranger will pass along Euclid Avenue, pronounced one of 
the grandest in the world. Cleveland is a manufacturing city of 
considerable importance, besides having a large shipping trade. 

To the south, on the Ohio River, is a city once known as the Paris 
of America, and again as Porkopolis. It has lost its title to both 
names, not because it has fallen away in population or wealth, 
but because other cities to the west have passed it in the race. 
Cincinnati is a semi-southern city, like Louisville and St. Louis. 
It is located at apoint where the Southern and Northern types meet 
and mingle. It is neither Northern nor Southern in a distinctive 
sense, and has the characteristics at once of Boston and New 
Orleans. For years it was pronounced the handsomest of the 
American cities, and therefore the Paris of the Republic. But 
that was before Chicago, St. Paul, Minneapolis, Omaha, Kansas 
City and Denver had arisen to dispute the title. In the pork- 
packing industry Chicago has long since surpassed the Ohio city. 
Cincinnati has an immense Southern commerce, however. Her 
river traffic continues to be great. The city has grown, but not 
as fast as some of her sisters. The present population is 296,198. 
Her mercantile classes are substantial and conservative. The 
arts are encouraged and cultivated here. In no American city is 
there a higher regard or a greater demand for good music. 
Extensive libraries, picture galleries and annual musical festivals 
whi h the masses take part in attest the direction of popular senti- 
ment in Cincinnati. 

Columbus, the capital of Ohio, is not far away. It is a city 
worthy of a visit. Indeed within a radius of a hundred miles* of 
CinQirinati there are many beautiful and attractive places, 



62 HAND-BOOK OF 

On the westward trip it will be worth while to leave the 
direct route, if necessary, in order to visit Indianapolis, the chief 
city and capital of Indiana. Here is a city beautifully built and 
progressive. It has a population of 105,436. The visitor may 
desire to see it if for no other reason than that it is the home of 
Benjamin Harrison, president of the United States. 

It is but a short journey to St. Louis, the fifth city of the 
Union, and one of the most important centers on the continent. 
In other days the rival of Chicago, it has fallen behind that 
remarkable city, although at the same time it has grown at a rate 
which, under ordinary circumstances, would be pronounced won- 
derful. The present population of St. Louis is 451,770. It lies 
on the west bank of the Mississippi river, immediately below its 
confluence with the Missouri. The river is crossed here by two 
magnificent bridges, and a third is projected. One of these 
bridges was constructed by the famous James B. Eades, and is one 
of the great engineering achievements of the century and the 
world. St. Louis has an immense Southern and Southwestern 
trade; her manufactories aie numerous and important; she is the 
second railway center of the country, and one of the best built 
cities in the world. Socially St. Louis ranks among the first of 
American cities. Her society is neither Northern, Southern nor 
Western, but combines the better elements of all. It is one of the 
few cities on the continent where merit is weighed against means. 
Education, refinement and character are considered among the 
requisites, while wealth without these receives but slight recogni- 
tion among the old residents of the city. The arts are not neg- 
lected, and the mercantile library of St. Louis would be a credit 
to any city of the world. Her schools and colleges are numerous 
and first class ; her parks and public gardens are beautiful. Some 
of her drives are magnificent. 

Going south from SL Louis, Louisville, Nashville, Memphis, 
Vicksburg, Baton Rouge and New Orleans wdll demand attention. 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 63 

The southern cities will all prove interesting to the vi-itor. The 
journey may be extended to Mobile or to Jacksonville, or even to 
Key West; and, coming back, the visitor may wish to call at Gal- 
veston, Austin, Dallas and the other thriving cities and towns of 
the great State of Texas. We can not follow him now, and we 
must part company with him for the present if he takes the 
southern route to the Pacific Coast and visits San Diego, Los 
Angeles, San Francisco or the cities of the new Northwest. We 
would like to accompany him to Portland, Seattle, Tacoma, Spo- 
kane, Salt Lake City, Denver and Cheyenne; but the best we 
can do is to rejoin him on his return to Omaha. 

In touching this last named city we are once more entering the 
constellation of Chicago. The beautiful cities which form a cir- 
cle around Chicago are not to be overlooked or slighted under any 
circumstances. Omaha and Lincoln, in Nebraska ; Council Bluffs, 
Cedar Rapids, Keokuk, Des Moines, Davenport, Muscatine, etc., 
in Iowa; St. Joseph, Kansas City, Hanniba', Sedalia, in Missouri ; 
Atchison, Leavenworth, Topeka, Abilene, etc., in Kansas; 
St. Paul and Minneapolis in Minnesota ; Milwaukee, Waukesha, 
Madison, in Wisconsin; Detroit, Grand R:ipids, Ypsilanti, etc., 
in Michigan — these forma semi-circle around the World's Fair 
City and contribute toward her greatness. 




PART III. 



CHICAGO— THE MARVELOUS GROWTH OF THE WESTERN METROP- 
OLIS-ITS AD VANCEMElVT in WEALTH AND CULTURE-STATIS- 
TICS OF AN INTERESTING CHARACTER FOR THE VISITOR- 
INFORMATION OF A GENERAL NATURE ALPHABETICALLY 
ARRANGED, 

One hundred years ago there was no such place as Chicago 
known to the student of geography; no such place on the map of 
the world. Ithad no existence. A little less than seventy -five years 
a^o it was a border fur-trading village, where were collected a few 
rude huts and a few rude inhabitants, red and white. A little more 
than fifty years ago, when it had attained the dimensions of a 
respectable Western town, it was incorporated as a city. In 
1837 it had a population of 4, 170. Ten years later its inhabitants 
numbered 16,859. In 1855 the population was 80,000; in 1860, 
or at the outbreak of the Civil war, it was 100,206. In 1866, or at 
the close of the Civil war, it had grown to 200,418. In 1870, just 
before two-thirds of the city was destroyed by the most dreadful 
conflagration of modern times, its inhabitants numbered 306,605. 
Ten years later the population was 503,185. In 1886, it was 703,- 
817. In 1889 the annexation of out-lying towns, which had in 
fact been parts of Chicago for several years previously, brought it 
up to 1,066,213. The United States census of 1890 gave the 
population at 1,098,850. The school census, believed to be by 
far the more accurate, taken the same year, made the population 
1,208,669. The population at the present writing (spring of 
1892) is about 1,300,000. It is estimated that the population of 
Chicago in the spring of 1893 will exceed 1,500,000. These figures 
will not include visitors, but people who have actually fixed their 

64 




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THE world's COLUIVIBIAN EXPOSITION. 65 

abode here. Some other figures showing the progress of Chicago 
are equally impressive. A few of them are given. The area of 
Chicago in square miles in 1837 was 10,70; in 1892, 181.71; the 
length of Chicago in lineal miles in 1837 was about 4; in 1892 it 
was 24, and its width was 10. The number of buildings erected in 
Chicago since 1876 reached the enormous total in 1892 of 67,862, 
and their cost was $309, 309, 379. The frontage of buildings erected 
from 1876 to 1892 was 286 miles. The number of buildings erected 
in Chicago in 1891 was 11,626, their frontage 53 miles, and their 
cost $54,010,500. The bank clearings of Chicago in 1866 
amounted to $453,798,648.11; in 1891, $4,456,885,230. The com- 
merce of Chicago in 1850 figured up a total of $20,000,000; in 1891, 
$1,459,000,000. The capital of the Chicago national banks in 1891 
was $21,241,680, and their surplus and profits $12,495,143. The 
value of the meat products in Chicago in 1891 was $133,860,000; 
the wholesale business amounted to $517,166,000, and the manu- 
factures, $567,012,300. The wages paid employes of manu- 
facturers footed up during the same year $104,904,000, and the 
capital invested in manufactories was $210,302,000, 

But these figures show only the material advancement of the 
city. The stranger will naturally inquire for some other evi- 
dence of progress. It is at hand. For instance, the public 
school system of Chicago to-day represents a public investment of 
$58,000,000. That is a fair showing for a municipality a little 
more than fifty years of age. The number of pupils in daily 
attendance at 192 public schools is 146,751, and the persons 
employed to teach them number 3,259. The cost of maintaining 
the public schools in 1891 was $5,013,435.86, and the cost for 
1892 will exceed $6, 000, 000. Aside from the public schools there 
are 800 private educational institutions in Chicago, 350 academies 
and seminaries and four universities. There are 12, 000 tutors and 
teachers employed in these private schools and colleges, and the 
number of pupils in daily attendance is 70,000. There were 



66 HAND-BOOK OF 

166,475 volumes in the public library of Chicago in 1892; the number 
of visitors to the library reading room in 1891 was 492,837, and the 
number of books taken out was nearly 1,300,000. The estimated 
number of volumes in other libraries is 3,000,000. The visitors 
to the Art Institute in 1891 numbered 75,000. There are thirty 
daily and 305 weekly newspapers printed in the city, all languages 
being represented; and the total number of periodicals having a 
a general circulation issued from Chicago is 611. The produc- 
tion of bound books in Chicago in 1891 exceeded 9,000,000. 
Chicago pays a larger newspaper postage than any city in the 
United States except New York. The quantity of newspapers 
mailed by the publishers of Chicago equals the amount mailed at 
Boston, Cinciimati, New Orleans, Buffalo and Baltimore com- 
bined, or at St. Louis, Cincinnati, San Francisco, New Orleans and 
Baltimore combined, and also at Philadelphia, New Orleans, 
Baltimore and Cincinnati combined, or in the entire thirteen 
Southern States, with St. Louis combined, amounting to 30,000,- 
090 pounds of serial matter per annum. There are no less 
than 575 handsome church edifices in Chicago; thirty great 
hospitals, 50 charitable asylums, 3,000 charitable societies and 
innumerable semi-charitable "Homes "and "Institutions." The 
amount expended in public charities annually exceeds $3,000,000; 
the amount contributed toward the support of private charities 
exceeds $5,000,000. There are 575 literary clubs and organiza- 
tions in this marvelous city, 89 gentleme I's and social clubs and 
over 500 athletic and sporting clubs. There are open nightly 
from twenty to twenty-five places of amusement of the highest 
class, and amusement halls without number of the middle and 
lower cla s. There are three great racing tracks open here during 
the summer months ; excursion boats and excursion trains leave 
the city for summer resorts hourly during the season, and for 
those who prefer to remain at home there are magnificent parks 
and boulevards, forming a semi-circle around the city and covering 



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The Testimonials to these FACTS are NUMEROUS 
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From the HON. HARVEY D. COLVIN, Ex-Mayor of Chicago. 

Chicago, July 24, i8go 

S. H. Klinck— Dear Sir : I am pleased to say that I consider 
your remedy the best medicine in existence for the human afflictions 
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any material benefit, when a friend induced me to try your remedy, 
claiming others had been cured by it. The first bottle gave me the 
most pleasing results. I have continued its use and I cannot say 
too much for it. It found me too near the grave for comfort, and 
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CALUMKT LANDS. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 67 

an area of nearly 2,000 acres. Some of the most magnificent 
exhibitions of landscape gardening to be seen anywhere on earth 
are free to the public in these parks and along these boulevards, 
besides charming stretches of lake scenery, artificial lakes, costly 
and beautiful monuments and zoological gardens. 

The World's Columbian Exposition of 1893 will without ques- 
tion be the grandest InternaHonal Fair the world has ever wit- 
nessed, but the greatest attraction for the stranger who comes 
here will be Chicago itself. It cannot be eclipsed by any display 
which the management of the Exposition may succeed in making. 
It is the greatest attraction in itself the United States has to offer 
the people of foreign countries to-day, and hundreds of thousands 
of strangers visit it annually for no other purpose than that of 
beholding with their own eyes the most wonderful city of the 
age. Some general facts concerning Chicago and its surroundings 
will be of assistance to the stranger. 

Amusements. — The visitor, whoever he may be or wherever he 
may come from, will not lack for opportunities of enjoying him- 
self to his heart's content in Chicago, no matter in what direction 
his tastes may happen to lie. It is said by those who have made 
a study of the matter that there are more places of amusement 
open in Chicago daily and nightly than in any other city on the 
globe. In addition to such amusements as may be termed 
strictly American, we have presented to us 1 ere constantly the 
leading attractions of European cities. Whatever is popular 
abroad speedily finds its way to Chicago, to be tested here at 
least. The Chicago theatre-goers are as familiar with the work 
of the dramatists and actors of Great Britain, France, Germany, 
Austria, Italy and Russia, as they are with the work of American 
dramatists and actors, because there is a constant procession of 
attractions across the Atlantic, and because foreign play-wrights 
and actors of celebrity find an appreciative public and n golden 
harvest on this side of the ocean. Chicago during recent years 
has become a dramatic center of the first rank. Many new plays 
are produced here every season for the first time. The stamp 
of Chicago approval usually insures the success of a drama, 
comedy or btirlesque, throughout the country. Architectur- 



68 HAND-BOOK OF 

ally the amusement houses of Chicago are the best in 
the United States ; the interior decorations, the scenery and 
the stage fittings of our theatres are unsurpassed. The leading 
theatres are: The Alhamhra, State street and Archer avenue; 
Auditorium, Wabash avenue and Congress street; Chicago Ojperou 
House, Washington and Clark streets; Columbia, Monroe and 
Dearborn streets; Casino, Wabash avenue, near Adams street; 
Oerman Opera House, Randolph, near Clark street; Orand Opera 
House, east side of Clark, between Washington and Randolph 
streets ; Havliii's, west side of Wabash avenue, between Eighteenth 
and Twentieth streets; Haymarket, north side of West Madison 
near Halsted street ; Hooley's, north side of Randolph near La Salle 
street; IT. B. JacoVs Academy, Halsted, near West Madison; H. R. 
Jacob's Clarh Street, Clark street, just north of Bridge; Standard, 
South Halsted and Jackson streets ; Madison Street, north side of 
Madison street near State ; Mc Viclcer's, south side of Madison street 
near State; New Windsor, North Clark and Division streets; 
Parh, State, between Congress and Harrison streets; People's, 
State, between Coiigress and Harrison streets; Timmerman'' s 
Opera House, Sixty-Third street and Stewart avenue. There are 
numerous small and neighborhood theatres, concert halls, varie- 
ties, etc., scattered throughout the three divisions of the city. In 
addition to the theatres mentioned above, there are cycloramas, 
museums, wax works, etc. Lihhy Prison Museum, on Wabash 
avenue, between Fourteenth and Sixteenth streets, is an attraction 
of peculiar interest to strangers. Numerous special attractions 
occupy the numerous Halls of the city nightly. Central Music 
Hall, State and Randolph streets, is a popular lecture and concert 
room. [For full information in relation to amusements, see 
Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Anarchy in Chicago. — For the benefit of foreign visitors 
and strangers generally it may be well enough to say that anarchy 
in Chicago received its death-blow on the 11th day of November, 
1887, when four of the leading anarchists of the, city were exe- 
cuted at the county jail. The monster has not shown i s teeth 
here since. There has been no riot in Chicago since May 4, 1886. 
And it is perhaps worth while to add that at no time in the his- 
tory of this city has the revolutionary element attained any 
strength. The anarchist uprising was entirely due to the agita- 
tions of a few dangerous leaders among a certain small class of 
workingmen, which should have been suppressed by the author- 



I 



THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 69 

ities long before their poisonous teachings culminated in a riot. 
The great majority of the workingmen of Cxiicago have never 
sympathized with the anarchists nor believed in their teachings. 
[See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Annexation.— On the 28th of June, 1889, the city embraced 
about forty-four square miles of territory. On the day following, 
by vote of the people, the city of Lake View and the towns of 
Hyde Park, Lake, Jefferson and Cicero, aggregating 128.24 
square miles of territory and about 220,000 people, were annexed 
to and became part of Chicago, thus constituting one great 
metropolis, extending twenty-four miles from north to south, and 
from four and one-half to ten and one-half miles from east to 
west. The validity of the proceedings i esulting in the annexation 
was confirmed by the Supreme Court, October 29, 1889. By this 
extraordinary consolidation, six independent municijjal corpora- 
tions — each having a legislative and executive department of 
government, each controlled and operated under more or less dif- 
ferent systems and methods of conducting public affairs — were 
merged into one municipality, under the authority and control of 
one city government. During the year 1890, there were annexed 
to the city four suburbs — South Englewood, area, 2.92 square 
miles, population 3,000; Gano, 1.80 square miles, population 
2,600; Washington Heights, 2.8 square miles, population 3,315; 
West Roseland, 1,80 square miles, population 792; making a 
total annexation for the year of 9.32 square miles, with a popula- 
tion of 9,900. Fernwood has since been added. [See Flinn's 
Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Aechitecture. — The traveled stranger, to whom the great 
cities of the world are familiar, however he may become impressed 
with the manners and customs of our people or with their meth- 
ods of doing business, and however loath he may be to admit the 
justice of our claims to pre-eminence in other respects, must 
acknowledge that this is the best built city in the universe to-day. 
For nearly twenty years, or since the great fire of 1871 swept over 
the business center of the city and laid it in ruins, architecture in 
Chicago has been steadily marching forward, until we are enabled 
in 1891 to point out some of the grandest achievements of the art 
to be found on the face of the earth. [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 



70 HAND-BOOK OF 

Area op Chicago. — Chicago has grown from 2.55 square 
miles iu 1835 to 181.70 square miles in 1891, as follows : 





SQUARE MILES. 


February 11, 1835, original town 

Ma '•ch 4, 1837 there was added 


2.55 
8.15 making 10.70 
3.33 mating 14.03 
3.90 making 17.93 
6.48 making 24.41 
11.35 making o5.79 
l.no making 36.79 
7 15 making 43.94 
128.24 making 172.18 
2.00 making 174.18 


February 16, 1847, there Avas added 

February 12 1853, there was added 


February 13 1>'63 there was added 


February 27, 1861, there was added 

May 16, 1887, there was added 

November and Decembers, 1887, there was added 

July 29 18S9 there was added 


April 16, 1890, village of Gano added 


1890, South En^lewood added 

1»90, Washington Heights 

1890, West Koseland 


2 98 making 177.16 
2.H) making 179.96 
1.80 making 181.70 



Art Interests. — There are estimated to be in Chicago at least 
five hundred artists who are engaged exclusively in their calling, 
aud who find a ready market for their wot\<. if it is meritorious in 
character. There are here a large number of gen lemen of vs^ealth 
vfho have devoted themselves for years past to fostering the 
development of art in Chicago, and who have contributed largely 
towards popularizing art exhibitions and art studies. During the 
past, few years great progress has been made in the direction of 
building of private galleries, and the walls of many of the resi- 
dences of the city are now ornamented with some of the choice-^t 
productions of the studios of Europe and America. The Art 
Galleries and Art Schools of the Art Institute are well patronized 
and attended. A permanent Art Building is now- in course of 
construction on the Lake Front, which will be in the future the 
home of Chicago's art interests. It will cost $600,000. [See 
Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Banks. — The banks doing business in Chicago are classified 
under three headings. National, State and Private. The National 
banks are conducted in accordance with the Federal banking laws 
and are under the supervision of the National Government. The 
State and Private banks are organized under State laws. The 
former make reports of their condition to the Auditor of State. 
The latter are not supervised, but conduct business under general 
commercial laws. The capital of the National banks of Chicago 
at the close of the year 1891 was $21,241,680, as against $16,100,- 
000 at the close of 1S90; surplus and profits were $12,424,164, as 



THE WOin.D'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 71 

against $10,343,119 for 1890; deposits were $117,792,594, as 
against $94,471,271 for 1890, and loans and discounts were $89,- 
292,728, as against $72,392,018 for 1890. The capital of the State 
banks doing business in Chicago, according to last reports fur- 
nished the State Auditor, was $12,227,000, their surplus $3,869,- 
000 and their undivided profits $1,869, 288. [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Banking Business. — Chicago in volume of banking business 
transacted ranks next to New York, although Boston usually 
occupies second place in the clearing-house column which is pub- 
lished by the papers. Boston has fifty-one banks that clear, while 
Chicago has but twenty-two, yet the Chicago banks relatively do 
more business than the Boston banks. The fact that the clearing- 
house figures apparently give Boston a larger business cuts no 
figure in actual facts. Chicago really is the second city of the 
country in financial affairs. The clearings of the Banks of Chicago 
for 1866 were $453,798,648.11; for 189 L they were $4,456, 885,- 
730.00. There was not a single bank failure in Chicago during 
the year 1891. Since the panic of 1873 there have been fewer bank 
failures in Chicago than in any other large American city. [See 
Flinn's Standard G-uide to Chicago.] 

Board OF Trade. — The Board of Trade of Chicago is the 
greatest grain and produce exchange in the world; its member- 
ship is about 2,000. The volume of business transacted during 
1891 on the floor of the Board amounted to $104,083,527.67. [See 
Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Breweries. — The annual output of Chicago breweries is at 
present about 3,000,000 barrels. Chicago is, besides, largely sup- 
plied by Milwaukee breweries. 

Bridewell, or House op Correction. — This is the city 
prison and is generally known as the Bridewell, a name which it 
derived from the Bridewell of Dublin, Ireland, to which it bears a 
similarity in many respects. The management is vested in a 
superintendent, appointed by the mayor. The expenditures for 
salaries and maintenance and construction are about $125,000 per 
annum ; the receipts from police court fines, brick made by inmates 
inside the walls, labor oi prisoners, laundry work for police 
department, etc., amounts 1o about $60,000 per annum. The 
number of prisoners committed to the Bridewell annually is about 



73 HAND-BOOK OF 

9,000, of whom about seven-eights are male. The average num- 
ber of prisoners confined is about 760 males and 40 females. The 
cost of the prison to the city of Chicago, as it stands to-day, is 
about $1,500,000. The prisoners are employed in brick-making 
and other industries. Coun.y prisoners are also sent here, for 
whose support the city is paid about 30 cents per capita daily. 
The Bridewell is situated at South California avenue, near West 
Twenty-sixth street, West Side, and may be reached by Blue Island 
avenue cars. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Bridges and Viaducts. — As the Chicago river is navigable for 
lake vessels, audit with its branches intersects the heart of the 
city, a large number of bridges have been required. No less than 
forty-five now span this small stream. Nearly all are swinging 
bridges, and many of them are operated by steam. Steel con- 
struction has been employed in the bridges most recently erected. 
Among these, the Adams street bridge is a notable structure. It 
is a 4-track bridge, 259 feet long on center truss, and 57 feet in 
width. This bridge is two feet three inches lower at the east end 
than at the west end, and at the same time is reversible, the turn- 
table track being set on a grade of onein 115. Some doubts were 
expressed as to its feasibility when the plan was proposed, but the 
city engineers say that no bridge in the city works better than 
this one. The Rush street draw is one of the longest in the world. 
The Lake, Wells and Jackson street bridges are handsome struc- 
tures. The railroads entering the city do so in but few instances 
above or below the street level. Grade-crossings are the rule. Engi- 
neers have long sought to remedy this state of affairs, which will 
probably be accomplished in time ; but meanwhile some relief is 
being provided at the most dangerous crossings by the erection of 
viaducts. There are thirty-five of these structures in the city, the 
longest and finest of which is on Twelfth street, extending from 
Clark street to Wabash avenue, crossingthetracksof the Atchison, 
Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad Company, and costing $209,736. 
[See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Building Statistics. — The amazing growth of Chicago during 
the past fifteen years has been made manifest in no particular 
more strongly than in the number, the magnitude, the beauty 
and the costliness of the buildings erected. The business and a 
large portion of the residence quarter of the city had to be rebuilt 
after the great fire of 1871. This is not taken account of in the 



THE world's COLUMBIAK EXPOSITION. 73 

following, which includes only a period beginning four years after 
the fire, and at a time when the damage done by that catastrophe 
had been more than repaired, and ending with the close of last 
year. From 1876 to 1889 there were erected in the city 37,042 
buildings, covering a frontage of 173 miles, costing $176,460,779, 
being an average of 3,087 per year for twelve years, an average of 
14 1-3 miles of frontage, and an average cost of $14,705,065. The 
least number of buildings erected in any one year was in 1878, with a 
frontage of about six miles. The least expenditure was in 1879. The 
largest transaction for same period was in 1888 — number of build- 
ings 4,958, 22 miles frontage, expenditure $20,360,800. During 
1889 the number of buildings erected was 7,590, covering over 34 
miles of street frontage and costing $31,516,000. The buildings 
erected in 1890 covered a frontage of SO)^ miles. In the South 
Division 1,120 buildings were erected, having a frontage of 29,594 
feet, and at a cost of $15,400,800; in the North Division 502 
buildings, with a frontage of 14,055 feet, costing $3,681,200; in 
the West Division 3,994, with a frontage of 91,336 feet, costing 
$13,687,600. In Hvde park 2,052 buildings were erected with a 
frontage of 44,481 feet, cost ng $6,624,300. In Lake 2,889 were 
erected, with a frontage of 63,297 feet, costing $5, 578, 100. Lake 
View added 1,051, with a frontage of 23,518 feet, costing $2,350, - 
100. The total building transactions of Chicago in 1891 were as 
follows: New buildings erected, 11,626; feet frontage, 281,654; 
total cost, $54,010,500. This makes the total number of build- 
ings erected in Chicago since 1876 67,818; total cost, $309,309,- 
379 ; total frontage 286 miles. 

Buildings, The Notable Structures of Chicago. — Among 
the great buildings of Chicago which will excite the wonder and 
admiration of the visitor are the following: The Auditorium, on 
Wabash ave., Congress st. and Michigan ave., a great hotel, 
theater and office building combined, the dimensions of which 
are startling. Total street frontage on Wabash ave., Michigan 
ave. and Congress st,, 710 feet; height of main building (10 
stories) 145 feet; height of tower above main building (eight 
floors), 95 feet; height of lantern tower above main tower (two 
floors), 30 feet ; total height, 270 feet ; size of tower, 70x41 feet ; the 
foundations cover almost two and a half times greater area ; weig t 
of entire building, 110,000 tons; weight of tower, 15,000 tons; 
exterior material, first and second stories granite; balance of 



74 BAND-BOOK OF 

building stone; interior material, iron, brick, terra cotta. marble, 
hard-wood finish, etc.; cost of iron work about $600,000; num- 
ber of brick in building, 17,000,000; number of square feet of 
Italian marble, Mosaic floors, 50,000 (containing about 50,000,000 
pieces of marble, each put in by hand); number of square feet of 
terra cotta (arches and partitions) 800,000; number of square 
feet of wire lath, 175,000; number of square feet of plate glass, 
60,000; number of miles of gas and water p'pes, 25; number of 
miles of electric wires and cable, 230; number of miles of steel 
cable for moving scenes on stage, 11 ; number of electric lights, 
10,000; number of dynamos, 11; number of electric motors for 
driving ventilating apparatus, and other machinery, 13; number 
of hydraulic motors for driving machinery, 4; number of boilers, 
11; number of pumping engines, 21; number of elevators, 
13; number of hydraulic lifts for moving stage platforms, 26; 
c>stof building, $3,500,000; with ground, $5,000,000. The 
Masonic Temple, on State and Eandolph sts,, another, and, in 
many respects, a still more wonderful structure. This building 
covers 170 feet on State and 114 feet on Randolph st. ; it is 20 
stories in height, or nearly 265 f c^et, resting on a cement and iron 
foundation, extending far out under the two thoroughfares 
named; superstructure entirely of steel, faced with dressed red 
Montello granite for 3 stories, and for the remaining 17 stories 
with gray brick. The inner court of this building is worth a 
long journey. There are 17 passenger elevators, each of which 
is capable of making the round trip in two minutes. The edifice is 
really a city in itself, and has a business population larger than that 
of many considerable towns. The cost of the building exceeded $2,- 
000,000. The stranger will be interested in this magnificent struc- 
ture from the basement floor to the roof. The Masonic lodge rooms 
on the top floors may be seen by arrangement. Some of them are 
gorgeous. The Temple^ corner of Monroe and LaSalle sts,, some- 
times cdled "The Temperance Temple" and *' The Women's 
Temple " This is one of the most attractive of the great buildings of 
the city, both as regards its exterior and interior. In style it is a 
combination of the old Gothic and the more modern French. 
For the first two stories the material used is gray granite with a 
dash of pink running through it. Above that is used pressed 
brick and terra cotta. This harmonizes nicely with the granite, 
taking on a tone and color the same with the exception that it 
is a darker pink. The frontage on La Salle street is 190 feet, 



S.E.WOOD. JAS.WOOD. E.A.WOOD. R.NASH. 



WOOD BROTHERS 



Commission Merchants 



FOR THE SALE OF ALL KINDS OF 



LIVE STOCK. 



ADDRESS, 

UNION" STOCK YARDS, CHICAGO, ILL. 

BRANCH HOUSE, 
UNION STOCK YARDS, SO. OMAHA, NEB. 



TEL. 9548. (Established 1867.) 




O 

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ESTABLISHED 1857. 



J. B. CHAMBERS & CO. 

CLARK AND MADISON STREETS. 
IMPORTERS. 

DIAMONDS 










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Wedding and Anniversary Gifts. 
Society Emblems and Charms, 



THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 75 

while ou Monroe it is ninety feet. In shape the temple is some- 
what novel, and might be likened to the letter H. It consists of 
two immense wings united by a middle portion or vinculum. On 
La Salle street is a court seventy feet long and thirty feet wide, 
and on Monroe street a similar one of the same length and eighteen 
feet deep. Facing the grand entrance and arranged in a semi- 
circle are eight great elevators, and from the front court rise two 
grand stairways leading clear to the top of the building. A cen- 
tral hall extends north and south on each floor, and a transverse 
one also extends into the ■wings. The lower courts and halls are 
resplendent with marble mosaic paving, while plain marble is 
used in the upper halls. In height the temple is a "sky-scraper," 
extending thirteen stories towards the heavens. A peculiar and 
pleasing effect has been gained by causing the building line to 
retreat at the tenth story, wh-re the immense roof, containing 
three stories, commences, breaking as it ascends into Gothic tur- 
rets. Work was begun in July, 1890, and the temple was ready 
for occupancy in the month of May, 1892. The entire cost 
was about $1, 100, 000. TTie RooTcery, corner of Adams and La Salle 
streets. This is considered the most elegant, as it is the largest, 
office building in Chicago. Its cost, exclusive of the ground upon 
which it stands (the property of the municipality), was $1,500,000. 
It is ten stories high and has 600 office rooms. The grand rotunda 
is in itself a beautiful bit of architecture, but the building to be 
properly appreciated mu'^t be taken as a whole. There is not a 
commercial structure in the world that compares with it in size, 
in elegance or in convenience. There are three distinct groups of 
elevators, two on the LaSalle street and one on the Monroe street 
side, and the people occupying the top floors are practically as 
well situated, so far as accessibility is concerned, as those on the 
first floor. The mosaic work in the structure is su])erb. Like the 
Chamber of Commerce and Home Insurance buildings, the wains- 
coting is all of Italian marble. Every room in the buihing is 
lighted perfectly. There is not the slightest jar felt here, and 
those in the upper stories are practic lly removed from the 
noise and bustle of the streets below. CTi amber of Com- 
merce, corner of Washington and La Salle streets. The name 
may be confusing to the stranger. It occupies the site of the 
old Chamber of Commerce, a structure that was leased by the 
Board of Trade, and derives its name from that fact. It 
has no connection now with any commercial exchange. The 



6 HAND-BOOK OF _ 

§1 

"Chamber of Commerce" has gone out of existence. In its "I 
place we have the Board of Trade. The Chamber of Commerce 
Building is in many respects the finest commercial structure in 
the world, and certainly one of the grandest office buildings in the 
United States. The property on which it stands cost $650,000, 
and the building itself has cost over $1,000,000. Standing upon 
the mosaic floor on the first story in the center of the building, 
throwing back your head and looking up, you will see twelve bal- 
conies with their bronzed railings rising in perfect symmetry above 
you. Away at the top and crowning this grand central court is 
probably the largest skylight in the world. It is a plate-glass arch 
thirty-five feet wide and 108 feet long, and its weight is supported 
on iron and copper frames which rest upon iron trusses. Through 
this mammoth window in the roof a perfect flood of light pene- 
trates the central cjurt, so that the interior of the building is 
almost as brightly illuminated as the exterior during the day. 
As you look up, if your neck will bear the strain, you will notice 
that not a post or pillar is visible along the sides or between the 
twelve balconies other than those at the north and south ends, the 
intervening stretch being perfectly clear and free from obstruc- 
tion. The twelve balconies are supported on the cantilever prin- 
ciple. There are 500 office rooms in this structure, every one ot 
which is perfectly lighted. The thii'teenth floor is finished as 
handsomely as the first. You will notice that the marble used in 
the wainscoting from top to bottom is perfectly matched, the 
grain running through from slab to slab as perfectly as it did in 
its native Italian quarry. All of this marble was quarried in Italy 
and finished in Belgium for this building. The mosaic floors con- 
tain billions of separate marble blocks, and present a beautiful as 
well as a novel sight to t e visitor. The ceiling of the main 
entrance is a charming bit of mosaic work; the bronze railings and 
elevator shaft gratings are all highly finished. Eight passenger 
cars and two great freight cars are constantly moving up and 
down between the thirteen stories of this magnificent structure. 
We will go to the top, the time consumed in the trip being a 
minute and a quarter, counting stoppages. Looking down, the 
people on the floor of the court below seem like pigmies. The 
height makes us dizzy, and we move away from the bronze railing, 
fearing that the natural but unaccountable temptation to throw our- 
selves over it may gain the mastery of us. The building is thirteen 
stories high. The Tacoma, corner qf Madison and La Salle streets. 



THE world's COLU^NIBIAN EXPOSITION. 77 

Thisbuilding towers above its surroundings. It was one of the first 
very high structures erected here, being 12 clear stories above the 
sidewalk. It contains, in addition to the stores on the first floor, 
about 500 offices. The cost was about $500,000. Ashland Bhclc, 
corner of Randolph and Clark streets, one of the newest of 
the sky-scrapers, covers the site of the first genuine office 
building ever erected in Chicago, also known as the "Ashland." 
The new building is an imposing structure, 16 stories high, con- 
t dnicg about 500 offices and cost $600,000. Germania Theater, 
on Randolph street, near Clark, just east of the Ashland, is an 
elaboration of the tower idea in modern architecture. This mag- 
nificent structure was finished in 1892 and cost $600,000. The 
Venetian, on Washington street, east of State, opposite Marshall 
Field & Co's. retail house, is another sky-scraper, handsomely fin- 
ished. The cost was $300,000. The Cook County Abstract and 
Trust Building, on Washington, east of Clark street, a magnificent 
structure rising high above the great buildings in the vicinity, 
cost $600,000. The Ellsworth, 353 and 359 Dearborn street, cost 
$250,000. The Morton, the Manhattan, the Pontiac, tlie Monadnoch 
and Kearsarge and the Great Northern Hotel, (m South Dearborn 
street, are all immense structi res, rising from 12 to 16 stories, 
containing from 350 to 700 rooms and costing from $450,000 to 
$1,250,000. The Insurance Exchange, the Rand-McNally, the 
Counselman, the Home Insurance, the Traders, the Phenix, thie Com- 
merce, the Royal Insurance, all in the Board of Trade center, are 
magnificent and costly structures of the sky-scraping order. 
Other great buildings are The Calumet, 3Iarshall Field's Retail, 
Marshall Field^s Wholesale, '■''The Fair,'''' the leiter (occupied by 
Siege], Cooper & Co.), the Palmer House, the Tremont House, the 
Grand Pacific, the Postofjce and Custom House, the Appraiser's 
Building, the Board of Trade, the City Hcdl, the Court House, the 
Neirherry liltrary, on the North Side, the John M. Smyth and Stone 
on the West Side. For a full description of the great buildings, 
with all facts of interest connected with them, see Flinn's Stand- 
ard Guide to Chicago. 

Care of the very Poor. -Notwithstanding the great prosperity 
of the people as a whole, poverty is to be found in Chicago as 
elsewh'^re. Municipal charity in Chicago has risen to the dignity of 
an applied science. Through the refuse alleys, up the trembling 
stairs of tenements, and into the hovels of want and misery a force 
of men and women daily goes, carrying food for the hungry. 



78 HAND-BOOK OP 

warm clothing lor the naked, coals for the needy, and medicine 
for the sick. From November until April, Cook County gives 
aw^ay 200 sacks of flour, forty pairs of shoes, and fifty tons of coal 
every day. Relief of the deserving poor involves not alone the 
discovery and proper aid of the unfortunates, but is attended 
with a constant warfare against the idle and vicious. Agents of 
the Visitation and Aid society, the Relief and Aid society, the 
German Aid society, the Hebrew Aid society, and St. Vincent de 
Paul's daily seek the sick and needy, but their work is only of a 
semi-public nature. From the office of the county agent, at 36 
West Madison street, there are sent twenty-seven men and three 
women, who investigate the condition of those reported to be in 
want and who, by reason of their familiarity with neighborhoods 
and individuals, are able to insure a wise bestowal of public 
charity. — [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Cemetebies. — There are many beautiful burying grounds 
within the present corporate limits of the city and in the immediate 
suburbs. There are no oM grave-yards, or church-yards, such as 
may be seen in the cities anl towns of Europe or in the older cities 
of this continent, within the business district. The only remains 
of a cemetery to be seen in the old city is the tomb of the Couch 
family, which still holds its place in Lincoln Park, a great portion 
of which covers the site of an old grave-yard. The most beautiful 
of the cemeteries are: Gahary (Catholic), ten miles north of the 
City Hall, on the C. & N. W. R. R. ; Graceland, five miles north 
of the City Hill, on the Evanston division of the C, M. & St. P. ; 
OaTcwoorU, Sixf^y-seventh street and Cottage Grove avenue, on the 
I, C. R. R. ; Hosehill, seven miles north of the City Hall, on the 
C. & N". W. R. R. All of these cemeteries are within eas/ access 
by carriages; the drives to them are very attractive. Many hand- 
some monuments and tombs are to be seen in all of them. Land- 
scape gardening of the advanced school makes them particularly 
charming to visitors through the summer months. WaldJieim, 
where the executed anarchists are buried, is ten miles west of 
the City Hall, on the C. & N. P. R. R. [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Charities. — The charitable institutions of Chicago are num- 
erous. Among the mo'-t interesting are 1 he American Educa- 
tional and Aid Association, Armour Mission, Chicago Children's 
Hospital, Daily News Fresh Air Fund and Sanitarium, Free 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. ^9 

Kindergarten Association, Chicago Orphan Asylum, Chicago 
Policlinic, Relief and Aid Society, Church Home for Aged Per- 
sons, Convalescent Home, Danish Lutheran Orphan's Home, 
Erring Woman's Refuge, Foundling's Home, German Old People's 
Home, Good Samaritan Society, Guardian Angel Orphan Asylum, 
Hebrew Charity Association, Holy Family Orphan Asylum, Home 
for Incurables, Home for self-supporting Women, Home for 
Unemployed Girls, Home for Working Women, Home for the 
Friendless, Home of Industry, Home of Providence, Home of the 
Aged, House of the Good Shepherd, Margaret Etter Creche Kin- 
dergarten, Masonic Orphan's Home, Lake Geneva Fresh Air Asso- 
ciation, Newsboy's and Boot Black's Home, Odd Fellow's 
Orphan's Home, Old People's Home, School for Deaf and Dumb, 
Servite Sis ers' Industrial Home for girls, St. Joseph's Asylum for 
Boys, St. Joseph's Home, St. Joseph's Orphan Asylum, St. 
Joseph's Providence Hospital, St. Paul's Home for newsboys, 
Ulich Evangelical Lutheran Orphan Asylum, AVaif's Mission, 
Helping Hand, Young Ladies' Charity Circle, These associations 
and institutions are all described and explained in Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago. 

Chicago's Place Among the Great Cities of the World. — 
Chicago, Cook County, State of Illinois, United States of America, 
is the second city on the American continent in point of popula- 
tion and commerce. Among the cities of the civilized world, it 
is only outranked in population by London, Paris, New York, 
Vienna, and Berlin, in the order named. The L'. S. census, taken 
in June, 1890, placed the number of inhabitants at 1,098,576. 
The Bchool census, taken at the same time, generally believed to 
be far more reliable, increased the number to 1,208,669. Since 
then new districts have been annexed to the city, and the former 
ratio of increase has been more than maintained, so that a conser- 
vative estimate of the population of Chicago, in the summer of 
1892, brings the figures up to 1,300,000.— [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Christian Organizations. —The most prominent are The Young 
Men's Christian Association, The Young Women's Christian Associa- 
tion, the Bible Institute, the Christian Endeavor Society, and the 
Women's Christian Temperance Union. [See Flinn's Standard Guiie 
to Chicago.] 

Churches.— The visitor will not be many hours in Chicago 



80 HAND BOOK OF 

before he is impressed with the number and beauty of the structures 
consecrated to divine worship. Unlike some of the older American 
and European cities, however, he will notice that there are no 
church edifices in the business center, nor along any of the great 
business arteries. There were a numlDer of handsome and costly 
church buildings in the business district previous to 1871, but the 
great fire swept them away. The leading churches of the three 
divisi ons of the city are removed to the extent of a street car trip from 
hotels and depots of the South Side. On the West Side they are 
found principally along Washington and Ashland boulevards or 
around Jefferson and Union Parks. Centenary Methodist and the 
Second Baptist churches, two of the oldest in the city, arelocated on 
Monroe and Morgan streets. On the North Side they are to be 
found in the district North of Ontario and East of Clark streets, 
principally on Dearborn avenue. On the South Side they are to be 
found on Wabash avenue, Michigan boulevard, and in the district 
E ist of State street and South of Twenty-second street. Take West 
Madison cable line for West Side, North Clark street cable line or 
State street horse line for North Side and Cottage Grove avenue 
cable line for South Side. Two of the leading Independent churches 
of the city, however, the Central and People's, hold services in the 
Central Music Hall and Columbia Theater, respectively, only a 
short walk from the hotels. Prof. Swing preaches at the former 
every Sunday; Dr. Thomas at the la'ter. [For location of churches, 
list of popular ministers and preachers, etc. , see Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

City Railway Service. — Chicago being twenty-four miles in 
length and ten miles in width, and divided into three distinct divisions, 
there are various methods employed for the rapid transportation of 
the public from point to point. There are: Steam Surface Railways, 
or the suburban service of the various lines of railways centering 
here, which cover large districts of the city. The Illinois Central 
railroad, for instance, carries more suburban passengers than any 
railroad in the country, most of its suburban stations, so-called, 
being within the city limits. The Chicago & North-Western; the 
Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific; the Chicago, Milwaukee & St. 
Paul; the Chicago & Northern Pacific; the Chicago, Burlington & 
Quincy; the Chicago & Eastern Illinois; the Wabash and the Grand 
Trunk, all assist very materially in carrying the people of Chicago 
from point to point within the corporate limits. Elevated Railroads. 
— There are two of these, the "Alley L" on the South Side, and the 
" Lake Sreet L," on the West Side. C^tble Lines. — These are the lines 
most depended upon for urban trana|>ortation. There are three com- 
panies, one for each division of the, Qity. The terminal:^ of all are on 




H IN. COOPER (f CO. 

Choice Residence Property on Lake Shore Drive and 
vicinity a specialty. 

ROOMS 1510 TO 1514, No. 100 WASHINGTON ST., 

GHIGfVGO. 




E. Huntington Pratt. Edward S. Ely. Jacob C Pratt 

Pratt $c Ely, 

real estate agents, 
132 La Salle St., 

TELEPHONE "MAIN 5333." CHICAGO. 



WE take full charge and management of Chicago and adjacent 
Real Estate. Making sales, rentals, insurance, and attending 
to all details. 

IITE make a specialty of carefully answering all questions as to 
Chicago and suburban Real Estate. 

WE are doing a strictly Commission Business, and make Loans on 
all kinds of Real Estate upon conservative valuations. 

WE can always place capital in safe loans without expense to the 
lender. 

WE see that the loans are protected by prompt payment of taxes, 
and keep the holder of loans made through us fully informed 
as to all matters regarding security therefor. 

We invite you to list with us any property you have for sale 
or to rent. 

PRATT & ELY, 
REAL ESTATE AGENTS, 

132 LA SALLE STREET, CHICAGO. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 81 

the South Side, in the business district. Horse Raihcays— These are 
connected with the cable lines and are adjuncts to or extensions of the 
cable systems. Electric Raihcays. — These are in operation only in the 
outlying districts of the city, and connect many of the suburbs with 
the cable or hoi se lines. Carettes. — A system of four-wheeled convey- 
ances, built somewbat after the plan of street cars. These run priia- 
cipally on back streets and, not being confined to tracks, can at 
times make better speed than the street cars through the crowded 
districts. Hacks and Hansoms. —Stands for these and other convey- 
ances of the kind are to be found in different parts of the city. They 
can also be called by telephone. [See Hack and Cab Rates.] The 
fare on all street cars is 5 cents any distance; carettes, 5 cents: on 
trains from 5 to 10 cents; on elevated roads, 5 cents. [For full 
information in relation to these matters see Flinn's Standard Guide 
to Chicago.] 

City Revenues and Disbursements. — The receipts of the city 
government from all sources during 1891 were $30,118.15; the dis- 
bursements, $28,149,393. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Climate. — The ciimate of Chicago is healthful and beautiful, 
though the weather sometimes goes to extremes in summer and 
winter. The air is cool and bracing through most of the summer, 
and hot nights are very rare. Many thoughtful people attribute 
the wonderful growth of the city to the stimulating atmosphere 
which arouses all the latentenergy in the human system, and maizes 
possible the hard mental and physical labor of the people The 
mean barometric pressure during a period of ten years was discov- 
ered by the United States signal office to have been 29.303 inches; 
the mean annual temperature 40.06°, the mean annual precipitation 
36.64 inches, and the mean annual humiditv of the air 70.9, 100 
representing complete saturation. The maximum annual pi:ecipi- 
tation averaged about 46 inches during this period. The highest 
mean temperature was 51.40°, the lowest 45.42°. Although the 
mercury reaches the nineties in the summer at times, and falls 
below zero in winter, this is rarely the case. In winter the cold is 
tempered by the lake, and extremely severe weather seldom con- 
tinues longer than a week at a time. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to 
Chicago.] 

Clubs.— The clubs of Chicago are too numerous to be mentioned 
here even by name. They are: Athletic and Sporting, Gentlemen's 
Commercial, Sporting, Women's, Literary, State, etc. Some of 
them are very wealthy and influential. Many occupj^ their own 
buildings, which are large and el-gantly furnished. Among the 
leading clubs of the difl:eient cksses are: Athletic. — The Chicago 



83 HAND-BOOK OF 

Athletic. Sporting. — Chicago Carling, Chicago Fencing and Box- 
ing, Audubon Gun, Chicago Cumberland Gun, English Lake Huut- 
ing and Fishing, Western Rifle Association. Gentlemen's. — Calumet, 
Chicago, Chicago Electric, Commercial, Bankers', Hyde Park, Iro- 
quois, Kenwood, La Salle, Press, Sheridan, Standard, UnionLeague, 
Marquette, Washmgton Park. Social, — Argo, Church, Douglas, 
Evanston Country, Forty, Harvard, Ideal, Indiana, Irish- American, 
Germania, Irving, Lakeside, Minneola, Oakland, Oaks, Park, 
Phenix, Sunset, Fellowship, Whitechapel, etc. Commercial — Com- 
mercial, Bankers'. Literary. — Women's, Fortnightly, Chicago 
Literary. Saracen, etc. State. — Sons of New York, Sons of Maine, 
Sons of Vermont, etc. [For full information regarding the clubs of 
the city and suburbs see FJinn's Standard Guide to Chicago ] 

Commercial Exchanges. — Among the most notable are : The 
Board of Trade, The Real Estate Board, Ihe Real Estate Exchange, 
The Open Board of Trade, The Live Stock Exchange, The Produce 
Exchange, The Stock Exchange, The Mining Exchange, The Lumber- 
men Exchange. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Coroner's Inquests. — The Coroner of Cook County is called 
upon to inquire into the cause of about 2,000 deathsannually. These 
deaths are the result of accidents on railroads, street crossings, etc. 
The suicides annually number about 300, [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

County Insane Asylum. — Located at Dunning, a suburb of 
Chicago. Take train at Union depot, Canal and Adams streets. 
This institution is a large and costly structure, surrounded by 
spacious grounds, far enough removed from the city to make the 
location a quiet and healthful one. Numerous additions in the way of 
cottage-wards have been made to relieve the overcrowded condition 
of the main building. — [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

County Jail. — Situated in the rear of the Criminal Court build- 
ing, Michigan st., between Clark st. and Dearborn ave., North Side. 
Entrance from Michigan street. Visitors admitted by permission of 
the sheriff. The jail, like the Criminal Court building, has long 
since oeased to meet the demands made upon it by the extraordinary 
growth of the city, and the consequent and natural increase in the 
number of criminals. It is an old-fashioned prison, built after the 
manner of the jails constructed in the early years of the present 
century. It laciss every modern improvement, and will, doubtless, 
soon be replaced by a much larger and a better structure. The jail 
is connected with the Criminal Court building by a "bridge of 
sighs," over which the culprits pass for trial and after conviction. 
Aside from this entrance, which is never used except by deputy 



THE world's COLtJMBIAJSf EXPOSITION. 83 

sherifiFs and jailers in discharge of their duties, there is but one 
entrance, and that is up a narrow flight of steps leading from the 
open court between the two buildings. At the head of these steps is 
a double iron gate, where stands the outer turnkey. If he admits 
you, you find yourself in the jail office. On one side, as you face 
the prison entrance, is the head jailer's room ; on the other the olfice 
of the jail clerk. Before going further you must have a permit. If 
you secure it you are admitted into the "Cage," an iron-bound 
arrangement covered with several thicknesses of wire netting, 
through the meshes of which you can hardly poke your finger. If you 
wish to see a prisoner, he is called, and you must talk to him through 
thisnetting. Here it was that the "Tiger Anarchist" Lingg received 
from his sweetheart the dynamite cartridge which he exploded in 
his mouth, killing himself the day before that set for his execution. 
As you look straight in front of you, with your back to the jailer's 
door, you will see the cell in which the suicide occurred. It is on 
the ground floor, ^ Along the same line of cells the Anarchists were 
confined. Just above, on the next balcony, is " Murderers' Row," 
from which a number of unfortunates have gone forth duricg tlie 
past twenty years, to find the gallows waiting for them on the other 
side of the cell building. The cell balconies, just as you see them 
before you, four in number, run all around this interior building. 
At the northeast corner of the cell building the gallows is always 
erected, and here the Anarchists were hanged. There is nothing of 
interest to be seen inside the jail, unless you have a morbid desire to 
witness the pale, hopeless faces of the prisoners. There are four 
departments : men's, women's, boys' and debtors', [See Flinn's 
Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

County Poor House. — Located at Dunning, a suburb of 
Chicago. Take train at Union depot, Canal and Adams streets. 
This institution is not remarkable in any sense, save as the home of 
the most wretched class of paupers in the county. 

County Revenue and Expenditures. — The revenue of the 
County Government is about $2,000,000 per annum ; the expendi- 
tures are generally kept within this figure. 

Courts. — There is one county, one probate and eighteen judges 
of the Superior and Circuit Courts. 

Court House. — Occupies the entire east half of block, bounded 
by Washington, Dearborn, La Salle and Clark sts., in the center of 
the business district of the South side, the west half being occupied 
by the City Hall. I'his magnificent pile was erected in 1876--77 at a 
cost of about $3,000,000, and is one of the handsomest public build- 
ings in the county. It is at ptesent four stories in height, and two 



84 HAND-BOOK OP 

additional stories are to be added during the present year at a cost 
of $275,000. In tliis building are located the County, Probate and 
various Circuit and Superior courts, the Law Library, and all the 
Co'inty offices, except that of the State's (or prosecuting) attorney, 
which is located in the Criminal Court building, North side.— [See 
Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

"Crib," The. — The original crib is situated about two miles out 
in Lake Michigan, almost directly East of the foot of Chicago ave- 
nue. "The Man of the Crib" is Captain Charles McKee, who, with 
his family, has spent eleven years in that desolate, wave-washed and 
tempest-battered granite home. He has reared a family of five girls 
and one boy, all of whom are married, except one girl. Besides his 
wife and daughter, three men and a dog occupy the crib at present. 
The crib-keeper's quarters are comfortable. During the winter 
months, when ice floes threaten to clog the grated mouth of the 
water tunnel, his duties are as severe as they are important. There 
are thousands of visitors at the crib during the summer months; in 
the winter it is sometimes difficult to reach it with the city supply 
boat. The visitor can take an excursion boat, steam or sail, on the 
lake shore, foot of Van Buren Street. Fare, 25 cents. [See Flinn's 
Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Distance of Chicago from othkti Principal Cities. — Chicago 
is distant from Montreal, Canada, 842 miles; time, 29 hours; from 
Portland, Me., 1255 miles; time, 40 hours; from Boston, 1150 miles, 
time, 32 hours; from New York, 911 miles; time, 26 hours; from 
Philadelphia, 822 miles; time, 24 hours; from Baltimore, 854 miles; 
time 27 hours; from Washington, 811 miles; time, 26 hours; New 
Orleans, 915 miles; time, 48 hours; from the City of Mexico, 2600 
miles; time, 5 days; from San Francisco, 2440 miles; time, d}4 days; 
from Vancouver, B. C , 2350 miles; time, 43^ days. The time 
between Queenstown, Ireland, and New York is now made by the 
average ooean steamer in less than seven days. The time from 
Queenstown to Chicago would therefore be about 834 days; from 
Dublin, Ireland, 9 days; from Belfast, Ireland, 93^ days; from 
Liverpool; England, 9 days; from London, England, 9)^ days; from 
Edinburg. Scotland, 10 days; from Glasgow, Scotland (via Liver- 
pool and Queenstown), 10 days; from Havre (direct), 9 days; from 
Paris (via Havre), 10 days; from Bremen (via Southampton), 9 days; 
from Berlin, (via Bremen or Hamburg), 11 days (via (jalais, Dover, 
Liverpool and Queenstown), 10 days; from Vienna (via Bremen), 11 
days; from Rome (via Marseilles, Bologna, Liverpool and Qu ens- 
town), 15 days; from Madrid, via Lisbon, direct, 12 days; (via rail 
to Havre, and via Havre by steamship direct), 16 days; (via Liver- 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 85 

pool and Qaeeustown), 15 davs; from S:. Petersburg (via Havre, 
Bremen or Hamburg), about 16 days. 

Educational Institutions. — Among the leading educational 
institutions of Chicago are Allen's Academy; Chicago Atheneum; 
Chicago Manual Training School; Chicago Kitchen Garden Associa- 
tion; Chicago Theological Seminary; Illinois Military Academy; The 
Josephnium ; De LaSalle Institute; Kenwood Institute; Lake Forest 
University; McCormick Theological Seminary; Morgan Park 
Female Seminary; Morgan Park Theological Seminary; Northwest- 
ern University; St. Ignatius' College; St.Xavier's Academy; Univer- 
sity of Chicago. In addition there are hundreds of private schools, 
academies, seminaries, training schools, etc. [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Fire Department. — The fire department of Chicago is gener- 
ally acknowledged to be the best equipped and most efl9cient in the 
United States, which means that it is the best equipped and most 
etficieiit in the world, for the firemen of this country are called upon 
to be prepared for and to meet emergencies which do not rise in the 
'•icies of Europe. The department consists of 970 men and oflScers, 
73 steam fire engines, 22 chemical fire engines, 99 hose carts, 28 hook 
and ladder trucks, 1 water tower, 3 fire boats (for river and harbor 
service, and for work along the river sides on buildings, warehouses, 
lumberyards, etc., adjacent), 99 apparatus stations, 421 horses and 
an extensive and well equipped repair shop. As an auxiliary to the 
department there are 1,935 stations, provided with necessary instru- 
ments and several thousand miles of wire, by which alarm of fire 
may be communicated. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Fire of 1871. — The fire of 1871 broke out on Sunday night, 
October 8th. There had been on the previous evening an extensive 
conflagration in the West Division, involving a heavy loss of prop 
eityin the lumber district. The firemen had worked upon the 
blaze for many hours, finally succeeding in subduing it. The 
department, however, was pretty well exhausted when an alr.rm 
was sounded at 9 o'clock on the following Sunday evening. The 
fire was caused by the upsetting of a little lamp, in a stable, in the 
vicinity of De Koven and Jefferson sts., west of the river and south 
of Van Buren St.; whether the lamp was kicked over by a cow 
belonging to a Mrs. O'Leary is a question that has never been satis- 
factorily settled. The fire first crossed the river at Van Buren St., 
and soon enveloped the old gasworks on Adams St., where the 
Moody and Sankey Tabernacle afterward stood, and where stately 
wholesale houses now tower toward the sky. From that moment 
the business section of the city was doomed, for the wind blew a 



86 HAND-BOOK OP 

perfect gale and every moment added to the heat and fury of the 
cooflagracion, which marched steadily on, devouring granite blocks 
with the same ease as it destroyed wooden shanties. About one 
o'clock in the morning it had reached and wiped out the Chamber 
of Commirce building; shortly afterward it had swallowed up ihe 
Court Hoase, whose bell tolled to the last minute. Then, in one 
column, it pursued its furious course eastward, laying Hooley's 
Opera House, the Times building, Crosby's fine opera house and 
many other noble structures in ashes. Then it moved toward the 
norttieast, and then attacked the wholesale district at the foot of Ran- 
dolph St., carrying away the Central Depot, the ruins of which are 
still standing. Then it formed a junction with another branch of 
the main column after the latter had demolished the Sherman 
House, the Tremont House and other magnificent buildings in its path. 
Then there was a general onslaught upon the city's center from the 
left column which laid low all the buildings lyine- West of LaSalle 
street, incluiling the Oriental and the Mercantile buildings, the 
Union Bank, the M-irchants' Insurance building, where Gen Sheri- 
dan had his headq'iarters, the Western Union Telegraph oliice. and 
the solid and magnificent blocks of commercial houses that lined 
LnSille street, in those days. Bv morning there was not one stone 
upon another in this great business center. The right column of 
the fire is described as having started from a point near the inter- 
section of Van Buren street and the river, where some wooden build- 
ings were ignited by brands from the West Side. This column had 
the advantage of a large area of wooden buildings, say Colbert & 
Chamberlain, "on which to ration and arm itself for its march of 
destruction." It gutted the Michigan Southern Depot and the 
Grand Pacific Hotel, and destroyed other handsome structures in 
the vicinity. Passing along the Postoffice, the Bigelow House, the 
Honore block, McVicker's new theater, the Tribune hnWdin^, Book- 
sellers' Row, Potter Palmer's store, occupied by Field & Leiter, and 
all the smaller or less conspicuous structures on the road. It 
branched off and destroyed the handsome residences and churches 
on Wabash avenue, and was finally stayed in its southward course 
at Congress street. The fire crossed over to the North division 
about half-past three in the morning, and among the first building? 
to go down was the engine-house of the water works, which, fool- 
ishly, had been roofed with pine shingles. The fire was carried here 
by burning brands which mus' have traveled a mile and half in advance 
of the conflagration. "This was the system," say Colbert & Chamber- 
lain, "by which the North Side was destroyed: Blazing brands and 
scorching heat sent ahead to kindle many scattering fires, and the 
grand general conflagration following up and finishing up." 



O -A-FITJLJLi, $ 2,000,000 



GOHTIPTBL POUHL BBjIK 

Corner Adams and La Salle Streets, 
CHICAGO. ILLINOIS. 



OFFICERS 



JOHN C. BLACK, President. DOUGLASS HOYT, Cashier. 

ISAAC N. PERRY, 2d Vice-Pres. IRA P. BOWEN, Ass't C:ashier. 

► DIRECTORS: 

JOHN C. BLACK. CALVIN T. WHEELER. WILLIAM G. HIBRARD. 

RICHARD T. CRANE, GEORGE H. WHEELER, 

HENRY C. DURAND, HENRY BOTSFORD, JAMES H. DOLE 

J. OGDEN ARMOUR. ISAAC N. PERRY. 



A General Foreign Exchange Business Transacted. Travelers' Circular 
Letters of Credit Issued, Available in all parts of the World. 




SOLID VESTIBULED TRAINS 

Between Chicago and St Paul, 
Minneapolis, Council Blu£Fs, 
Omaha, Cheyenne, Denver, and 
Portland. 

FREE RECLINING GHfllR CARS 

Between Chicago, Council 
Bluffs, Omaha, Denver, and 
Portland. 

THROUGH SLEEPING GARS 

Between Chicago and St Paul, 
Minneapolis, Duluth, Council 
Bluffs, Omaha, Sioux City, 
Denver, O^den, Portland, and 
San Francisco. 

SUPERB DINING CARS. 



ALL AGENTS SELL TICKETS VIA THE 

Chicago & North-Western Ry. 

For full information address the Gen- 
eral Passe I ger and Ticket Agent, Chicago, 
111. 



W. H. NEWJUN. J. M. WHITMAN, W. A. THRAIL, 

3rd Vice Prest. Gen 1 Manager. G. P and T. A. 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 87 

The North Side was left a mass of blackened ruins by morning. 
Only at the lake and the northern limits of the city was the fire 
stayed. The district burned over was bounded on the north by 
Fullerton avenue, on the west by Halsted street to Chicago avenue, 
and from that point south on Clinton street, on the south by Twelfth 
street and on the east by Lake Michigan, The total area burned 
over was nearly three and a third square miles; number of buildings 
destroyed, 17,450; persons rendered homeless, 98,500; persons killed, 
about 200; loss, not including the depreciation of real estate or loss 
of business, estimated at $190,000,000; recovered by insurance, 
$4 1,000,000. One year after the fire many of the best business blocks 
in the city were rebuilt; five years after the fire the city was hand- 
somer and more prosperous than ever; ten years after the fire nearly 
all traces of the calamity had disappeared. [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Fire of 1874. — The second great fire in Chicago occurred on July 
14, 1874. This conflagration swept over a district south of Twelfth 
street and east of State street, which had escaped the fire of 1871. 
Although eighteen blocks or sixty acres were burned over, and 
although 600 houses were destroyed and the loss was close to $4,000, 
000, the calamity was never as deeply regretted as it would have 
been had the district been a safe one near the heart of the city. The 
houses were nearly all wooden, and were a continual menace. This 
district was soon rebuilt in a more substantial manner. [See Flinn's 
Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

FoREiGN-BoRN People IN CHICAGO. — Chicago is a thoroughly 
cosmopolitan city. Less than one-fourth of her people are of Ameri- 
can birth ; fully one-third of the 292,463 native-born citizens are of 
immediate foreign extraction. The following is a careful estimate 
of the nationalities represented, based upon the last school census : 

Hollanders 4,9'3 

Hungarians 4,827 

Swiss 3,735 

Roumanians 4,350 

Canadians 6,989 

Belgians e83 

Greeks 698 

Spanish 297 

Potuguese 34 

East Indians 28 

West Indians 37 

Sandwich Islanders 31 

Mongolians 1,217 



America 292,403 

German 384,958 

Irish 215,534 

Bohemian 54,209 

Polish 52,756 

Swedish.. 45,877 

Norwegian 44,615 

English 33,785 

French 12,963 

Scotch 11,^27 

Welsh 2,966 

Russian 9,977 

Danes 9,891 

Italians 9,931 1.208,669 

Geographical Location. — Chicago is situated on the south- 
west shore of Lake Michigan, in 41° 52' N. lat. and 87° 52' W. long; 



88 HAND-BOOK OF 

854 miles from Baltimore, the nearest point on the Atlantic sea- 
board, and 2,417 miles from the Pacific ocean, directly on the high- 
ways from east to west and from the Great Northwestern States to 
the Atlantic; having all the advantages of a seaport town combined 
with those of a great inland feeder. 

Grain Elevators. — The immense grain warehouses of Chicago, 
called elevators, will attract attention. These are twenty-seven in 
number and their total s'orage capacity (which is often put tj a test) 
is 28,675,000 bushels. [See Fllnn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Great Industries. — These are numerous and interesting. 
Notable among them are: Pullman, one of the most remarkable 
industrial centers in the world; The Union Stock Yards, the Illinois 
Steel Company's rolling mills; the McCormick Harvester works, and 
the many immense manufactories scattered throughout the city and 
in the suburbs, [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Haymarket Massacre. — Night of May 4, 1886. Take West 
Randolph street car and alight at the Police Monument. The title 
is a misnojier. The tragedy recalled to mind by the name in reality 
occurred on Desplaines street between the Haymarket and the alley 
which runs east from Desplaines street, south of Crane Brotheis' 
manufacturing establishment. The wa^on from wliich the anarch- 
ist speakers addressed the mob stood directly in front of Crane 
Brothers' steps, about eight feet north of this alley. The bomb was 
thrown from the mouth of the alley, and exploded between the 
second and third companies of policemen, as the six companies 
were halting close to the wagon. The bomb-thrower unquestion- 
ably made his escape through the alley, which connects with another 
opening on Randolph street, east of the Haymarket. Seven police- 
men were killed outright, or died shortly afterward of their wounds, 
as a result of the explosion. A large number of policemen were 
badly and permanently injured. How many of those in the 
mob were killed or died afterward of their injuries they received in 
the police fusillade which followed the explosion has never been 
known, for their bodies were quietly buried and their wounds con- 
cealed by their friends whenever possible. The arrest of tne 
leaders, Fielden, Spies, Engel, Lingg, Neebe, Schwab, Fischer, 
the searching of the Arheiter Zeitung office, on the east side of 
Fifth avenue, near Washington street, and the discovery there of a 
vast supply of dynamite, arms, bombs and infernal machines; the 
discovery of bombs in different parts of the city, under sidewalks, 
in lumber yards and at the homes of the anarchists; the sensational 
surrender of Parsons, who had taken flight on the aight of the 
massacre; the long trial, the speeches, the sentence, the appeal; the 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 89 

refusal of the Supreme Court of the United States to interfere; the 
etturis made to have the death sentence commuted; the day of execu- 
tiun, ihe 11th of November, 1887; the shocking suicide of the " tiger 
anarchist," Lie gg, in his cell at the jail; the hanging of Parsons, 
Spies, Engel and Fischer, the commutation of the death sentences of 
Fielden and Schwab to life imprisonment, all contributed toward 
the popular excitement which followed the fatal 4ih of May, and 
continued until the gallows and prison had perfoimed the parts 
assigned them by law. The executed anarchists are buried at Wald- 
heim Cemetery. The cell in which Lingg committed suicide is 
directly in front of the "cage" in the coui.iy jail. TLe other 
anarchists occupied cells in the same row. The police monument at 
the intersection of Kandolph and Desplaines streets (Haymarket 
Square), was erected by the citizens of Chicago in honor of the brave 
officers who risked or sacrificed their lives in defense of the law, and 
in commemoration of the death of anarchy in this city. [SeeFlinn's 
Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Historical Facts. — Chicago was first settled about 1779, its first 
settler being a fugitive San Domingoan slave named Point De Sable. 
It was known as Chicago Portage for many years. Its earliest resi- 
dents were French Canadian fur traders. Its first citizen of 
prominence was John Kinzie. Fort Dearborn was constructed here 
in 1803. It was destroyed by the Indians in August, 1812, after the 
Garrison had been massacred. The fort was rebuilt in 1814. Illi- 
nois was admitted to the Union in 1818. Chicago was incorporated 
as a city March 4, 1837. Three and a third square miles of this city 
were burned over in 1871; 17,450 buildings were destroyed; 98,500 
persons were rendered homeless; 200 were killed and the direct and 
immediate loss was over $190,000,000; insurance recovered 
$44,000,000. One year after the fire many of the best business blocks 
in the city were rebuilt; five years after the fire the city was hand- 
somer and more prosperous than ever; ten years after the fire 
nearly all traces of the calamity had disappeared. The second great 
fire in Chicago occurred on July 14, 1874. This conflagration swei)t 
over a district south of Twelfth street and east of State street, which 
had escaped the fire of '71, Although eighteen blocks or sixty acres 
were burned over, and although 600 houses were destroyed and the 
loss was close to $4,000,000, the calamity was never as deeply regret- 
ted as it would have been had the district been a safe one near the 
heart of the city. The houses were nearly all wooden, and were a 
continual menace. This district was soon rebuilt in a more substan- 
tial manner. These were the greatest calamities ever suffered by 
Chicago, and both are now reckoned as having been blessings in 
disguise. [See ±i'lmn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 



90 HAND-BOOK OF 

Hospitals. — The hospitals of Chicago are numerous, the system 
under which they are conducted, as a rule, is liberal, their manage- 
ment is admirable, and their charity is catholic in its scope. The 
visitor or stranger in this city if stricken down by accident or dis- 
ease need not fear but that he will be cared for with the same solici- 
tude and tenderness that he would find at his own home, no matter 
what his nativity or creed may be, or whether he be rich or penni- 
less. The hospitals of Cliicago never close their doors upon the 
stranger. Public, private, Protestant, Roman Catholic and Jewish 
institutions alike are open to men, women and children in distress, 
without question, and, when there is a necessity for it, without price. 
The leading hospitals are: Alexian Brothers, Chicago Hospital 
for Women and Children, Cook County (public), German, Mercy, 
Michael Reese, Presbyterian, Railway Brotherhood, St. Joseph, St, 
Luke's, St. Vincent's Infant Asylum and Maternity, U. S. Marine, 
Wesley, Woman's. [For general and special information regarding 
hospitals and dispensaries, their location, terms for admission, etc., 
see Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Hotels. — There are at present between fourteen and fifteen 
hundred hotels in the city of Ctiicago, including small and large, 
and houses of all grades, but excluding lodging-houses, boarding- 
houses and distinctively family hotels, where no transients are 
received. The united capacity of these hotels is estimated at 175,000. 
It is believed that th^y could, if pressed, accommodate 100,000 addi- 
tional guests. But this will not be necessary. Numerous immense 
hotels are either projected or being constructed at the present time. 
The spring of 1893 will find Chicago ready with ample hotel accom- 
modations for 500,000 guests. Neither the boarding-houses, nor 
houses where furnished ro ms may be rented, nor lodging houses, 
are considered here. Outside of the hotels there are eating-houses 
or restaurants and cafes, with an estimated feeding capacity at the 
present time of 25,000 persons daily. Tlie hotels of prominence in 
Chicago are as follows: Atlantic, Auditorium, Briggs, Burke's, 
Clifton, Commercial, Continental, Gault, Gore's, Grand Pacific, 
Brevoort, Drexel, Grace, Wellington, Woodruff, Hyde Park, Leland, 
McCoy's, Palmer, Richelieu, Saratoga, Sherman, Southern, Tremont, 
Virginia, Great Northern, Victoria. [See Flinn's Standard Guide 
to Chicago.] 

Inebriate Asylums. — The institutions of the city which receive 
and treat patients suffering from alcoholism are: Alexian Brothers' 
Hospital, 539-569 N. Market st. (take N. Market st. car); Dr. Chas. 
W. Earle's private sanitarium, 533 Washington blvd. (take Madison 
St. cable line); Martha Washington Home (for females exclusively)^ 




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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 91 

Graceland and Western aves., Cuyler station, nearRavenswood (take 
train at Wells st. depot, Wells and Kinzie sts.); Mercy Hospital, 
conducted by the Sisters of Mercy, Calumet ave. and Twenty-sixth 
St. (take Cottage Grove ave. cable line); St, Joseph's Hospital, con- 
ducted by the Sisters of Charity, Gariield ave. and Burling st., near 
N. Halsted st. (take Garheld ave. or N. Halsted st. car), and the 
Washingtonian Home, W. Madison st. and Osden ave. (take Madi- 
ison St. cable line). Of these institutions, hospital treatment only is 
afforded by all excepting the Martha Washington and Washing- 
tonian Homes. The latter are reformatory institutions, and, when 
their rules are strictly enforced, do not accept patients merely for 
physical treatment. The parent Keeley Institute for the cure of 
drunkenness, the opium and morphine habits and nervous diseases, 
is located at Dwight, 72 miles south of Chicago, on the Chicago & 
Alton railroad. This institution has attained a world-wide celebrity 
by reason of its successful treatment of alcoholism and similar dis- 
eases. Thousands of ccnfirmed inebriates are restored to perfect 
mental, physical and moral health at Dwight and its numerous 
branches every month. [See "Keeley Institute, 'Mn this volume. 
For full particulars see Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Iron and Steel Manufacture.— There are in Chicago 316 
firms and companies engaged in the manufacture of iron and steel 
products. Total capital employed, |44, 005,000 ; total working men 
employed, 30,185; total value of products annually, $70,700,000; 
total wages paid annually, $19,706,000. [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Jobbing and Wholesale Business. — The jobbing and whole- 
sale business of Chicago amounts to $520,000,000 per annum. The 
dry goods business alone is $95,000,000; groceries, $56,000,000; 
lumber, $39,000,000; manufactured iron, $17,000,000; clothing; 
$23,000,000; boots and shoes, $27,000,000; tobacco and cigars, 
$11,500,900; books, stationary, etc., $22,000,000; paper, $28, 000^,000, 
pig iron, $20,000,000; hardware and cutlery, $19,225,000; coal, 
$26,000,000; jewelry, watches, etc.. |25. 000, 000; other branches of 
trade below $10,000,000. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Keeley Institute — Dwight — Thousands of visitors will take 
advantage of their trip to Chicago to visit the now celebrated little 
village of Dwight, seventy-two miles to the southwest, on the 
Chicago & Alton railroad. Take train at Union Depot, Canal 
and Adams streets, West Side. The run is made in less than three 
hours, A return trip, giving the visitor time to see the Keeley 
Institute buildings, the method of treatment, etc., may be made in 
one day. It is well, however, to take a couple of days for it. 



92 HAND-BOOK OF 

Leslie E. Keeley, M. D., LLD , Curtis J. Judd, and John R. Ough- 
ton, constituting ttie Leslie E. Keeley Company, reside at Dwight. 
Here also is located the laboratory of the company, the prmci- 
pal offices, etc. This being the parent Institute and headquar- 
ters, very naturally it attracts more patients than any of the 
branches, although the treatment at all authorized Institutes is 
precisely the same. The cost of treatment is $25 per week. Inci- 
dental expenses, including board, about $10 per week. The Living- 
ston Hotel charges $3.00 per day. Expenses are regulated entirely 
aside from the treatment, according to the taste, the inclination or 
the means of the patient. The treatment, however, does not vary. 
There is but one coarse for rich and poor. Up to this time it is 
estimated that from 55,000 to 60,000 confirmed drunkards have been 
permanently cured by the Keeley treatment. Among these are 
representatives of every class and profession. Some of the most 
prominent men of the country have graduated within the past two 
years from Dwight and its branches. The treatment is such that the sys- 
tem suffers no shock. The habitual drunkard is released from his appe- 
tite painlessly and almost unconsciously. There is no attempt made 
to deprive him of liquor. He is given all he asks. He must aban- 
don its use voluntarily. This he does usually inside of thirty-six 
hours after the commencement of treatment. Neither is the patient, 
no matter how far he may have gone, subjected to any restraint. 
Only for his protection against accident and to insure his following 
the rules regarding the taking of medicine at regular intervals, the 
patient who arrives under the influence of liquor, or who is violent 
or stupid from the effects of a debauch, is furnished with an 
attendant, who is not permitted to exercise any restraint over his 
charge, but rather to humor his whims. There are no locked doors, 
no cells, no confinement whatever. The patients come and go as 
they please. They are expected to be present for treatment four times 
daily, to take the remedy every two hours, and to retire at 10:30 p. m. 
The rest of the time is their own. They have a club — the Bichloride 
of Gold — which is provided with comfortable quarters, and which 
holds daily session. This is a source of great entertainment for the 
patients, and its influence has been felt for good by every man who 
has taken the Keeley treatment. The Keeley cure is no longer an 
experiment. If every drunkard in the world could receive the treat- 
ment the number of inebriates would be reduced a trifle more than 
95 per cent. This is an absolute statement of fact, founded upon 
actual results up to date. [See Flinn's Standard G-uide to Chicago 
for full information regarding the Keeley Institute.] 

Lake and River Frontage. — The city has a frontage on Lake 
Michigan of twenty-two miles and a river frontage of about fifty- 



THE WORLD*S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 93 

eight miles, twenty two and one-half miles of which are navigable. 
[See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Lakes and Rivers est Chicago . — There are three lakes within 
the present city limits containing an area of 4,095.6 acres, as follows: 
Calumet Lake, 312.2 acres; Hyde Lake 330.8 acres; the portion of 
Wolf Lake lying within the city limits, 642.8 acres. Of these. 
Calumet and Wolf are navigable. There are two rivers within the 
corporate limits; the Chicago River, with north and south branches, 
which divide the city into districts known, respectively, as the 
North, South and West " Divisions" or " Sides" — and the Calumet 
river, with Big and Little Calumet Rivers, which penetrate the 
extreme southern part of the city. Of course Lake Michigan is not 
taken into account here. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Length and Width op Chicago. — The distance between north 
Seventy-first street, being the nortLern city limits, and One Hundred 
and Thirty -ninth street, being the southern city limits, is twenty- 
four miles. The city at its broadest point is 10.5 miles in width. 
State street has the greatest extension north and south, running 
from North avenue to the southern city limits, eighteen miles; 
Eighty-seventh, the greatest western extension, running the entire 
width of the city. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Libraries. — The libraries of Chicago are keeping pace with the 
growth of the city in other directions. There are very many large 
and valuable private collections, which, however, are not accessible 
to visitors or students. The leading clubs also have large libraries. 
These are only open to members. The public library is referred to 
elsewhere. The principal libraries are: Armour Mission, Chicago 
Atheneum, Chicago Historical Society, Newberry, Union Catholic, 
and Wheeler. The John Crerar library has been provided for 
by will. The Newberry library will probably be, when perfected, 
the greatest reference library in the United States. A great building 
is now being erected for its accommodation. [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Life-Saving Stations. — The existing United States life-saving 
stations in this vicinity are: Chicago life-saving station, northwest 
corner of the harbor, on Illinois Central railroad land. A station 
has been erected by the government at Jackson Park in connection 
with the World's Columbian Exposition, which will be constituted 
the Chicago life-saving station after the close of the World's Fair. 
This is one of the most complete life-saving stations in the world. 
Evanston life-saving station, located on the lake shore of the suburb 
of Evanston, on Northwestern University grounds. This station is 
superbly equipped with every modern and scientific appliance. It is 



94 HAND BOOK OF 

manned by students of the Northwestern University. The crew 
has distinguished itself for bravery on several occasions. It has 
saved many lives and has been awarded medals for heroic conduct. 
[See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Lighthouses. — The lights of Chicago harbor are: Chicago light, 
located on the inner pier north side of Chicago river; crib and break- 
water lights and Grosse Point light. The latter is located at Grosse 
Point, just north of the suburb of Evanston, the most dangerous 
point on the southern shore of Lake Michigan. [See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Ldmbeh. — The lumber trade in Chicago during 1891 assumed 
proportions not equaled in any former year. The amount of white 
pine lumber consumed during 1891 exceeded by two hundred mil- 
lion feet that of any previous year. It is estimated that there was 
consumed in 1891, 100,000,000 feet more than in 1890, which is 
largely due to the consumption of lumber at the World's Fair, at 
which a close estimate places the number of feet to be 50,000,000. 
The exact receipts of white lumber up to December 19, 1891, were 
2,035,817,000 feet; shingles, 295,804.000. The receipts of 1890 were 
1,935,135,000 feet of lumber; showing a difference of 180,682,000 in 
favor of 1891, while the shingles received in 1890 were 808,875,000 
greater than in 1891, or in round numbers 504,680,000. While the 
receipts in 1891 were not as large as those in 1888, yet more lumber 
was handled and sold. The lumber trade of 1892 was fully up to 
that of 1891. 

Manufactures.^ — The number of manufactories of various 
kinds in Chicago is 3,807; capital employed, 1210,000,000; number 
of workingmen employed, 180,870; wages paid by manufacturers, 
$104,904,000. The total value of the product of these manufactories 
is $567,012,300. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Marriages. — There are now over 15,000 marriage licences issued 
in Chicago annually. Civil interference with marriage only extends 
to the license, which must be procured from the county clerk. The 
marriage may be solemnized either by a justice of the peace (magis- 
trate) or by a minister of the Gcspel. [See Flinn's Standard Guide 
to Chicago.] 

Meat Packing. — Meat packing is one of the great industries 
of Chicago. There are over 2,500,000 cattle and nearly 6,000,000 
hogs slaughtered annually. The receipts of hogs in a single 
year reach nearly 9,000,000; of cattle, 8,250,000; of calves, 285,- 
000, and of sheep. 2,200,000. The capitil employed in hog 
packing is $7,500,000; working men, 11,000, and the annual pro- 
duct is valued at $60,000,000. The capital employed in beef 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 95 

canning is $6,000,000; working men, 9,000; value of product, 
$55,000,000. The capital employed in the manufacture of lard, 
oil and sterrine is $3,000,000; working men, 3,500; value of 
product, $13,550,000. The capital employed in the manufacture 
of butterine is $1,000,000; the working- men, 1,000; value of 
product, $4,330,000. The capital employed in the manufacture of 
sausag-e is $500,000; working men, 500; value of product, $1,980,- 
000. The total number of firms and companies engaged in the meat- 
packing and meat-product industry is 76; total capital, $17,000,000 ; 
total working men, 25,000; total value of product, $133,860,000, 
and total wages paid over $14,000,000. The Union Stock Yards 
are worthy of a visit from the stranger. Take State street or South 
Halsted street cars, or C, R. I. & P. train. Guides will be on 
hand to conduct you through the yards and great packing houses. 
[See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Military.— In Chicago are located the headquarters of the mil- 
itary department of the Missouri. Fort Sheridan, twenty-six miles 
north of the city, is garrisoned by U. S. troops. The state troops of 
Chicago consist of the First and Second Regiments, I. N. G. Rock 
Island Arsenal is situated at Rock Island, between St. Louis and St. 
Paul, on the Chicago &; Rock Island Railway. There are n^.merous 
military organizations in Chicago, notably the Chicago Hussars, 
Chicago Zouaves, Cook's Chicago Lancers. ["See Flinn's Standard 
Guide to Chicago.] 

Monuments. — The principal moruments are: Lincoln Statue, 
Grant Statue, Yon Linne Statue, Schiller Statue and Indian Monu- 
ment, Lincoln Park; Douglas Monument, Douglas Place, 35th 
St., on lake shore; Police Monument, Haymarket Square; Sol- 
diers' Monument, R(jsehill Cemetery; Mulligan Monument, Cal- 
vary Cemetery. A large number of monuments are planned or in 
course of erection. Among these are monuments to the late Joshua 
Knickerbocker, to Yictor Hugo, to Admiral Farragut, to Hans 
Christian Andersen, to William B. Ogden, first Mayor of Chicago; 
to William, Prince of Orange; to Gen. Phil Sheridan, to John A. 
Logan, and to Daniel O'Connell. Numerous monumental foun- 
tains will also be in position in 1893. [See Flinn's Standard Guide 
to Chicago."! 

Municipal Government. — The government of the City of Chi- 
cago is vested in a mayor, elected for two years, salary, $7,000; and a 
city council, composed of 68 aldermen, or two from each of the thirty- 
four wa-ds. wh-^ receive a per diem for actual services, the total of 
which amounts to about $15,000 annually. One alderman is elected 



96 HAND-BOOK OF 

fcom each ward on alternate years. Tne mayor is assisted in the 
performance of his duties by heads of departments and bureaus, as 
follows: Comptroller, $5,000 ; treasurer, including assistants, 
$25,000, and interest on city deposits, his right to the latter being 
now in dispute; city clerk, $3,500; commissioner of public works, 
$5,000; city engineer, $3,500; counsel of corporation, $6,000; city at- 
torney, $5,000; prosecuting attorney, $4,000; general superintendent 
of police, $5,000; chief marshal of fire department, $5,000; superin- 
tendent of fire alarm telegraph, $3,675; commissioner of health, 
$4,000; city collector, $4,000; superintendent of special assessment, 
$3,500; superintendent of street department; $3,500; mayor's secre- 
tary, $2,500; mayor's assistant secretary, $1,500. 

Ne wspapers. — There are published in Chicago 24 regular dailies, 
260 weeklies, 36 semi-monthlies, 5 bi-monthlies and 14 quarterlies, 
m iking a total of 531 daily and periodical newspapers. The leading 
dailies of Chicago printed in English and other languages are: 
Abendpost. Arbeiter Zeitung, Daily Globe, Daily National Hotel 
Reporter, Daily News, Daily Sun, Dagbladet, Drovers' Journal, 
Evening Journal, FreiePresse, Goodall's Daily Sun, Herald, Illinois 
Staats Zeitung, Inter-Ocean, Listy, Mail, Post, Press, Skandinavan, 
Times, Tribune. The leading weeklies are: Advance, Banner of 
G)ld, Dramatic Journal, Eagle, Citizen, Economist, Farmer's 
Review, Figaro, Furniture, German-American Miller, Graphic, 
Inland Architect, Inland Printer, Interior, Iron Age, Legal Adviser, 
L I nber Trade J )uraal, National Builder, National Hotel Reporter, 
Nederlander. Norden, Northwestern Christian Advocate, North- 
western Lumberman, Occident, Orange Judd Farmer, Prairie 
Farmer, Presto, Railway Age, Universalist, Union Signal, Saturday 
Evening Herald. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Park and Boulevard System. — The Park System of Chicago 
was designed and is conducted upon an elaborate scale. In its 
entirety the area covered by the different parks and public squares 
withinthe city limits embraces 1,974,61 acres. This is exclusive of 
the ground covered by park boulevards. The Park System proper 
is divided into three divisions, each division being under the con- 
trol of Park Commissioners, elected by the Courts. Thus we have 
three boards: The South Park Commissioners, the West Park Com- 
missioners and the North Park Commissioners. The parks under 
the supervision of these commissioners are maintained by direct 
tax upon the respective divisions of the city. Under control of the 
city government are a number of small parks, squares and ' ' places," 
which are maintained at the expense of the city treasury. The 
parks of Chicago form, wiih the boulevards as their connectinglinks, 
a chain around the city, both ends of which are anchored in Lake 



J. C. NEWCOMB 



MANUFACTURER OF 



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Chicago's Leading Suburb, 



The Location of the 
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The aristocratic res- 
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Business Property 
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BOOMS 409 AND 410. 218 La Salle street, CHICAGO. 



THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 97 

Michigan. For the visitor, all parks are within convenient reach. 
Cable lines or street cars "will carry you to any of them at the 
uniform rate of five cents. Trains on the Illinois Central •will take 
you to Jackson Park (South Park Station) and return for twenty- 
five cents. The great parks are grouped as follows; South Side. — 
Jackson Park — take Illinois Central train, foot Rauaolph, Van 
Buren, Sixteenth, Twenty-second, Twenty-seventh or Thirty-first 
street, or Cottage Grove avenue cable line, Washington Park — 
take State street or Cottage Grove avenue cable line, the former for 
Grand boulevard, the latter for Drexel boulevard entrance. Park 
phaetons convey visitors around Washington and Jackson 
parks, touching or stopping at all points of interest, for thirty- 
five cents per adult passenger; fifteen cents for children. 
West Side, — Douglas Park — take West Twelfth street or Ogden 
avenue cars, Garfield Parii — take West Madison street cable or 
West Lake street cars. Humboldt Park — take Milwaukee avenue 
cable line or West North avenue cars. North Side. — Lincoln 
Park — take North Clark or Wells street cable line to main entrance ; 
take North State strett cars to Lake Shore Drive entrance. Persons 
desiring to take other conveyances can make their selection from 
the hackney cabs, hansoms, coupes, etc., found at downtown 
stands. [See hack and cab ra'es.] Carriage arrangements may be 
made by telephone with the various livery stables, by the hour or by 
the day. During the summer and autumn months the parks and park 
boulevards are beautiful. LaLdscape gardening has been reduced to 
a science by the Park Commissioners, and the flower beds and 
foliage figures are among the most beautiful attractions Chicago 
has to offer lior visitors. The finest displays are at Washington Park 
on the South Side and at Lincoln Park on the North Side. Garfield, 
Douglas abd Humboldt Parks on the West Side are also worthy of 
a visit. Magnificent conservatories, open all the year around, are 
to be found in each of the great parks. At Lincoln Park there are 
extensive and interesting zoological gardens. The finest monu- 
ments in the city — notably the Lincoln and Grant statues— are also 
here. A grand summer night attraction at Lincoln Park is the 
beautiful electric fountain, presented to the public by Charles T. 
Yerkes, Esq. The lily beds also deserve attention at this park, and 
there is no more enjoyable carriage way in the city than the Lake 
shore drive which skirts Lincoln Park on the east. Adjacent to 
the park, at 9i0 N, Clark St., is the Relic House, a place which the 
visitor must not overlook. It contains thousands of relics and curi- 
osities, mostly relating to the gnat fire of 1871. Jackson Park 
on the South Side corresponds in situation with Liccoln on the 
North, but as it is given over to The World's Columbian Exposition 



98 HAND-BOOK OP 

at present, its attractions are discussed under a separate heading. 
[See Flinn's Standard Guide to Cliicago,] 

Police Department. — The police department of the city of 
Chicago is under the official control of the mayor, and is conducted 
by a general superintendent, an assistant superintendent, a secretary 
with the rank of captain, a private secretary to the general superin- 
tendent, a chief inspector, four division inspectors, 16 captains, 52 
lieutenants, 56 patrol sergemts and 86 desk sergeants. The total 
force, including officers and men, number 2,508. Headquarters, 
City Hall. Cost of maintenance per annum, $3,000,000. The patrol 
wagon system, which is worked to perfection in this city, had its 
origin in Chicago. From the patrol boxes located at convenient 
corners, or by telephone from any point, place of business or resi- 
dence, a patrol wagon containing from four to eight police officers 
raav be summoned ai any hour of the day or night. The response is 
quick, surprisingly so to strangers, who are always interested in its 
operation. The telephone and telegraph are constantly employetl in 
connection with the police system of Chicago, and some arrests of 
dangerous and notorious characters have been made by the opera- 
tions of this system that could not have been accomplished under 
the old methods. The patrol service is also an ambulance corps, and 
renders valuable assistance in rescuing the injured in accidents, or in 
carrying to hospitals those who are suddenly stricken with illness. 
Besides the patrol wagons there are regular ambulances connected 
with the department. The number of patrol wagons in the service 
is 35. 

Postal Information. — The letter rate of postage is 2 cents ior 
each ounce, or fraction thereof, throughout the United States and 
Dominion of Canada. The postage on letters dropped in the office 
for delivery in the city is 2 cents per ounce. All letters must be fully 
prepaid by stamps, Tlie foreign rate is 5 cents to all countries in 
the Postal Union. Letters may be registered to all parts of the 
United States upon the payment of a fee of 10 cents in addition to 
the re2:alar postage. The fees for money-orders are: On orders not 
exceeding $5 — 5 cents; over $5 and not exceeding $10—8 cents; over 
no and not exceeding $15— 10 cents; over $15^nd not exceeding 
^3')— 15 cents; over $30 and not exceeding $40—20 cents; over $40 
and not exceeding $50 — 25 cents; over $50 and not exceeding $60— 
30 cents; over |60 and not exceeding $70—35 cents; over $70 and 
not exceeding $80—40 cents; over $80 and not exceeding $100—45 
cents; no fractions of cents to be introduced in the order. No 
single order issued for more than $100. Parties desiring to remit 
larger sums must obtain additional money-orders. No applicant, 



THE WOULD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 99 

however, can obtain in one day more than three orders payable at 
the same office and to the same payee. Orders can be obtained upon 
any money-order office la Great Britain and Ireland, Germany, 
Austria, Belgium, Holland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, Switzer- 
land, Italy, Canada, France, Algeria, Japan, Portugal, the Hawaiian 
Kingdom, Jamaica, New Zealand, New South Wales, Hungary, 
Egypt, Hong Kong, India and Tasmania, Queensland, Cape Colony, 
the Windward Islands and the Leeward Islands for any sum not 
exceeding $50 in United States' currency. No single order issued for 
more than $50. Parties desiring to remit larger sums must obtain 
additional money orders. There is no limit to the number of orders in 
the International Money Order System. The fees for all Interna- 
tional Money-Orders are: on orders not exceeding $10 — 10 cents; 
over $10 and not exceeding $20 — 20 cents; $20 and not exceeding 
$30—30 cents; $80 and not exceeding $40— 40 cents; $40 and not 
exceeding $50 — 50 cents. Foi\;ign visitors will be guided by the 
following luies for the closing of mails; Mails for Great Britain 
and Ireland dispatched in closed bags as follows: Sundays, Mon- 
days and Thursdays via New York, close 4 p. m. - For Denmaik, 
Norway and Sweden, dispatched in closed bags, Sundays, Mondays 
and Thursdays, close 4 p. m. For Germany, dispatched in closed 
bags, Mondays and Thursdays. For China, Japan, New Zealand, 
Australia, Sandwich Islands, Fiji Islands, Samoa, and special 
addressed matter for Siam, close daily at 2 p. m., sent to San Fran- 
cisco for dispatch in closed bags from that office. Note: Mails for 
countries not named above close daily 4 p. m., and are s'^nt to New 
York for dispatch in the closed bags from that office. For Canada, 
Province of Ontario and Quebec, close 7 a. m. and 8 p. m. daily, 
except Sunday, Sunday 5 p. m. Hamilion (city), Ontario, Toronto 
(city), Ontario, special dispatch close daily at 2.30 p. m. Quebec, 
London special dispatch close daily 10 a. m. Mail for above points 
close Sunday 5 p. M. For Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, Prince 
Edward's Island and Newfoundland close daily at 8:15 a. m. and 7 
and 8 p. m. For British Columbia and Manitoba, close daily at 2 a. 
M. Foreign postage tables will be found in the public lobbies of 
the main and branch offices. For Mexico, close daily at 8:15 a. m. 
and 8 p. m. The letter rate of postage is two cents for each ounce, 
or fraction thereof, throughout the United States and Dominion of 
Canada. The postage on letters dropped in the office for delivery in 
the city istwo cents per ounce. All letters must be fullyprej^aid by 
stamps. The following classes of letters are not advertised: Drop 
letters, box letters, letters directed and sent to hotels and thence 
returned to the post-office as unclaimed; letters returned from the 
dead -letter office to writers, and card request letters; circulprs, free 



100 HAND-BOOK OF 

packets, contaming documents, speeches, and other printed matter. 
N. B, — A request for the return of a letter to the writer within thirty- 
days or less, written or printed with the writer's name, postoffice and 
State across the left-hand side of the envelope, on the face side, will 
be complied with. Such letters will be returned to the writer free 
of postage. 

Post office Building. — Located on the square bounded by 
Adams street on the noith, Jackson street on the south, Dearborn 
street on the east and Clark street on the west, in the heart of the 
business center, within easy walking distance of all the great hotels, 
railroad depots and street car terminals. The erection of the build- 
ing was commenced in 1871, after the great fire, in which the old 
post-office building, northwest corner of Dearborn and Monroe 
streets, where the First National bank building now stands, was 
destroyed. Architecturally and mechanically the structure is a 
failure. Although costing in the lielghborhood of -$5,000,000, it has 
been an eyesore to the people of Chicago, a perfect biot iipon the 
architectural beauty of the city, and inconvenient, inadequate and 
unsafe for the purposes to which it is dedicated. When erected it 
was supposed to be large enough to meet the demands of the Chi- 
cago postal service for fifty years to come. Inside of ten years it 
proved to be too small. The building as it stands to-day is hardly 
worth a description. The visitor, however, will be interested in 
walking through it, because of the immense volume of business con- 
ducted there, and the bustling crowds to be met with in the cor- 
ridors. A new post-office, to cost between $5,000,000 and |6,000,- 
000, will shortly take its place. The building is also occupied by 
the Custom house officers and the United States courts. 

Public Library — Occupies entire fourth floor of the City Hall 
(excepting council chamber.) Was founded in 1872. The library 
contained on January 1st, 1892, 171,709 volumes, and the collection is 
increasing by purchase and donation at the rate of somewhat over 
10,000 volumes annually. Its literary treasures, many of which 
can not be duplicated at any cost, are at the lowest estimate valued 
at $275,000. With an annual circulation and consultation of over 
1,500,000 volumes, it leads the circulation of the free public libra- 
ries of the country. At the Paris Exposition of 1889 it received the 
distinguished honor of an award of a gold medal, on an exhibit con- 
sisting of the annual report, finding lists and a volume showing in 
detail the administration of the library in every department. A 
reading-room is maintained, which last year was patronized by 
500,000 visitors, 450,000 periodicals being given out across the 
Qounter. There are also reference departments, including general, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 101 

patent and medical, which are consulted by thousands of people in 
search of special knowledge, annually. A magnificent new libiaiy 
building is being erected on Michigan avenue, between Washington 
and Randolph streets. It will occupy an entire block. [SteFlinn's 
Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Railroads and Depots. —The following are the principal railroads 
centering in Chicago, with location of their central depots and how 
to reach them by street car. 

Atchison, Toipeka Sc Santa Fc— Central depot Polk st. and Third ave. 
Take State st. cable line or Dearborn st. horse car line. 

Baltimore & O/iio.— Central depot, Harrison bt. and Fifth ave. Only a 
short walkfi'om the business center. 

Chicago & Ei^ie.— Central depot, Polk st. and Third ave. Take State st. 
cable or Dearb rn st. horse car line. 

Chicago & Alton. - Central depot. Canal and Adams sts.. West Side. Take 
cars going west on Adams, Van Buren or Madison sts. Only a short walk 
from business center. 

Chicago cfc Eastern Illinois.— Central depot, Polk st. and Third ave. Take 
State St. cable or Dearborn st. horse car line. 

Chicago & Grand Trunk.— Central depot, Polk st. and Third ave. Take 
State St. cable or Dearborn st. horse car line. 

Chicago & Northern Pacific— Central depot, Fifth ave. and Harrison st. 
Take Van Buren st. cars going west from State or south from Madison sts., 
or Harrison st. line. 

Chicago & North Western.— Central Depot, Wells and Kinzie sts.. North 
Side. Take Dearborn, State or Wells street car going north. Only a short 
walk from the business center. 

Chicago, Burlington & Quincy.— Central depot. Canal and Adams sts. 
West bide. Take Adams, Van Buren or Madison street car gomg west. 
Only a short walk from business center. 

Chicago, Milwauliee & St. Paul.— Central depot. Canal and Adams sts., 
West Side. Take Adams, Van Buren or Madison street car going west. 
Only a fchort walk from business center. 

Chicago, Rock Island & Pacific— Central depot, Van Buren and Sherman 
streets. Take ears on Clark street or Fifth avenue going south . Only a 
short walk from business center. 

Chicago, St. Louis & Pittshurg— Central depot. Canal and Adams sts.. 
West Side. Take Adams, Van Buren or Madison street car going Avest. 
Only a short walk from business center. 

Chicago, St. Paul & Kansas Cifi/.— Central depot, Harrison st. and Fifth 
ave. Take Van Buren street cars going west from State or south from Mad- 
ison St., or Harrison street line. 

Cleveland, Cincinnati, Chicago & St. Louis ("The Big 4.")— Central depot, 
foot of Lake St. Only a short walk from business center. 

Illinois Central.— Central depot, footof Lake st. Only a short walk from 
business center. 

La?!6 Shore & Michigan Southern.— Central depot. Van Buren and Sher. 
man sts. Take cars on C ark st. or Fifth ave. going south. Only a short 
walk from business center. 



102 HAND-BOOK OF 

Louisville, New Albany & Chicago ("Monon Route").— Central depot, 
Polk St. and Third ave. Take State street cable or Dearborn street car line. 

Michigan Ccntral.—Centrai depot, foot of Lake st. Only a short walk 
from business center. 

Pittsburg, Fort Wayne & Chicago.— CentraX depot, Canal and Adams sts., 
"West side. Take Adams, Van Buren or Madison street ear going west. Only 
a short walk from business center, 

Wabash . —Central depot, Polk st . and Third ave . Take State street cable 
or Dearborn street horse car line. 

Shipping. — It will be a surprise to the stranger, whether Ameri- 
ca'n or foreign, to learn that the arrivals and clearances of vessels at 
Chicago harbor exceed those of New York by fully 50 per cent. ; 
that they are nearly as many as those of Baltimore, Boston and New 
York combined, and that they are a fraction of over 60 per cent, as 
many as all the arrivals and clearances in Baltimore, Boston, New 
York, New Orleans, Philadelphia, Portland and San Francisco. 
Chicago has also fully 25 per cent, of the entire lake-carrying trade, 
as compared with the total arrivals and clearances in Buffalo, 
Detroit, Duiuth, Erie, Huron, Grand Haven, Milwaukee, Ogdens- 
biirg, Sandusky and Marquette. The arrivals at Chicago harbor 
last year exceeded 10,000 ; the clearances, 10,200; tonnage, $5,000, 
000. The Chicago river with its branches, and the Calumet river 
with its branches, form the harbor of Chicago. [See Flinn's Stand- 
ard Guide to Chicago.] 

Suburbs of Chicago. ^Chicago is justly proud of her beautiful 
surroundings. She is the central diamond of a magnificent cluster. 
What has been lacking in natural scenery in the country about has 
been made up by the taste, the genius and industry of the people, 
who have dotted the prairies with hamlets, villages, towns and cities 
as charming as any that ever encircled the neck of a metropolis, 
ancient or modern: Business and professional people, M^ho are not 
wealthy enough to own mansions and grounds on the fashionable 
avenues and boulevards of the city, but who desire to own homes of 
their own, naturally seek the suburbs. With rapid and comfortable 
transit; with perfect sewerage, water and illuminating systems; with 
educational facilities equal and in many respects superior to those 
which maybe had in the city; with religious and social advantages of 
a character to satisfy the most exacting demands of a moral and 
refined people, the suburbs of Chicago have grown at a most 
remarkable rate in number and in beauty. The stranger bent upon 
carrying away an intelligent idea of Chicago and her surroundings, 
should not miss the opportunity while here of visitingihe suburbs and 
charming summer resorts in this vicinity. Among the most beautiful 
and interesting suburbs and outlying towns are the followinsr: 
[The figures in parenthesis indicate distance from the Cty Hall. 



TKe Wants' nal BaQK 



aiP c 13:10 .A.a-0. 



statement at Close of Business, March 1, 1892. 



RESOURCES. 



Loans and Discounts $ 7,208,865 45 

Overdrafts 387 97 

U. S. Bonds at par 50,000 00 

Other Bonds at par 283,700 00 

Banking House and Safe Deposit Vaults 125,000 00 

Due from Banks and U. S. Treasury 1,899,482 69 

Coin and Currency 3,848,329 45 

$13,415,765 56 

LIABILITIES. 

Capital I 500,000 00 

Surplus 1,500,000 00 

Undivided Profits 287,957 32 

Deposits 11,127,808 24 

$13,415,765 56 



CHAUNCEY J. BLAIR, HENRY A. BLAIR 

President. Secon d Vice-President. 

FRED'K W. CROSBY, JOHN C. NEELY, 

Vice-President. Cashier. 



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THE m% mm. fire ehiiihe co.. 

COLUMBUS, OHIO, U. S. A. 

And 285 DEARBORN STREET, - - CHICAGO, ILL. 



I 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 103 

The most direct railroad line is also given:] ArgylePark(53^, C.,M. 
& St. P. R. R.), AubumPark(9, C. &E. 1.), Aurora(39, C, B. &Q.), 
Austin (63^. C. & N. W.), Berwyn (9^, C, B. &Q.), Dauphin Park 
(61^,1. C), Downer's Grove (23, C, B. &Q.), Edgewater(73^. C.,M. 
&St.P.),Eggleston(9,C.,R. I. & P.), Elgin (42, C. & N. W.), Engle- 
wood Heights (73^, C. , R. I. & P. ), Englewood on the Hill (7i, C. , R. I. 
&P.), Evanston (12, C. & N. W.), Geneva (35i, C. & K W.), Glen 
Ellyn (23, C. &N. W.), Gray's Lake (45i^, C. & N. P.), Grossdale 
(12, C, B. & Q.), Hammond (13, C. & W. L). Harvey (12, I. C), 
Hawthorne (6, C, B. & Q.), Highland Park (23, C. & N. W.). Hins- 
dale (17, C, B. & Q.). Irving Park (63^, C. & N. W.), Joliet (39, 
C. & A.), Kenosha (514, C. & K. W.), La Grange (14, C, B. & Q.), 
Lake Bluff (30, C. &. N. W.), Lake Forest (28^, C. & N. W.), Lake 
Ville (5H, C. & N. P.), Maywood (10, C. & N. W.), Montrose (7i, 
C. & N, W.), Morgan Park (13, C, R. I. «& P.), Morton Park {6U, 
C, B. & Q.), Naperville (30, C, B. & Q.), Normal Park (7, C. & 
E.), Oak Park (8%, C. & N. W.), Racine (68, C. & N. W.), 
Ravenswood (5, C. & N. W.), River Forest (9, C. & N. W.), River- 
side (12^^, C, B. & Q.),Roseland(13i^,I. C), Pullman (133^, I. C), 
South Evanston (11, C. & N. W.), Tolleston (25, M. C), Washing- 
ton Heights (16, C, St. L. & P.), Waukegan (353^, C. & N. W.), 
Waukesha (1043^, C. & N. W.). Whiting (13, B. & O.), Wilmette 
(14, C. & N. W.), Winetka (18, C. & K W.), Woodlawn(83^, I. C). 
[See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Taxable Valuation of Cook County Property. — The total 
valuation of all the taxable property in Cook County is |282,676,- 
167. The total real estate valuation aggregates $223,859,166; per- 
sonal property, $48,795,740; railroad property, $15,021,261. 

Topography op Chicago. — The city of Chicago is level but not 
flat. There are considerable rises here and there, the most notice- 
able being the ridge which traverses the southern portion, west of 
Hyde Park, to the Indiana line. All difficulties in the way of sew- 
ering have been overcome long since by skillful engineering. The 
Chicago river which originally emptied into, now flows out of the 
lake. The sewerage is carried by the river, in great part, to a canal 
which conducts it through the interior. It finally finds its way into 
the Illinos and Mississippi rivers. The drainage of the city is an 
interesting subject, and the plans for future work in this connection 
are of great magnitude and involve the expenditure of many mil- 
lions. 

Tributary Cities and Towns. — The following are the principal 
cities and towns of the West, Southwest and Northwest, tributary 
to Chicago, with their distances from this city, the railroad lines by 



104 HAND-BOOK OF 

which they maybe reached and their respective populations accord- 
ing to the census of 1890: Cincinnati (306, B. & O.), population 
296,309; Cleveland (365, L. S. & M. S.), 261,546; Columbus (315. P. 
C. C. & St. L ), 90,000; Des Moines (357, C. H. I. & P.), 50,000; De- 
troit (285, M. C), 205,669; Galena a80, C. & N. W.), 4,603; Gales- 
burg (163, C, B. & Q >, 15,212; Indianapolis (140, P. C. C. & St. L.), 
125,000; Jacksonville (200, C. & A.), 12,357; Kansas City (488 C. M. 
& St. P.), 105,000; Keokuk (C. R. I. & P.), 14,075; Leavenworth (522 
C. R. I. & P.), 30,000; Louisville (323 L., N. A. &C.), 185,756; Mil- 
waukee (85, C. & N. W. and C. M. & St. P.), 204,150; Minneapolis 
(420, C. & N. W. aud C. M. & St. P.). 164,780; Omaha (490, C. «fe N. 
W. and C. M. &. St. P., C. R. I. & P.), 134,742; Quincy (263, C. B. 
& Q.), 31,478; St. Joseph (500, C. R. I. & P., C. B. & Q.; C, St. P. & 
K. C), 75,000; St. Louis (283, C. & A., I. C. and Wabash), 460,357; 
St. Paul (360, C.& N. W.; C. M. & St. P. and W. C), 133,156; 
Springfield (185, C. & A., I. C. and Wabash), 24,852. The follow- 
ing are towns of Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Michigan and Wisconsin, 
immediately tributary to Chicago, not included above, with their 
populations according to the census of 1890: Illinois: Aurora, 
19,634; Belleville, 15,360; Bloomington, 20,000; Cairo, 14,000; 
Canton, 5,589; Champaign, 5,827; Danville, 11,528; Decatur, 16,841; 
Dixon, 5,149; E. St. Louis, 15,156; Elgin, 17,429; Freeport, 11,000; 
Galena, 6,406; Joliet, 27,407; Lincoln, 6,125; Litchfield, 5,798; Mat- 
toon, 6,829; Molioe, 11,995; Monmouth, 5,837; Ottawa, 11,500; Paris. 
5,049; Peoria. 40,758; Rockford, 23,589; Rock Island, 13,596; 
Sterling, 5,822; Streator, 6,120. Indiana: Anderson, 10,759; 
Brazil, 5,902; Columbus, 6,705; Crawfordsville, 6,086; Elkhart, 
11,000; Evansville, 50,674; Ft. Wayne, 35,349; Goshen, 6,027, 
Huntington, 7,300; Jeffersonville, 11,274; Kokomo, 8,224 
Lafayette, 16,407; LaPorte, 7,122; Logansport, 13,798; Madison, 
8,923; Marion, 8,724; Michigan City, 10,704; Muncie, 
11,339; New Albany, 21,000; Peru, 6.731; Princeton, 
6,494; Richmond, 16.849; Seymour, 5,337; Shelbyville, 5,449; South 
Bend, 21,786; Terre Haute, 30,287; Valparaiso, 5,083; Vincennes, 
8,815, Wabash, 5,196; Washington, 6.052. Iowa: Boone, 6,518; 
Burlington, 22,528; Cedar Rapids, 17,997; Clinton, 13,629; Creston, 
9,120; Davenport, 25,161; Dubuque,30,147; Ft. Madison, 7,906; 
Iowa City, 5,628; Lyons, 5,791; Marshalltown, 9,308; Muscatine, 
11,432; Oskaloosa, 7,300: Ottumwa, 13,996; Sioux City, 37,862; 
Waterloo, 6,679. Michigan: Adrian, 9,239; Alpena, 11,228: Ann 
Arbor, 9,509; Battle Creek, 13,000; Bay City, 27,826. Big Rapids, 
5,265; Cheboygan, 6,244; Coldwater, 5,462; Escanaba, 8,000; Flint, 
9,845; Grand Rapids, 64,147; Ishpeming. 11,184; Kalamazoo, 17,857; 
Lansing, 12.630; Ludington, 7,499; Manistee, 12,799; Marquette, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 105 

9,096; Menominee, 10.606; Monroe, 5,246; Muskegon, 22,688; 
Negaunee, 6,061; Owosso, 6,544; Pontiac. 6,243; Pt. Huron, 13,519; 
Saginaw, 46,215; W. Bay Cit}^ 12,910; Ypsilanti, 6,128. Wiscon- 
sin: Appleton, 11,825; Ashland, 16,000; Beloit. 6,276; Chippewa 
Falls, 8,520; Eau Claire, 17,438; Fond du Lac, 11,942; Green Bay, 
8,879; Janesviile, 10,631; Kenosha, 6,529; LaCrosse, 25,053; Madi- 
son, 13,392; Manitowoc, 7,525; Marinette, 11,513; Menominee, 5,485; 
Neenah, 5,076; Oconto, 5,221; Oshkosh, 22,753; Portage, 5,130; 
Kacine, 21,022; Sheboygan, 16,341; Stevens Point, 7,888; Water- 
town, 8,870; Waukesha, 7,475; Wausau, 9,251; Superior, 13,000. 
[See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago. 1 

Water Works: — The water works of Chicago are among the 
wonders of the city, not alone because of their magnitude, but 
because of the magnificent engineering features which they present 
to the intelligent or curious visitor. The great central pumping works 
of the system are as follows: Foot of Chicago avenue. North Side. 
Take North Clark street cable or State streetcar to Chicago avenue, 
and walk east toward the lake. These works are at the Southern end 
of the Lake Shore drive and should be visited by all strangers. 
West Side works, corner of Blue Island avenue and Twenty-second 
street. Take Blue Island avenue car. Central pumping station, 
West Harrison street, between Desplaines and Halsted streets. 
Take Harrison street or South Halsted street cars. To visit 
the different " cribs" situated in Lake Michigan, during the sum- 
mer months, take excursion boats on the lake shore, foot of Van 
Buren street. The fare for round trip is 25 cents. The area of Chi- 
cago is about 181 square miles, the greater part of which is thickly 
populated, requiring good facilities for an abundant supply of 
water. This is drawn from Lake Michigan by a number of sepa- 
rate water works, all of which are operated upon the same plan. 
Owing to the perfectly level plain upon which Chicago is built, 
there is no natural elevation available for the establishment of reser- 
voirs. The water, when drawn from the lake, is pumped directly into 
the mains against a stand-pipe head of about 100 feet. The water 
supply of Chicago and her environs is taken from Lake Michigan, 
which is a part of the chain of lakes and rivers composing the basin of 
the St. Lawrence. To form some idea of this inexhaustible and 
magnificent reservoir of pure water, at the very doors of her 
people, it is only necessary to give a few pertinent statistics. The 
chief geographer of the United States geogical survey gives the fol- 
lowing data : Area of basin of St. Lawrence, 457,000 square miles, 
of which 330,000 belong to Canada, 127,000 to the United States. 
Lake Superior — area, 31,200 square miles, length, 412 miles ; mini- 
mum breadth, 167 miles ; maximum depth, 1,008 feet ; altitude above 



106 HAND BOOK OF 

sea leavel, 602 feet. Lake Huron— area. 21,000 square miles ; 263 
miles long, 101 broad , maximum depth, 702 feet, altitude, 581 feet. 
Lak ! St. Clair; 29 miles long ; Lake Erie, area, 9,960 square miles ; 
length, 250 miles; maximum breadth, 60 miles; maximum depth, 210 
feet ; altitude, 573 feet, and the above Lake Ontario 326 feet. Lake 
Ontario — area, 7,240 square miles ; length, 190 miles ; breadth, 54 
miles ; maximum depth, 738 feet ; altitude, 247 feet. Lake Michi- 
gan — area, 22,450 square miles ; maximum breadth, 84 mile^; length, 
345 miles, maximum depth, 870 feet ; altitude, 581 feet. The vari- 
ous tunnels into the lake (now 9 in number) are builtupon anincline, 
so that the vy^ater pours into wells under the pumping works. In 
getting there it has been allowed to fall several feet belowthe level of 
the lake. When the pumping is light, of course the water rises in 
the wells to the level of its source — the lake — but in Chicago the 
demand is so strong that tlie pumps keep the water in the wells sev- 
eral feet below that in the lake, raising the water from a distance 
maybe sixteen feet below the lake surface. After the pumps have 
thus raised the water their work is just begun. They must now 
force it out the mains and into the houses, juntas an ordinary well 
pump, with the valve in the bottom of the well instead of up near 
the pump handle, brings the water to the pump spout. The use of 
the tower is now shown. Take away a section of the masonry 
and there remains an upright pipe. A description of the 
West Side water works tower will serve as an illustration. There 
the standpipe is five feet in diameter and about 167 feet high. It is 
made of plate boiler iron about five-eighths of an inch thick, and 
looks like an ordinary engine boiler except in length. When the 
water passes the valve in the pump it passes through the main pipe, 
close by the base of this tower, or may pass under the tower. An 
opening allows the water to run out of the pipe into the tower stand- 
pipe. At the West Side works there, are four of these main pipes, 
all opening into the stand-pipe. Now comes the essential pfirt, 
which is very simple when understood. The pumps are started, say 
at a pressure of forty pounds to the square inch of surface. The 
water is forced out along the mains, and through the opening into 
the tower stand-pipe. That will raise the water about two and one- 
third feet in the stand-pipe for each pound of pressure, which is 
about ninety-three feet for the forty pound?. The weight of the 
water in the pipe represents that power, and stands there as an elastic 
spring or cushion, rising and falling, equalizing the pressure on the 
water faucets and pipes. If every one having faucets on the main 
should close them, the water pumped in the main would have an 
escape through this pipe, and the rpsnh can be imagined — the pipe 
wouldn't hold it very long if the pun is were not stopped. But 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 107 

there is an indicator, like the hands on the face of a clock, which 
shows. jusL how much water itj being drawn, or how much of the 
power is used, and the engineer regulates his pumping accordingly. 
After the above explanation it may be simply stateil that the stand- 
pipe in the water tower furnishes an equalizer, so that when 
Mil engine is running at a given rate of speed or pressure, the 
turning on or off of a few more or less faucets by consumers 
may not seriously and too suddenly affect the pressure and supply. 
The Water AVorks System may be intelligently dtscribed by con- 
rtuing ourselves to the principal Water Works, or those now in 
lull operation. Two miles from the shore, in the lake, a substan- 
tial structure is located, which is popularly styled "the crib," with- 
ia which is an iron cylinder 9 feet in diameter, extending down 31 
feet below^ the bottom of the lake, and connecting with two distinct 
tunnels leading to separate pumping works on shore. Water is 
admitted into the crib from the surface of the lake, its flow being 
regulated by a gate. The tunnel first constructed is five feet in 
(1 in meter, and communicates with the pumping works at the foot of 
Chicaiio ave. , where there are four double and two single engines, 
which^furnishesa daily average of 50.000,000 gallons under a head 
of 105 7 feet. The Sfcond tunnel is seven feet in diameter, and ex 
tends under the lake and under the city; a distance of six miles, to 
the pumping works on the West Side, in which there are four 
engines whose daily performance is about 61,000,000 gallors 
under a head of 106 feet. A new central pumping station has 
recently been built on West Harrison St., between Desplaines and 
Ha'sted sts. which is for the present obtaining its supply of water 
from the seven-foot tunnel just referred to. It is equipped with 
two triple expansion engines, built by the Edward P. Allif' Com- 
pany, of Milwaukee, each weighing "440 tons, iucluding pumps, 
and each calculated to deliver 15,000,000 gallons daily against a 
head of 125 feet, with a steam pressure of 125 pounds. With a view 
to meeting the requirements in the near future of this rapidly 
growing city, a new lake tunnel has just been completed. The 
in-take to this tunnel is located four miles from shore, to avoid 
the pollution of the water supply from the drainage into the lake. 
The original plans contemplated an eight-foot tunnel, but difficul- 
ties were encountered in the nature of the soil which made it neces- 
sary to reduce the size, and two six-foot tunnels were then 
driven. An intermediate crib has been built, two and one-half 
miles from shore, to enable the water supply from this source to be 
made available when necessary. The central pumping station at 
Harrison st. will eventnallv draw its supply from this new 
tunnel, as will the new pampiiig station situated on Fourteenth 



108 HAND BOOK OF 

St. The latter station is supplied with four triple expaDsion 
engines of the same pattern as those at the Harrison street sta- 
tion. The average temperature of the water in the lake is: Jan- 
uary, 32.0; February, 32.0; March, 35.4; April, 43 3; May, 51.9; June, 
54.9; July, 65.9; August, 60.2; October, 50 6; November, 43.0; De- 
cember, 37.5. The cost of the Water Works of Chicago up to 1893 
is about. $18,000,000. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Yerkes Fountain, The —Among the great attractions for the 
visitor is the magnificent electric founiain at Lincoln Park, which 
was presented to the people of Chicago by Mr. C. T. Yerkes, presi- 
dent of the North and West Side street railway companies. This 
fountain cost in the neighborhood of $50,000, and is the finest of its 
kind in existence. It is in operation about two hours every pleasant 
evening during the summer mouths, and p^'esents an enchanting 
spectacle to the hundreds of thousands of people who flock to see it. 
It is as if the colors of a hundred rainbows were concentrated here 
iuto one beautiful fountain of prismatic light. Its ever-changing 
glories compel the coldest of observers to give expression to won- 
der, amazement and delight. Take N. Clark st. cable line about 
7 P.M., during the summer evenings, for main entrance to Lincoln 
Park and North Clark St., and walk directly east toward the Lake 
shore. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 




If you have one limb two to ten inches shorter than the other, we can 
make you look like people with two sound limbs. Can wear shoes, 
low quarter pumps, etc., by buying our Extension. Send for Price List 
and Circulars. 




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THE E. L. O'CONNOR CO. 

167-169 Wat)a$h Avenue, 
CHICAGO, 



ILLINOIS, 




[Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.! 
THE NEW JOHN M. SMYTH BUILDING,- WEST MADISON ST. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 10 



PART lY. 



INCEPTION OF THE WORLD'S FAIR PROJECT.-THE SELECTION 
OF CHICAGO.-PRESIDENrS PROCLAMATION -COST OF THE 
GREAT UNDERTAKING.-THE SITE AND BUILDINGS.— A VIEW 
OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION FROM THE LAKE. 
-WONDERS OF THE DAY AND BEAUTIES OF THE NIGHT. 



The proposal to hold a World's Fair in the United States to com- 
memorate the four hundredth anniversary of the discovery of Amei- 
ica by Christopher Columbus began to interest the public seriously 
in 1888, although there had been talk of such an enteipiise at inter- 
vals for ten years previous to that time. In 1889 the entire country 
appeared to favor the enterprise, and it became a settled point that 
such an exposition should be held. Several cities almost immedi- 
ately entered into competition, notably New York, Chicago, 
St. Louis aud Washington, to be designated as the place of its 
locatioD, and urged their respective claims before Congress wiih 
all the force and intluence they could command, It was apparent 
from the start, almost, that either New York or Chicago would be 
selected. Chicago, wiih characteristic energy, formtd an organiza- 
tion — the World's Columbian Exposition — embracing its most sub- 
stantial business men, raised more than $5,000,000 by subscription, 
and pledged itself to increase the amount to $10,000,000, to be 
expended ia behalf of the Fair. Chicago's superiority in many 
respects as a place for holding the Exposition was admitted, and on 
the first ballot this city led New York by more than 40 votes. It 
captured the prize on the eighth ballot, receiving 157 votes to 107 
for New York, 25 for St. Louis and 18 for Washington. The dis- 
appointment of its rivals soon wore off, and the selection of Chicago 
has now almost universal approval. 



110 HAND BOOK OP 

la March, 1890, Senator Daniel, of Virginia, introduced a bill in 
the Senate of the United States to authorize and establish the expo- 
sition at Chicago. It was referred to a special committee of the two 
houses, which reported a bill that passed and was approved by the 
President, April 25, 1890. The act is entitled "An Act to provide 
for celebrating the 400th anniversary of the discovery of America 
by Christopher Columbus, by holding an international Exhibition of 
Arts, Industries, Manufactures and the product of the soil, mine 
and sea, in the City of Chicago, in the State of Illinois." 

The act makes the following provisions: A national commission, 
to be designated as the World's Columbian Commission, to be com- 
posed of two commissioners from each state and territory and from 
the District of Columbia, and eight commissioners at large, is 
created. The commissioners from the states and territories are to 
be appointed by the respective governors thereof, and those at large 
and from the District of Columbia by the President. Like provision 
is also made for the appointment of alternates. The compensation 
of the commissioners must not exceed $6.00 per day, when they are 
necessarily away from home on the business of the commission, and 
actual traveling expenses. The Secretary of State is directed to 
notify the governors to appoint commissioners. When all are ap- 
pointed they shall meet at Chicago and organize, and they are au- 
thorized to accept such site and plans as are submitted by the cor- 
poration of the state of Illinois already in existence — "The World's 
Columbian Exposition," or local directory — provided that corpora- 
tion give evidence of the possession of a bona-fide subscribed capital 
stock of $5,000,000, and that it can secure an additional $5,000,000, 
making it $10,000,000 in all. The commission is directed to deter- 
mine the plan and scope of the exposition, allot space for exhibitors, 
prepare a classification of exhibits, appoint judges and examiners, 
and generally have charge of all intercourse with the exhibitors and 
the representatives of foreign nations. And it is also required to 
appoint a board of lady managers. The act directs that a dedication 
of the buildings of the exposition shall take place with appropriate 
ceremonies, October 13, 1892, and the exposition shall be open 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. Ill 

not later than May 1, 1893, and close not later than October 
26, 1893. Whenever the Piesident shall be notified by the 
commission that the preliminary provisions of the act have been 
complied with, he shall make a proclamation setting forth the time 
the exposition shall open and close, and inviting foreign nations to 
take part therein and appoint representatives thereto. Articles im- 
ported from foreign countries for the sole purpose of exhibition in 
the exposition, shall be admitted dutyfree, but, if afterwards sold 
for consumption in the United States, shall pay the customary duty. 
Provision is made for government exhibits and the erection of a 
government building or buildings, to cost not exceeding $400,000. 
The entire sum for which the government of the United States is 
liable on account of this special exhibit must not exceed $1,500,000. 
It is declared that nothing in the act shall be construed to create any 
liability of the United States for any debt or obligation incurred by 
the commission in excess of the appropriations made by Congress. 
Section 8 of the act provides, "That the President is hereby em- 
powered and directed to hold a naval review in New York harbor 
in April, 1893, and to extend to foreign nations an invitation to send 
ships of war, to join the United States Navy in rendezvous at Hamp- 
ton Roads, and to proceed thence to said review." The commissioners 
were appointed, and the first session of the commission was held at 
Chicago, June 26, 1890. Hon. Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, 
was chosen president, and John T, Dickinson, of Texas, secretary. 
The local corporation, after much discussion and several changes, 
had finally selected Jackson and Washington Parks and the Lake 
Front Park as a dual site for the exposition, and this action was 
ratified by the commission. At the second meeting of the commis- 
sion, beginning September 15, a director-general was elected, a board 
of lady manag rs appointed, the classification of the exhibits made, 
and architectural designs for the buildings considered. The Pres- 
ident of the United States was subsequently notified that all the 
preliminary requirements of the act of Congress had been complied 
with, and in accordance with the law, therefore, on December 24, 
1890, he issued his proclamation. The proclamation was as follows: 



113 HAND-BOOK OF 

By the President of the United States of America: 

A PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas, Satisfactory proof has been presented to me that provision 
has been made for the adequate grounds and buildings for the uses of the 
World's Columbian Exposition, and that a sum not less than $10,000,COO, to 
be used and expended for the purposes of said Exposition, has been provided 
in accordance with the conditions and requirem nts of section 10 of an 
act, entitled "An Act to provide for celebrating the four- hundredth anni- 
versary of the discovery of America by Christopher Columbus by holding 
an international exhibition of arts, industries, manufactures and the prod- 
ucts of the soil, mine and sea, in the city of Chicago, in the State of Illinois," 
approved April 25, 1893. 

Now, THEREFORE, I, Benjamin Harrison, President of the United States 
by virtue of the authority vested in me by said Act, do hereby declare and 
proclaim that such International Exhibition will be opened on the first day 
of May, in the year eighteen hundred and ninety-three, in the city of 
Chicago, in the State of Illinois, and will not be closed before the last Thurs- 
day in October of the same year. 

And in the name of the Government and of the people of the United 
State-!, I do hereby invite all t' e nations of the earth to take part in the 
commemoration of an event that is pre-eminent in human history and of 
lasting interest to mankind, by appointing representatives thereto, and 
sending such exhibits to the World's Columbian Exposition as will most 
fitly and fully illustrate their resources, their industries and their prog- 
ress in civilization. 

In testimony whereof I have hereunto set my hand and caused the 
seal of the United States to be affixed. 

Done at the city of Washington this twenty-fourth day of December, in the 
year of our Lord, one thousand eight hundred and ninety, and the inde- 
pendence of the United States the one hundred and fifteenth. 
By the President: Benjamin Harrison. 

James G. Blaine, Secretary of State. 

This proclamation, accompanied by a letter of the Secretary of 
State, rogalatioas for foreign exhibitors, regulations of the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury governing tbe free importation of exhibits, 
and the prospectus of a proposed World's Congress Auxiliary of 
the World's Columbian Exposition, was sent to the following coun- 
tries early in January, 1891: Argentine Republic, Siberia, Austria- 
Hungary, Mexico, Belgium, Netherlands, Paraguay and Uruguay, 
Brazil, Persia, Peru, Gautemala, Portugal, Salvador, Roumania, 
Nicaragua, Russia, Honduras, Servia, Costa Rica, Siam, Chili, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 113 

Spain, China, Sweden and Norway, Colombia, Switzerland, Corea, 
Turkey, Denmark, Venezuela, Ecuador, France, Germany, Great 
Britain, Greece, Hawaiian Islands, Italy, Japan. 

The World's Congress Auxiliary, referred to above, is an author- 
ized adjunct of the World's Fair, and aims to supplement the 
exposition which that will make of the material progress of the 
world by a portrayal of the " wonderful achievements of the new 
age in science, literature, education, government, jurisprudence, 
morals, charity, religion and other departments of human activity, 
as the most effective means of increasing the fraternity, progress, 
prosperity and peace of mankind." Virtually it will be a series of 
congresses at which the greatest thinkers of the world will discuss, 
among other themes, the following: 

I. The grounds of fraternal union in the language, literature, domestic 
life, religion, science, art and civil institutions of different peoples. 

II. The economic, industrial and financial problems of the age. 

III. Educational systems, their advantages and their defects; &nd the 
means by Avhich they may best be adapted to the recent enormous increase 
in all departments of knowledge. 

J V. The practicability of a common language, for use in the commer- 
cial relations of the civilized world. 

V. International copyright and the laws of intellectual property and 
commerce. 

VI. Immigration and naturalization laws, and the proper international 
privileges of alien governments, and tbeir subjects, or citizens. 

VII. The most efficient and advisable means of preventing or decreas- 
ing pauperism, insanity, and crime; and of increasing productive ability, 
prosperity and virtue throughout the world. 

VIII. International law as a bond of union and a means of mutual pro- 
tection ; and how it may best be enlarged, perfected and authoritatively 
expressed. 

IX. The establishment of the principles of judicial justice, as the 
supreme law of international relations, and the general substitution of 
arbitration for war in the settlement of international cont oversies. 

Fuller information regarding the World's Congress Auxiliary is 
given later on. 

The idea of a dual site was abandoned very soon as imprac- 
ticable, and Jackson Park was selected as the location of the 
Exposition buildings. This change, opposed vigorously at first, 
was soon generally approved. Many of the minor buildings, 
special exhibits, etc., were provided for with space in Wash- 
ington Park and on Midway Plaisance. Jackson park is beau- 
tifully situated on the lake shore seven miles southeast of 
the City Hall, and embraces 586 acres. Washington park 



114 HAND-BOOK OP 

is a mile or more nearer and has 371 acres. Midway Plais- 
ance has 80 acres. Thus a total of 1,037 acres is available for 
the Exposition, The spacious grounds of the Washington Driving 
Park Association, adjoining Washington park on the south, may be 
used for certain stock exhibits. Upon these parks previous to their 
selection as the World's Fair site, $4,000,000 was spent in laying out 
the grounds and beautifying them by lawns, flower-beds, shrubbery, 
etc. The site is an ideal one. No world's fair ever had one sur- 
passing it. It is four times as large as that devoted to the Paris 
Exhibitions of 1878 and 1889. It has a frontage of 2 miles on Lake 
Michigan, the largest body of fresh water on the globe. The build- 
ings cover twice the area and cost twice as much as did those 
of the Paris Exposition of 1889. Alone they have cost nearly 
fifty per cent, of the total expense attending the Paris fair. The plans 
were prepared by the best architects in America, and the several struc- 
tures exhibit the highest achievements of American architecture. 
Altogether nearly |5,000,000 have been spent in laying out and 
beautifying the grounds of Jackson and Washington Parks, and 
the features of landscape gardening which the visitor will behold are 
in themselves sufficient recompense for a trip from the end of the 
world. To supply the Exposition buildings and grounds with water 
two plants were put in, one with capacity of 24,000,000 gallons a 
day, and the other of 40,000,000 gallons. Thus 64,000,000 gallons a 
day are available. The pumping works and all the great machinery 
furnishing power to the Exposition are open to the inspection of vis- 
itors, A system for drainage, believed to be adequate and perfect, was 
adopted. Perfect sew^erage, too, was secured. All refuse from the 
cafes and kitchens, and from lavatories and closets, of which 6,500 
were constructed at an expense of some $450,000 is received by 
injectors and forced by compressed air through underground pipes 
into four huge tanks, where it is treated chemically and rendered 
entirely inoffensive. Plans adopted for lighting the buildings and 
grounds provided for 138,218 electric lamps, of which 6,766 are arc 
■ lamps of 2,000 caudle-power each, and 131,452 incandescent, 16 can- 
dle-power each. The electric lighting cost something like $1,500,000 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



115 



and is ten times as extensive as was employed at the Paris Exposi- 
tion. The light and motive plant at the Exposition require 26,000 
horse-power, of which 22,000 is required for the electric plant. 

Before going into a general description of the Exposition buildings 
and grounds itis necessary that the visitor should learn something 
of the details. The dimensions and cost of the magnificent struct- 
ures which rear their beautiful domes on all sides of you will be 
interesting. The following condensed table will convey this infor- 
mation in a compact and intelligible form: 



Buildings. 



Manufactures and Liberal Arts 

Administration 

Mines . 

Eleetri ity 

Transportation 

" Annex 

Wom^Jn's 

Art Galleries 

" Annexes (3) 

Fisheries 

" Annexes (3) 

Horticulture 

" Greenhouses (8) 

Machinery 

" Annex. 

" Power house. 

" Pumping Works 

" Machine Shop 

Agriculture 

" Annex 

" Assembly Hall, etc . . 

Forestry. 

Saw Mill 

Dairy 

Live Stock (3) 

' Pavillion 

Sheds 

Casino 

Music Hall 



TJ. S. Goverment 

" Imitation Battleship. 

Illinois State 

'• Wings (2) 



Dimensions 
in f , et. 



m X1687 
363 X 263 



350 
3i5 

256 
435 

199 
3311 
120 



700 



X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 
X 

165 X 365 
135 diam'r 
250 X 998 

34 X 

■"" X 

X 
X 
X 

50J X 8' 
300 X 550 
125 X 450 
208 X 528 
125 X 300 
100 X 200 
65 X 3( 
280 X 440 



490 
100 

77 
146 



90.1 



600 
200 



100 

846 

550 

461 

84 

250 



120 X 25(1 
120 X 250 



345 X 415 

19.25 X 348 
160 X 450 



Area 

in 
acres. 

30.5 
1.6 
5 6 
5.5 
5.6 I 
8.«)" 
1.8 
3.71 

M* 

1.4/ 

.8f 
5.7 
.5 



6.2)" 

2 1 

9.2 1 

3.8 i 

1.3 

2.5 

.9 

.5 

.9 

2.8 

40. 

'.'i'\ 

153.8 

3.3 

.3 

1 71 



Cost. 



Sl,500,000 
435,000 
265,000 
401,000 

370,000 

138,000 

670,000 

224,000 

300,000 
25,000 

1,200,000 



85,000 



618,000 




250,' 00 



.4 $7,791,000 



^Including connect ng peristyle. 



116 HAND-BOOK OF 

Two of the last named buildings were erected at the ex- 
pense of the United States Government, and one at the expense 
of the State of Illinois, but these must be classed among the great 
Exposition structures. The Exposition buildings, not including those 
of the Government and Illinois, have also a total gallery area of 45.9 
acres, thus making their total floor space 199.7 acres. The Fine Arts 
building has 7 885 lineal feet, or 145. 852 square feet, of wail space. 

All of the annexes are scarely less imposing and architecturally 
beautiful than the main buildings themselves. The live-stock sheds 
which cover an immense area as indicated, are constructed as in- 
expensively as possible without marring the general architectural 
effect. The power houses, pumping works, etc., are exhibits in 
themselves, and so constructed as to be readily inspected by visitors. 
There are several Exposition buildings in addition to those named, 
but these are mentioned in another connection. Among them are 
a Press building, in which every possible convenience and accommo- 
dation for the press representatives of the world is provided; and a 
reproduction of the Spanish convent, LaRabida, in which a wonder- 
fully complete collection of Columbus relics and allied exhibits 
are gathered. The total cost of the Exposition structures alone is 
estimated at $8,000,000. Of course, it is understood, no reference 
is made here either to the numerous State or foreign buildings or to 
structures for the accommodation of special exhibits. These of 
themselves form a very important part of the Exposition. 

The visitor will naturally be desirous of taking in the entire Ex- 
position atone journey, if possible, before entering upon special views. 
The most delightful, probably, though not the speediest, means by 
which the visitor may reach the Exposition grounds will be by steam 
boat on Lake Michigan. A ride of six miles from the embarking point 
on the Lake Front Park, with the towers and gilded domes of the Fair 
buildings constantly in sight, will take him there. When abreast of the 
site a grand spectacle of surpassing magnificence will be before him; 
the vast extentof the beautiful park; the windings of thelagoon; the 
superb array of scores of buildings, elegant and imposing in their archi- 
tecture, and gay with myriads of flags and streamers floating from their 



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THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 117 

pinnacles and towers. In the northern portion of the grounds he will 
see a picturesque group of buildings, perhaps forty or fifty of them, 
constituting a veritable village of palaces. Here, on a hundred acres 
or more, beautifully laid out, will stand the buildings of foreign na- 
tions and a number of the States of the Union, surrounded by lawns, 
walks and beds of flowers and shrubbery. 

In the western part of the group stands the Illikoib Build 
INQ costing $350,000. It is severely classic in style, with a dome 
in the centre, and a great porch facing southward. Just south 
of the foreign and state buildings may be observed a considerable 
expanse of the lagoon with inlet to the lake, and encompassing a 
large island on which stands the Fish and Fisheries Building, 
700 feet in length, and flanked at each end by a curved arcade con- 
necting it with two octagonal pavilions, in which is seen the aquaria 
and the tackle exhibit. The total length is 1,100 feet, and the 
width 200 feet. This building, designed by Henry Ives Cobb, of 
Chicago, is in the Spanish style, and conspicuous because of a lib- 
eral use of color. 

A little further south across an area of the lagoon is the United 
States Government Building, measuring 350x420 feet, and having 
a dome 120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high. It is constructed of 
stone, iron and glass, classic in style, covers four acres, and cost 
$400,000. In it is a very complete exhibit, from the war, treas- 
ury, agriculture, interior, postoffice and navy departments, the 
Smithsonian Institute, the national museum, etc. 

On the lake shore east of this building and in part in the interven- 
ing space, the government has a gun battery, a life-saving station 
complete with apparatus, a lighthouse, war balloons, and a full- 
size model of a $3,000,000 battle ship of the first class. This is 
constructed on piling alongside a pier, being thus surrounded by 
water and apparently moored at a wharf. The "ship" is built 
of brick and coated with cement. It is 348 feet long, 69 feet 
wide amidships, and has all the fittings and apparatus that be- 
long to the most approved war vessel, such as guns, turrets, torpedo 
tubes, torpedo nets and bombs, boats, anchors, military mast, etc.. 



118 HAND-BOOK OP 

and a full complement of seamen and mariners detailed from the 
navy department. The visitor arriving by steamboat will pass very 
near and obtain an excellent view of the shore portion of the gov- 
ernment exhibit. He will probably see also anchored near by, a 
Columbus Fleet — a reproduction, as near as may be, of the one with 
which the great discover sailed from Pal( s — and also a government 
revenue cutter and one or two torpedo boats. 

Steaming by the government exhibits the visitor will come 
abreast of the largest building of the Exposition — that of Manufact- 
ures AND Liberal Arts. It measures 1,700x800 feet, with 
two interior courts. Surrounding it on all sides is a jjorch two 
stories in height, affording a delightful promenade and a view 
of the other buildings, of the lagoon, alive with row boats, gondo- 
las, and pleasure craft propelled by electricity, and of the grounds 
generally. This building, which is of the French renaissance style, 
was designed by George S. Post, of New York. 

Extending westward across the park, is a long avenue or court, 
several hundred feet wide. To the right, at the entrance of this 
grand avenue, is the great Building of Manufactures and Liberal 
Arts, and farther back the other attractions already referred to. 
To the left is the Agricultural Building, measuring 800 by 500 
feet, designed by Architect McKim, of New York. It is severely 
rectangular in form, but made elaborately ornate with statues and 
other relief work. Between this and the huge Manufactures build- 
ing juts a branch of the lagoon. All down this grand avenue en- 
compassing a beautiful sheet of water, stand imposing buildings, 
along the majestic facades of which will sweep the gaze of the visitor 
until it rests upon the Administration building of the Exposition, 
which terminates the vista nearly a mile distant. 

Passing the Agricultural building, the visitor will come to the 
great Machinery Hall, which lies to the westward of it, and which 
is connected with it by a horseshoe arcade, doubling a branch of the 
lagoon. It is nearly identical with it in size and cost, but differs 
from it considerably in appearance, being serious, impressive and 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 119 

rich in arc'iitectural line and detail, and the best work of its design- 
ers, Peabody & Stearns, of Boston. 

Opposite Machinery Hall and north of it in the centre of the 
'"Long Walk " stands the Exposition Administration Building. 
This is one of the most imposing, and, in proportion to its size, by 
far the most expensive one of the large structures. Richard M. 
Hunt, of New York, President of the Amgrican Institute of Archi- 
tects, is its designer, and he has made it stately and simple, yet 
exceedingly striking in appearance, and an excellent representative of 
Italian renaissance. Itisadornedwith scoresof statuary figures, and 
surmounted by a gilded do me rising 250 feet, or about the height of the 
Auditorium tower. In it are the offices of the National Commissi( n 
and Local Directory, and the headquarters of all the numerous 
officials connected with the management and administraticn of the 
Exposition. 

To the northward of th3 Administration building, on either side 
and facing the grand avenue, are two more immense buildings, one 
for the Electrical and the other for the Mining exhibit. These 
are about equal in size, covering each a little more than five acres 
and a half. Both are of French renaissance. The former was dt - 
signed by Yan Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City, the latter by S. S. 
Beman, of Chicago. 

North of these buildings in the main lagoon is an island of twenty 
or thirty acres in area. This is one of the most attractive spots in 
the Exposition. 

Proceeding from the Administration building still farther west- 
ward, or, more accurately, southwestward, the observer will arrive 
at the railway facilities for the arrival and departure of visitors. 
Six parallel tracks sweep into the grounds in a huge circle at the ex- 
treme southwest portion, entering and leaving at nearly the same 
point. 

Within this loop made by the railway tracks is the machinery 
annex — a huge building covering more than eight acres, and con- 
taining the overflow exhibits from machinery hall, with which it is 
connected by subways. Within the loop also are the main powei: 



120 HAND-BOOK OF 

house, from which power is furnished to such buildings on the 
grounds as require it. 

To the southward of the line of buildings which are arranged 
along the south side of the grand avenue is a vast open expanse which 
is devoted to the livestock exhibit. Here immense stock buildings, a 
show ring, and whatever else will contribute to the success of the 
live stock feature of the Exposition are to be found. 

Jackson Park resembles a right-angled triangle in shape. The 
visitor has thus far, on his tour of inspection, traversed the lake 
shore or hypothenuse of the triangle, and across the southern end or 
base. It remains only to turn towards the north and note the struc- 
tures ranged along the perpendicular. The first one arrived at is the 
Transportation Building. This is Romanesque in style and one 
of the largest of all, measuring 960 by 256 feet, exclusive of a 
great annex in the rear, which covers nine acres. North of this 
is the Horticultural Building, another immense structure, 1,000 
by 250 feet, with three domes, one at each end and a larger one at 
the centre. 

Siill farther north and directly opposite the park entrance of 
Midway Plaisance stands the Woman's Building, which is one of 
the chief objects of interest on the grounds. The exterior design 
was furnished by a woman architect, Miss S. G. Hayden, of Boston. 
Here the lady managers have their headquarters, and hereis collected 
a wonderful exhibit illustrating the progress and attainments of 
women in the various branches of industry. 

Passing the Woman's Building the visitor can turn toward the 
northeast and inspect the Foreign and State buildings in the north- 
ern portion of the park, of which he is supposed to have caught a 
general view from the steamboat deck, or he can turn sharply to the 
west into Midway Plaisance. All of the important buildings stand 
on terraces four feet above the general park level, thus greatly improv- 
ing the general landscape effect and rendering their own appearance 
more imposing. The actual erection of these great buildings began 
in June, 1891. By October of 1892 they were all ready for the recep- 
tion of exhibits. Of the buildings themselves too great praise can 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 121 

scarcely be given. Architecturally they have had no superiors and 
very few equals in any like exposition that the world has ever seen. 
The Commissioners have wisely called to their aid all the most emi- 
nent architects of the country, and each of the great buildings has 
been designed by men who are recognized masters of their calling. 
Tiie expenditures of the Commission on the buildings and grounds 
will not fall below $14,000,000, and the total expense of construct- 
ing, organizing, and conducting the Exposition will foot up $18,000,- 
000. The nations of the old world will have expended a grand total 
of $10,000,000 upon their displays before the Exposition closes; the 
expenditures of the South American republics and the North 
American Colonies, including Mexico, will foot up several millions, 
while the states of the Union will have expended not less than $5,- 
000,000. The grand total expended upon the Fair will probably 
reach $40,000,000, This w 11 be more than double the outlay for 
the same purpose in Philadelphia in 1876, and more than three times 
that at Paris in 1889. 

Above has been given a mere outline, a cursory view, of the great 
buildings. As seen from the Lake, they afford a wonderful sight, 
yet the visitor must be brought close to them that he may 
be better able to appreciate their noble attractions. One of 
the most graphic writers in the country thus described the 
scenes on the Exposition grounds in advance of the opening: 
"The beautiful waters of the system of lagoons pass everyone of 
the main buildings, and all but surround some of them. On their 
surfaces all the palaces will be reflected, and at night the water 
will duplicate the full brilliaocy of this, the second of the world's 
expositions, which electricity has rendered viewable after dark. 
The water itself, by the way, will be shot with brilliant lights by 
scores of electric lamps.placed in the depths. A hundred gondolas 
brought from Venice will loaf luxuriously along these liquid avenues, 
to be distanced contemptuously by a myriad of swift launches. 
Their motions on the water's surface will but weakly imitate the 
fast gliding artificial denizens of the deep which skilled electricians 
plan to send hither and thither by means of delicate machinery 



132 HAND-BOOK OF 

urged by power stored in the bodies of the toys. At night, when 
the eyes of these submarine monsters and beauties are lighted by 
electricity, they will add a strange feature to the general spectacle. 

" Besides the gorgeous Administration building, on the one hand, 
is the Machiaery Hall, designed by Messrs. Peabody &8tearns of 
Boston. It is a beautiful and imposing palace, and is connected 
artistically with the building for agriculture by means of a colonnade 
surrounding one end of a great canal. Messrs. McKim, Mead & 
White, of New York, designed the Agricultural building. These 
two great houses for agriculture and machinery are each above 800 
feet long, and the Machinery building has an annex 550 feet in 
length, so that the roofs of these two buildings and their connections 
cover an unbroken length of 2,400 feet. The Machinery Building 
will be constructed as if three great railway depots or train-sheds 
were placed side by side, and it is the purpose of the Columbian 
Corporation to sell these parts for such uses after the Fair closes. 
The managers expect to realize a salvage of at least $3,000,000 on 
the material used in the various structures, and they boast that they 
have already saved $1,000,000 on what was considered a careful pre- 
liminary estimate of the cost of the buildings. 

"But to return to the view. Down the canal that half divides 
these buildings the Electricity and Mining houses are reached. The 
electrical building (designed by Van Brunt & Howe of Kansas City) 
is most unique, and besides being decorated by many towers, has a 
grand entrance that rises a story higher than the rest of the build- 
ing, and that, when illuminated at night, will seem ablaze with light, 
as if it were a colossal lantern. Beyond this building is the princi 
pal lagoon, from whose surface rises what is known as the Wooded 
Island. This island is many acres in extent, and is designed to 
remain bare of everything but flowers, trees and paths, in orderthat 
it may furnish throughout thi Exposition a cool and alluring retreat 
for tired visitors. 

" Behind this great lagoon are the Transportation. Horticultural, 
and Woman's buildings, at the further end is the Illinois building, 
and on the side between the lagoon and Lake Michigan are the Fish- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 123 

eries and United Stales Government buildings, all costly, extensive 
and elaborate examples of the skill of the most gifted American archi- 
t cts. One building that has not yet been mentioned receives, per- 
haps, the highest praise. It is the Art Building, and will stand be- 
yond the lake that is now in the old part of Jackson Park. Its 
designer is Mr. Atwood, of New York. 

" Beyond the Art building, in the olderpart of Jackson Park, and 
gathered amid its groves and around its picturesque lake, are to be 
the seals of the foreign govtrnments that participate in the Fair. 
The domes and the towers of these still undetermined buildings will 
doubtless reach far down what is called Midway Plaisance, a park- 
way connecting Washington and Jackson Parks. Duwn this plais- 
ance, now a broad bo very boulevard, will also be gathered many of 
the lesser attractions of the Fair, not all of them wholly disconnected 
with private enterprise or the showman's profession. 

"Thus has been arranged the greatest of world's expositions. 
The field laid out embraces 610 acres, and 400 acres adjoining this 
are available if n eded. Tlie floor space already provided for is 
equal to 400 acres or more, it is said, than the entire ground utilized 
in any other exposition. The park is seven miles from the Chicago 
City Hall, but it is to be connected with the city by all the great 
steam railroads that enter Chicago, by the cable car lines and stages, 
by the lake bo its, and by an elevated railway now nearly con- 
structed. Within the Exposition ground connection between all the 
points of interest may be had both by land and water — by donkey- 
back, jiurikisha, bus, gondola, launch or skiff, and perhaps by a 
marvelous overhead-traveling sidewalk. A trial bit of this is now 
undergoing construction by its sponsor, in order to demonstrate its 
feasibility." 



124 HAND-BOOK OF 



PART V. 



m 



DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANS EOR THE GREAT EXPOSITION.— 
THE NECESSITY FOR EXPENDITURES BEYOND THE ORIGINAL 
ESTIMATES.— COM PARISON BETWEEN THE CHICAGO AND THE 
LAST PARIS EXPOSI LION.— INTERESTING FIGURES.— DESCRIP- 
TIONS OF THE MAGNIFICENT BUILDINGS— THEIR DIMENSIONS, 
COST, ETC. 

It was found in the spring of 1892 that the practical development 
of the World's Coluiubiau Exposition had expanded away beyond 
the calculations of the public and the managers of the enterprise. 
This was the natural result of the determined effort made on all sides 
to eclipse everything that had been attempted before in the way of 
an international fair. The preparations for the greatest event of the 
nineteenth century were carried out upon a scale commensurate 
with this determination. Everything was to be better, greater and 
grander than the world had ever seen before, and as the grounds 
were laid out and the mammouth buildings began to assume form, 
it was seen that the management, instead of falling short in its 
promises and pretensions, had in every particular exceeded them. 
The plan and scope determined by the National Commission 
involved an expenditure upon the part of the local directory of 
about $10,000,000. It was very soon evident that $20,000,000 would 
be nearer the amount which Chicago would be called upon to lay 
out on this gigantic enterprise, and that this latter sum would quite 
likely represent only fifty per cent, of the whole amount to be spent 
before the gates of the Exposition would be thrown open . The 
government outlay upon the federal exhibit easily exceeds $3,000,- 
000, and additional appropriations it is thought will be necessary. 
The States of the Union (beginning with Illinois, which appropri- 
ated $800 000, and which was followed by Pennsylvania and New 
York with 300,000 each, and by a number of less wealthy common- 



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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 125 

wealths by sums ranging from $100,000 to $150,000) have added not 
'ess than $3,000,000 to the outlay. The appropriations of foreign 
.ations aggregate about $3,000,000. The international character 
and importance of the World's Fair will be understood clearly when 
it is learned that the fii St sums set aside for their exhibits by such 
nations as Japan, Mexico and Brazil amounted to $630,000, $750,- 
000 and $300,000 respectively. 

The visitor will be curious to know where and how this immense 
5um is to be expended and what results will be obtained by hu- 
manity in general from such an outlay. The details of the work per- 
formed as summarized and pointed out in this volume cannot more 
than give a faint idea of the achievements of the Exposition manage- 
ment. A personal inspection of the Exposition as a whole, covering a 
period of not less than one month, will alone be sufficient to give 
the visitor a perfect understanding of the magnitude and grandeur of 
cne undertaking and the success which has crowned the efforts of those 
who have had it in charge. Some facts must always be borne in mind. 
It would be well for the visitor to commit them to memory. These re. 
late to the area covered by the Exposition, the dimensions of the great 
buildings, the area of exhibit space, thecostof the several architectu- 
ral features, etc., etc. These facts are given here as plainly as it is 
possible to present them. It is necessary at times to repeat some of 
these figures in making comparisons for the information of the reader. 
The Exposition grounds cover an area of 633 acres, having a frontage 
of 2 miles on Lake Michigan. To the casual spectator flitting by on an 
Illinois Central train, even before the great structures were all up, it 
seemed as though the entire park was under roof. Inside the grounds, 
however, it is seen that there is ample room between these mighty 
structures for the display of landscape gardening, for broad avenues, 
terraces, etc. The largest building is about one mile in cicumf erence, 
and its central aisle has a clean span of 368 feet and is 206 feet high. 
The Machinery Hall of the Paris Exposition, if placed within 
this aisle, would have a space 6 feet wide on each side and 11 feet on 
each end, with 50 feet clear for ventilation above its roof. There 
were used in the construction of this building 6,000 tons of iron and 



126 HAND-BOOK OP 

Steel. These figures may mean much or little to the visitor, but for 
the purpose of comparison it may be stated that the Eiffel tower re- 
quired but 7,000 tons, and only 3,600 tons were used in the Brooklyn 
bridge, and 5,600 tons in the great railroad bridge at St, Louis. The 
heroic dimensions of all the buildings have only lately been realized as 
they have appeared in their finished state and perfect outlines. The 
Exhibition buildings, including annexes, required a consumption of 
18,000 tons of iron and steel. The buildings primarily projected, 
including landscape improvements, were contracted for at a saving 
of about $2,500,000 from the architects' estimates, but the growing 
necessities'of the enterprise required the erection of others not at first 
contemplated at a cost of about $1,900,000. The total floor space of 
the great Exposition buildings (not including the foreign, state or spe- 
cial buildings) is 6,320,000 square feet or 155 acres. For the protection 
of these buildings and their contents, and to supply fountains and all 
the daily requirements within the grounds, the management provided 
for a possible supply of 64,000,000 gallons of water daily, which is car- 
ried through twenty miles of mains from six inches to three feet in 
diameter. For supplying power for machinery, etc., the management 
provided for boilers having a water evaporating capacity equal to 
25,000 horse-power and engines for generating electricity, 18,000 
horse-power; for driving line shafting and isolated exhibits, 2,000 
horse-power; for compressed air, 3,000 horse-power; and for pumps 
2,000 horse-power. Electrical force is supplied as power to the amount 
of 3,000 horse-power. The system of sewage projected is extensive 
and complete. The arrangements are made for the treatment of 
6,000,000 gallons of sewage every twenty-four hours, the precipitated 
matter of which is burned and only clear water allowed to escape. 
The lighting of the grounds and buildings requires the use of 7,000 
arc lights and 120,000 incandescent lamps. 

In planning the grounds and buildings the highest architectural 
genius in America was employed. The Board of Architects, ten in 
number, first met in conference with Mr. Fred L. Olmsted, the lands- 
cape architect, and agreed upon a general plan, each accepting an as- 
signment of one grand building. Ttie economy of the new material 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 127 

used for exterior covering enabled the management to give 
the architects an open field for the exercise of their genius. When 
each had completed hi? individual plan further conferences were 
had, and all were made to harmonize without cost to the artistic 
beauty or individual worth of each. The result has been an 
ensemble of land and water, of nature and art, that in its completed 
state is more beautiful than anything yet created by the hand of 
man. There is no Eiffel tower or other meretritious attractions 
to allure the multitude, but there are no lack of entertaining fea- 
tures of a high order, and the grounds and buildings are an 
exhibition in themselves. This exhibition of the genius of American 
architects will be a revelation to the world, and for years to come 
its beautiful forms will inspire students audits details will be copied 
wherever public buildings are erected. 

The estimated cost of the completed structures, including 
landscape, statuary, fountains, terminal facilities, police and fire 
stations, and all that may be necessary for the comfort and 
convenience of visitors, is $15,117,500, exclusive of the cost of 
administration, which is estimated at $2,770,000, up to the opening 
of the Exposition May 1, 1893. 

As to architecture and proportions of buildings it cannot be con- 
strued as a criticism of the magnificent Paris Exposition to aflBrm 
that the Columbian Exposition will outrival that of Paris and all its 
predecessors. For instance, Machinery Hall in 1889 was the great 
distinctive feature from a structural and architectural point of view. 
Its roof spanned in the clear 368 feet, at that time the widest span ever 
used for a roof truss. In the grand building of Manufactures and Lib- 
eral Arts in 1893 the roof span of the great central transept is 375 
feet in the clear, and the length of the building with trusses of this 
span is about a quarter of a mile. Surrounding this central and 
distinguishing feature of the Liberal Arts building, on all four sides 
of it, are great galleries, 200 feet wide, making the total size of the 
building about 1,700 feet long and 788 feet wide. There is under 
roof in this one structure thirty-three or thirty-four acres. The 
great Machinery Hall of the Columbian Exposition referred to above 



128 HAND-BOOK OF 

is in clear aiea more capacious than that of 1889, and yet in Paris 
the exhibits of transportation appliances, such as locomotives, cars, 
etc., were largely displayed in Machinery Hall and its annex. For 
the transportation exhibits the Columbian directory have piovided 
a separate building more than 1,000 feet long and 250 feet wide, with 
a great annex having more than twice the area of the main building. 
Agricultural Hall is a structure of most imposing proportions and of 
exquisite architecture, and in it will be exhibited the choicest illus- 
tr-ations of America's great agricultural industries of farm and field, 
together with her food products of all kinds and descriptions. A 
separate building of suitable proportions is provided for the forestry 
exhibits. There is also a suitable building for the greatest display 
of electrical machinery and appliances that has ever been thrown 
open to the public; also a building of large proportions for mines 
and mining, to the end that the great mineral resomrces of the coun- 
try may be shown to the world. The fine arts will be housed in a 
palace surpassingly beautiful from an architectural point of view, 
and so designed and arranged in its intenior as to afford ample, 
and prominent display of all works of art from our own country 
and from foreign lands. Woman's work in all its various 
branches and ramifications will be exemplified in what is 
known as the Woman's building, designed by a Boston 
woman, whose work will bear the most favorable compari- 
son with that of architects of the sterner sex. One of the distin- 
guishing features of the cluster of buildings grouped around the 
great central court and basin is the Administration building, 
designed by one of New York's famous architects. Classic, impos- 
ing, and inspiring, it dignifies by its symmetry and proportions the 
great main group of the central court. As has been already inti- 
mated, the architecture of all the buildings is superior to that of 
any other group of exposition buildings yet constructed in any 
country. The honor of designing these great structures and of dis 
playing to the world our progress in architecture, as well as in- 
construction, was wisely distributed among the leading architects of 
the United States. Three were selected from New York City, one 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 129 

from Boston, one from Kansas City, and five fiom Chicago, making 
aboard often, by whom the general arrangement and character of 
the grounds and buildings were determined, in conference with the 
distinguished landscape architects, Messers. Olmste d (fe Co. , of Boston, 
aad Chief of Construction D. H. Burnham, on the Committee on 
Grounds and Buildings. The Paris Exposition cost about $9,500,- 
OCO. It should be borne in mind that the Trocatlero Palace, erected 
many years ago at a cost of many millions of dollars, was put to 
good use. Assuming, however, lor the sake of comparison, that 
ihe Paris exposition proper cost $9,500 000, and that were it re- 
produced in this country it would, with our higher prices for labor 
and materia], and for other reasons, cost 40 per cent, more, making 
•f 13,000,000, a relative idea of expense can be obtained when it is 
understood that the outlay for the Chicago Exposition, including 
administration and all other expenses, will probably be from $17, 
000,000 to $18,000,000. In addition to this there will be perhaps 
from $3,000,000 to $4,000,000 expended by the General Govern- 
ment and by the various States for their buildings and the exhibits 
that will be contained therein. To this should be again added the 
expenditures by private individuals who will purchase concessions 
for buildings to be used for various purposes. A reasonable estimate 
of the amount of money that will be spent fur all purposes of con- 
struction, administration, entertainment and amusement by those 
who are constructing and administering the affairs of the Exposition 
may be fairly stated to be $22,000 000 to $23,000,000. 

The material used in the construction of the Exposition buildings 
was iron, wood, glass and what is called "staff." Thirty thousand 
tons or two thousand carloads of the latter material were consumed. 
Staff was invented in France about 1876, and first used in the build- 
ings of the Paris exposition in 1878. It is composed chiefly of pow- 
dered gypsum, the other constituents being alumnia, glycerine and 
dextrine. These are mixed with water without heat, and cast in 
molds in any desired shape and allowed to harden. The natural 
color is a murky white, but other colors are produced by external 
washes rather than by additional ingredients. To prevent brittle- 



130 HAND-BOOK OP 

ness the material is cast around a coarse cloth, bagging, or oatum. 
The casts are shallow -like, and about half an inch thick. They may 
be in any form — in imitation of cut stone, rock, faced stone, mold- 
ings or the most delicate designs. For the lower portions of the 
walls the material is mixed with cement, which makes it hard. 
Staff is impervious to water, and is a permanent building material, 
although its cost is less than one-tenth of that of marble or granite. 
One hundred and twenty car loads of glass, enough to cover twenty- 
nine acres, were used in the roofs of the various Exposition struct- 
ures. More than forty-one car loads, or eleven acres, were required 
by the great Manufactures building alone. Facts concerning the 
material used, etc., are given in connection with the descriptions of 
the great buildings. These buildings are as follows: 

Administration Building. — Dimensions in feet, 263 by 262; 
area in acres 305, cost, $435,000. This structure comes first in 
alphabetical order, but that is its proper place. It has been justly 
pronounced the gem of all the architectural jewels of the AVorld's 
Columbian Exposition. As one gazes on the superb creation the 
knowledge that it is constructed of material which is intended 
to last but two years produces a feeling of sadness. Although itcovers 
a space but 250 feet square, yet it is one of the noblest achievements 
of modern architecture. It occupies the mo&t commanding position 
on the Exposition grounds. The building is in the form of four 
pavilions, 84 feet square, one at each of the four angles of the square 
of the plane, and connected by a great central dome, 120 feet in 
diameter, and 250 feet high. In the centre of each facade is a re- 
cess, 32 feet wide, within which is a grand entrance to the building. 
It is a beautiful and dignified specimen of architecture, befitting its 
position among the many fine structures over which it presides. Its 
general design is in the style of the French renaissance, carried out 
in the academic manner of the Ecole des Beaux Arts. The first 
great story is in the Doric order, and of heroic proportions, sur- 
mounted by a lofty balustrade. At the angles of each pavilion the 
piers are crowned with sculpture. Ex em ally, the design maybe 
divided, in its height, with three principal stag( s. The first stage 



THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 131 

corresponds in height with the buildings grouped about it, which 
are about 65 f eeL high. The second stage of the same height is a 
continuation of the central rotunda, 175 feet square, surrounded on 
all sides by an open colonnade, 20 feet wide and 40 feet high, with 
columns four feet in diameter. This colonnade is reached by ele- 
vators. The third stage consists of the base of the great dome, 30 
feet in height, and the dome itself, rising in graceful lines, richly 
ornamented with moulded ribs and sculptured panels. This dome 
is coated with aluminum bronze, the cost of which was $54,000, and 
asserts itself grandly at the end of the long vista which opens up in 
every direction. The four great entrances, one on each side of the 
building, are 50 feet wide and 50 feet high, deeply recessed. On 
each side of these entrances are placed groups of sculptures, of em- 
blematic character. The interior features rival in beauty the exter- 
ior. Between every one of the grand entrances is a hall, 30 feet 
square, provided with broad circular stairways and swift running 
elevators. The interior of the dome is octagonal in form, the first 
story being composed of eight enormous arched openings. Above 
the arches is a frieze, 27 feet in width, the panels filled with tablets, 
borne by figures carved in relief. The interior of the dome rises 
200 feet from the floor, and an opening 50 feet square admits a flow 
of light. The under side of the dome is enriched with panels filled 
with sculpture and immense paintings, representing the arts and 
sciences. In size this rotunda rivals if not surpasses the mo&t cele- 
brated domes of like character in the world. In the four corner 
pavilions, which are four stories high, are the oifices of the adminis- 
tration, the fire and police departments, board and committee rooms, 
postoffice, bank, restaurant, etc. A heroic statue of Columbus, by 
Louis St. Gaudens, stands before the main entrance of the Admin- 
istration building. 

Agricultdral Building. — Dimensions in feet, 500x800; area 
in acres, 9.2; cost with annex (300x500), $618,000. This is one of the 
most magnificent and striking structures of the Exposition. Itstands 
very near the shore of Lake Michigan. Its longest dimensions are 
ea&t and west. For a single story building the design is bold and 



132 HAND-BOOK OF 

heroic. The general cornice line is 65 feet above grade. On either 
side of the main entrance are mammoth Corinthian pillars, 50 
feet high and 5 feet in diameter. On each corner and from the 
center of the building pavilions are reared, the center one 
being 144 feet square. The corner pavilions are connected by- 
curtains, forming a continuous arcade around the top of the build- 
ing. The main entrance leads through an opening 64 feet wide into a 
vestibule, from which entrance is had to the rotunda, 100 feet in 
diameter. This is surmounted by a mammoth glass dome 130 feet 
high. All through the main vestibule statuary has been designed 
illustrative of the agricultural industry. Similar designs are 
grouped about all of the grand entrances in the most elaborate 
manner. The corner pavilions are surmounted by domes 96 feet 
high, and above these tower groups of statuary. The design of 
these domes is that of three female figures, of herculean proportions, 
supporting a mammoth globe. To the southward of the Agricult- 
ural building is a spacious structure devoted chiefly to a Live Stock 
and Agriculture Assembly Hall. This building is conveniently 
near one of the stations of the elevated railway. On the first floor, 
near the main entrance of the building, is located a bureau of 
information. This floor also contains suitable committee and other 
rooms for the different live stock associations. On this floor there 
are also large and handsomely equipped waiting-rooms. Broad stair- 
ways lead from the first floor into the Assembly-room, which has a 
seating capacity of about 1,500. Farmers, Farmers' Alliances and 
other rural organizations are provided for in this building. It was 
intended that the farmers shall have nothing of which to complain 
in regard to their reception and treatment by the World's Fair 
management. The entire structure has been so planned as to 
give the farmers and live-stock men generally all they could ask in 
the way of accommodations at the World's Fair. The building in 
form, resembles the letter T, one portion being 500 feet long, and the 
other 200 feet. The Assembly-room furnishes facilities for lectures, 
delivered by gentlemen eminent in their special fields of work, 
embracing every interest connected with live stock, agriculture 
and allied industries. 



fleadquarlers tor World's Fair Lltiioaraphs. 



LITHOGRAPHING IN ALL ITS BRANCHES. 




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LITHOGRAPHERS. 

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Successors TO WM. M. DALE. 



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CHEMISTS and rHflRMflGISTS. 



Wholesale and retail dealers in 

FINE CHEMICALS, PURE DRUGS, PERFUMERY, 
TOILET REQUISITES, ETC. 

Manufacturers of 

O'Hara's Asthma Remedy, 

Jeffers' Bronchial Cigarettes, 

Jeffers' French Catarrh Cure, 
Stevens' All-Right Corn Salve 

Christison's Diarrhoea Remedy. 

Dale's Chlorodyne Cough Mixture, 
"Edina" Cologne, Kirkwood's No. 1 Cologne, etc. 

Wholesale Agents for 

Coutts' Acetic Acid, Foreign Proprietary Medicines, Casta- 
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ALL NOTED MINERAL SPRING WATERS ON DRAUGHT. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 133 

There were consumed in the construction of the Agricultural 
building over 7,000,000 feet of lumber. 

Art BuiLDmo. — Dimensions in feet 320 by 500; annexes (2 ) di- 
mensions, 120 by 200; area of all in acres, 4.8; cost, $670,000. No 
design among the many artistic plans for all the magnificent Expo- 
sition buildings has been more cordially praised than the one accepted 
for the Alt Palace in Jackson Park. The building is oblong, 500 by 
320 feet, intersected north, south, east and west by a great nave and 
transept 100 feet wide and 70 feet high, at the intersection of which 
is a great dome, 60 feet in diameter. The building is 125 feet to the 
top of the dome, which is surmounted by a colossal winged fi.ure of 
Victory. The transept, lighted entirely from above, has a clear 
space of 60 feet. On either side are galleries 20 feet wide, 24 feet 
above the floor. Sculpture is displayed upon the main floors of the 
naves and transept, and on the walls of the ground floors of both the 
galleries is ample space for the display of painting and panels in bas 
relief. The corners made by the crossing of the Lave and transept 
are used for small picture galleries. Outside galleries 40 feet wide 
form a continuous promenade around the entire building. Between 
the promenade and the nave are small rooms devoted to private col- 
lections of paintings and various art displays. On either side are 
one-storied annexes, 120 by 200 feet to be extended, as additional 
space may be needed. Grandflights of steps lead up to the richly sculp- 
tured great portals, and the walls of the loggia of the colonnades are 
gorgeously adorned with mural paintings illustrating the history 
and progress of art. The exterior frieze and the pediments of the 
principal entrances are embellished by reproductioLsin statuary of 
the gems of ancient art. The construction of the entire building 
is necessarily fire-proof and the general tone is light gray stone. No 
wood is used, the materials being brick, staff, iron and glass. The 
very panes in the windows are set in iron frames. This structure of 
wondrous beauty and attraction is located at the south side of the 
most highly improved portion of the park, with the south front di- 
rectly on the north lagoon. It is separated from the lagoon by beau- 
tiful terraces ornamented with balustrades, with an immense flight 



134 HAND-BOOK OF 

of Steps. From the main portal there is a landing for boats. The 
north front faces the wide open lawn and the group of state baild- 
ings. The immediate neighborhood of the building is ornamented 
with groups of statues, replicas and ornaments of classic art, such 
as choragic monuments, the " Cave of the Winds," and other beau- 
tiful examples of Grecian art. The ornamentation also includes 
statues of heroic and life-size proportions. 

Battle Ship for Naval Exhibit — Dimensions in feet, 69.25 
by 348; area in acres, 33; cost, $100,000. Unique among the other 
exhibits is that made by the United States Naval Department. It is 
in a structure which, to all outward appearance, is a faithful full- 
sized model of one of the new coast-line battleships. This imita- 
tion battleship of 1893 is erected on piling on Ihe Lake front in the 
northeast portion of Jackson Park. It is surrounded by water 
and has the appearance of being moored to a wharf. The struct- 
ure has all the fittings that belong to the actual ship, such as guns, 
turrets, torpedo tubes, torpedo nets and booms, with boats, anchors, 
chain cables, davits, awnings, deck fittings, etc., etc., together with 
all appliances for working the same. Officers, seamen, mechanics 
and mariners are detailed by the Navy Department during the Ex- 
position, and the discipline and mode of life on our naval vessels 
are completely shown. The detail of men is not, however, as great 
as the complement of the actual ship. Tiae crew gives certain drills, 
especially boat, torpedo, and gun drills, as in a vessel of war. The 
dimensions of the structure are those of the actual battleship, to 
wit: length, 348 feet; width amidships, 69 feet 3 inches; and from 
the water line to the top of the main deck, 12 feet. Centrally placed 
on this deckis a superstructure 8 feet high with a hammock berthing 
on the same 7 feet high, and above these are the bridge, chart house, 
and the boats. At the forward end of the superstructure there is 
a cone-shaped tower, called the "military mast," near the top of 
which are placed two circular "tops" as receptacles for sharpshoot- 
ers. Rapid-firing guns are mounted in each of these tops. The 
height from the water line to the summit of this military mast is 76 
feet, and above is placed a flagstaff for signaling. The battery mounted 



THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 135 

comprises four 13-iQch breech-loading rifle cannon; eight 8-inch 
breech-loading rifle cannon; four 6-inch breech-loading rifllecannon; 
twenty 6-pounder rapid-firing guns; six 1 pound rapid-firing guns; 
two Gatling guns, and six torpedo tubes or torpedo guns. All of 
these are placed and mounted respectively as in the genuine battle- 
ship. On the starboard side of the ship is shown the torpedo 
protection net, stretching the entire length of the vessel. Steam 
launches and cutters ride at the booms, and all the outward appear- 
ance of a real ship of war is imitated. 

Dairy Building. — Dimensions in feet, 100x200; area in acres, 
5; cost, 130,000. The Dairy Building, by reason of the exception- 
ally novel and interesting exhibits it contains, is quite sure to be 
regarded with great favor by World's Fair visitors in general, while 
by agriculturists it will be considered one of the most useful and 
attractive features of the whole Exposition. It was designed to 
contain not only a complete exhibit of dairy products but also a 
Dairy School, in connection with which will be conducted a series 
of tests for determining the relative merits of different breeds of 
dairy cattle as milk and butter producers. The building stands 
near the lake shore in the southeastern part of Ihe park, and close 
by the general live stock exhibit. On the first floor, besides office 
headquarters, there is in front a large open space devoted to exhibitg 
of butter, and farther back an operating room 25x100 feet, in which 
the Model Dairy is conducted. On two sides of this room are amphi- 
theatre seats capable of accommodating 400 spectators. Under 
these seats are refrigerators and cold storage rooms for the care of 
the dairy products. The operating-room, which extends to the 
roof, has on three sides a gallery where the cheese exhibits are 
placed. The rest of the second story is devoted to a cafe, which 
opens on a balcony overlooking the lake. The Dairy School, it 
is believed, will be most instructive and valuable to agriculturists. 
Electricity Building. — Dimensions in feet, 345 by 690; area in 
acres, 5. 5; cost, $401,000. Here are collected the most novel 
and brilliant exhibits of the World's Fair. The south front is on the 
great Quadrangle, or Court; the noith front faces the lagoon; the east 



136 HAND-BOOK OF 

front is opposite the Manufactures building, and the west faces the 
Mines building. The general scheme of the plan is based upon a lon- 
gitudinal nave 115 feet wide and 114 feet high, crossed in the middle 
by a transept of the same width and height. The nave and the tran- 
sept have a pitched roof, with a range of skylights at the bottom of 
the pitch, and clerastory windows. The rest of the building is cov- 
ered with a flat roof, averaging 62 feet in height, and provided with 
skylights. The second story is composed of a series of galleries con- 
nected across the nave by two bridges, with access by four grand 
staircases. The area of the galleries in the second story is 118,546 
square feet, or 3.7 acres. The exterior walls of this building are 
composed of a continuous Corinthian order of pilasters, 3 feet 6 
inches wide and 42 feet high, supporting a full entablature, and rest- 
ing upon a stylobate 8 feet 6 inches. The total height of the walls 
from the grade outside is 68 feet 6 inches. At each of the four cor- 
ners of the building there is a pavilion, above which rises a light 
open spire or tower 169 feet high. Intermediate between these cor- 
ner pavilions and the central pavilions on the east and west sides, 
there is a subordinate pavilion bearing a low square dome upon an 
open lantern. The Electricity building has an open portico ex- 
tending along the whole of the south facade, the lower or Ionic order 
forming an open screen in front of it. The various subordinate 
pavilions are treated with windows and balconies. The details of 
the exterior orders are richly decorated, and the pediments, friezes, 
panels and spandrils have received a decoration of figures in relief, 
with architectural motifs, the general tendency of which is to illus- 
trate the purposes of the building. The appearance of the exterior 
is that of marble, but the wails of the hemicj'cle and of the various 
porticos and loggia are highly enriched with color, the pilasters in 
these places being decorated with Scagliola, and the capitals with 
metalic effects in bronze. A great statue of Benjamin Franklin 
stands in front of the entrance to this building. It is described 
elsewhere. There are 40,000 panes of glass in this structure, or 
more than in any of the other buildings. The following names 
appear over the different entrances: Franklin, Galvani, Ampere, 



THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 137 

Faraday, Sturgeon, Ohm, Morse, Siemens, Davy, Volta, Henry, 
O rsted. Coulomb, Ronald, Page, Weber, Gilbert, Davenport, 
Soemmering, Don Silva, Arago, Daniell, Jacobi, Wheatstone, 
Gauss, Vail, Bain, De la Rive, Joule, Saussure, Cooke, Varley, 
Steinheil, Guericke, La Place, Channing, Priestly, Maxwell, Coxe, 
Theles, Cavendish. It was concluded best not to honor thus any 
electricians who are now living. 

Fisheries Building. — Dimensions in feet, 165x365; area in 
acres, 1.4: annexes (2) dimensions 135 (diameter); cost, |224,000. 
The graceful beauty of the Fisheries building has gained for it from 
the severest of critics, architects, the title of "an architectural poem." 
It is situated on the eastern side of the large island north of the 
wooded island in the Lagoon, and its mnin facade faces to the south- 
east, being directly opposite the Government building, from which, 
it is separated by a broad arm of the Lagoon. While thus forming 
one extremity of the great group of buildings which front on Lake 
Michigan, it is directly north of the Admistration building, far to 
the south. This situation rrakes it a component of all the splendid 
pictures presented by the varying points of view from which the 
Exposition as a whole is seen. While the extreme dimensions of the 
building are very large, yet the structure is so laid out that the gen- 
eral effect is rathei* of delicacy than of the grandeur to be expected 
from the merestatement of dimensions. It is composed of three parts, 
a main building 365 feet long and 165 feet wide, and two polygonal 
buildings each 133 feet 6 inches in diameter, connected with the 
main structure by two curved arcades. The main building is pro- 
vided with two great entrances in the centres of the long sides. 
These entrances are by pavilions 103 feet long, projecting 41 feet 
beyond the line of the main building, and flanked at each corner 
with circular towers. The great pediment over the south or chief 
entrance is filled with sculpture, the subject being a scene of whale 
fishing. The angles are surmounted by statues representing fishers 
casting the spear, throwing the handlineand holding the finny prey. 
The quadrangular first story is surmounted by a great circular 
story capped with a conical roof. A graceful open turret crowns 



138 HAND-BOOK OF 

this roof and four smaller towers spring from and surround the 
base. The general design of the whole structure is Roman in 
masses with all the details worked out in a realistic manner after 
various fish and marine forms. Thus the double row of engaged 
columns which form the exterior face of the building have capitals 
which are formed of a thousand varied groupings of marine forms, 
while the delicate open work of the gallery railings display as many 
different fishes. The circular story is surrounded by a broad ex- 
terior gallery, and the four flanking towers of the entrances and 
the four smaller towers of the central roof terminate in open turrets, 
from all of which views of every part of the grounds can be obtain- 
ed. The materials of construction are wood, iron and steel, "staff" 
and glass. The roofs are covered with glazed Spanish tiles, and 
the general coloring of the building is at once soft and brilliant as 
befits the grace of the architectural lines. 

Forestry Building, — Dimensions in feet, 208x528; area in acres, 
25; cost, 100,000. The Forestry building is, perhaps, themostunique 
of all the Exposition structures. To a remarkable degree its architect- 
ure is of the rustic order. On all four sides of the building is a veran- 
da, supporting the roof of which is a colonnade consisting of a series 
of columns composed of three trunks each 25 feet in length, one of 
them from 16 to 20 inches in diameter and the others smaller. All of 
these trunks are left in their natural state 'with bark undisturbed. 
They are contributed by the different states and territories of the 
Union and by foreign countries, each furnishing specimens of its 
most characteristic trees. The sides of the building are constructed 
of slabs with the bark removed . The window frames are treated in 
the same rustic manner as is the rest of the building. The main en- 
trance is elaborately finished in different kinds of wood, the material 
and workmanship being contributed by the wood workers of the 
world. The other entrances are finished artistically to represent 
the woods of the different countries and regions. The roof is 
thatched with tanbark and other barks. The interior of the build- 
ing is finished in various woods in a way to show their beautiful 
graining and susceptibility to polish. The Forestry Building 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 139 

contains a most varied exhibition of fortst products in general — 
the most complete which could be gathered together. It contains 
logs and sections of trees, worked lumber in the form of shingles, 
flooring, casing, etc. There are shown here dye woods and barks, 
mosses, galls, abnormal woody products, lichens, vegetable sub- 
stances used for bedding and upholstery, gums, resins, vegetable, 
ivory, cocoanut shells, gourds, wood pulp, rattan, willowware and 
woodenware generally, such as pails, tubs, brooms, etc. There 
is also an exceedingly interesting monographic display by the diff- 
erent states, in which their characteristic woods are most effectively 
and beautifully shown. 

In itself and in the exhibits it contains it illustrates the foresty 
wealth of the world, and particularly of the United States. No 
forestry display was ever made before which approaches this in 
extent or completeness. 

Foreign Buildings. — Among them those devoted to the dis- 
plays of Japan, Mexico, England, Germany, France and Turkey 
will perhaps attract the most attention. These and other foreign 
buildings are referred to in connection with the exhibits of foreign 
nations. 

Ground Adornment, Etc. — A |50,000 fountain plays at the 
foot of the main basin near the Administration building. This is 
only one of the costly ornaments to be seen. Aside from the cost of 
the great buildings the following are among the sums which have 
been spent in preparation of the Exposition grounds: Grading and 
filling, $450,000; landscape gardening, $323,500; viaduct and 
bridges, $125,000, piers, $70,000; waterway improvements, $225,- 
000; railways, $500,000; steam plant, $800,000; elictiic lighting, 
$1,500,000; statuary, $1,000,000; vases, lamps, etc., $50,000; lake 
front adornment, $200,000; water supply and sewerage, $600,000; 
other expenses $1,000,000; total $5,943,500. The total expense of 
organization, administration and operation of the Exposition is 
estimated at nearly $5,000,000. This takes nj account of the sums 
spent by the government, the states or foreign nations. 



140 HAND-BOOK OF 

Horticultural Building. — Dimen&ioiis in feet, 250x 998; area 
in acres, 5.7; green houses (8), dimensions in feet, 24 x 100; area in 
acres, 5. Cost of all, $325,000. This building is situated immedi- 
ately south of the entrance to Jackson Park from the Midway 
Plaisance, and faces east on the lagoon. In front is a flower terrace 
for outside exhibits, including tanks for nympheas and the victoria- 
regia. The front of the terrace, with its low parapet between large 
vases, borders the water, and at its centre forms a boat landing. The 
plan is a central pavilion with two end pavilions, each connected to 
the center pavilion by front and rear curtains, forming two interior 
courts, each 88 by 270 feet. These courts are beautifully decorated 
in color and planted with ornamental shrubs and flowers. The cen- 
ter pavilion is roofed by a crystal dome 187 feet in diameter and 113 
feet high, under which are exhibited the tallest palms, bamboos and 
tree ferns that could be procured. There is a gallery in each of the 
pavilions. The galleries of the end pavilions are designed for cafes, 
the situation and the surroundings being particularly well adapted to 
recreation and refreshment. These cafes are surrounded by an ar- 
cade on three sides, from which charming views of the grounds may 
be obtained. In this building are varieties of flowers, plants, vines, 
seeds, horticultural implements, etc. Those exhibits requiring sun- 
shine and light are shown in the rear curtains, where the roof is en- 
tirely of glass and not too far removed from the plants. The front 
curtains and under the galleries are designed for exhibits that re 
quire only the ordinary amount of light. Provision is made to heat 
such parts as require it. The exterior of the building is in staff or 
stucco, tinted a soft warm buff, color being reserved for the interior 
and the courts. One of the beautiful effects produced in this build- 
ing comes from the miniature mountain, seventy feet high in the 
centre, upon w^hich giant tree ferns, palms and other vegetation 
grow. A mountain stream dashes down from one declivity to an- 
other and plays hide and seek amidst the foliage. Beneath this 
mountain is a cave eighty feet in diameter and sixty feet high, brill- 
iantly lighted by electricity, where, during the whole six months of 




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THE WORLDS COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 141 

the Exposition, the expeiiment will be tried whether plants will 
grow under electric light as well as under sunlight. 

On the roof of the building, around the central dome, an elabor- 
ate display of roof-gardening is made. It is expected that this will 
not only be pleasurable to visitors, but will afford valuable sug- 
gestions that will be utilized by persons who live in large cities and 
are deprived of door-yards and lawns. 

Machinery Hall. — Dimensions in feet, 492 x 846 ; area in 
acres, 9.6 ; annex, dimensions in feet, 490 x 550; area in acres, 6.3; 
power house, dimensions in feet, 100 by 461; pumping works, 
dimensions in feet, 77 by 84; machine shop, dimensions in feet, 146x 
250; area of three last named in acres, 2.4. Total cost, $1,285,000. 
The main Machinery building is spanned by three arched-trusses, 
and the interior presents the appearance of three railroad train houses 
side by side, surrounded on all sides by a 50-foot gallery. The 
trusses are all built separately, in order that they may be taken down 
and sold for use as railroad train houses. In each of ihese three long 
naves there is an elevated traveling crane running from end to end 
of the building. This was useful in moving machinery during 
construction, and whenthe Exposition opened platforms were placed 
on them, and visitors can view from these the entire exhibition. 
Shafting for power is carried on the same posts which support this 
traveling bridge. Steam power is used throughout the main build- 
ing, and this steam is supplied from a main power house adjoining 
the south side of the building. The exterior towards the stock ex- 
hibit and the railroad is of the plainest description; on the two sides 
adjoining the grand court the exterior, however, is rich and palatial. 
All the buildings on this grgnd piazza were designed with a view of 
making an effective background for displays of every kind, and in 
order to conform to the general richness of the court and add to 
the festal appearance, the two facades on the court are enriched with 
colonnades and other architectural features. The design follows 
classical models throughout, the detail being borrowed from the 
renaissance of Seville and other Spanish towns as being appropri- 
ate to a Columbian celebration. As in all other buildings on the 



142 HAND-BOOK OF 

court, an arcade on the first story permits passage around the build- 
ing under cover; and as in all the other buildings, the fronts are 
formed of "staff," colored to an ivory tone. The ceilings of the 
porticoes are emphasized with strong color. 

A colonnade with a cafe at either end forms the connecting links 
between Machinery and Agricultural halls, and in the centre of this 
colonnade is an arch-way leading to the cattle exhibits. From this 
portico there is a view nearly a mile in length down the lagoon, and 
an obelisk and fountain, placed in the lagoon between the two build- 
ings, agriculture and machinery, forms a fitting southern point to 
this vista. 

The machinery annex is placed in the rear of the Administration 
building and in the loop formed by the railroad tracks. It is en- 
tered by tunnels or subways, as well as by bridges, from Machinery 
Hall, and the buildings for Administration, Mines and Transporta- 
tion. It is a very large but very simple building. While in the main 
Machinery building a railroad train house is the type, in the annex 
a mill or foundry was considered the model for construction. It is 
all built of wood in the most simple and economical manner. It is 
annular in form, the diimeter of the outer radius being 800 feet, and 
of the inner radius 600 feet. The building has a nave 100 feet wide 
with a 50-foot wide lean-to in one story on the inside and a 
fifty-foot wide lean-to on the outside. Within the inner 
circle is a park in which visitors, fatigued by the hum of ma- 
chinery, may rest. The annular form chiefly commends itself 
because a circuit electric elevated railway runs continuously around 
the entire main nave, and passengers in it can thus see the entire ex- 
hibit without leaving the cars; and the machinery is easily moved 
by this means. The power is transmitted by shafting crossing the 
building at each bay; with a motor at each shaft. The electrical 
power is used in the Annex, and steam in the main Machinery 
building. 

Attached to this great Annex is the power house, convenient to 
the tracks for coal supply, etc., containing an immense display of 
boilers, while in the adjoining portion of the Annex Building is 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 143 

established the enormous plant of engines and dynamos. This is 
the largest and most interesting display of electrical power ever 
made. 

jVIanufactures and Liberal Arts Building: — Dimensions in 
feet, 787 by 1G87; area in acres, 30.5; cost, |1, 500, 000. Thisis the Levi- 
athan of the Exposition. It is as notable for the symmetry of its pro- 
portions, however,as for its immense size. It is the largest Exposition 
building ever constructed. The floor alone consumed over 3,000,000 
feet of lumber and five carloads of nails. To say that this giant 
structure contains thirty and one-half acres of floor space gives but 
a faint idea of its immense size. A clearer impression may be gained 
by the statement that 1,000 cottages, 25x50 feet, could find room 
within its walls, and that 5,000 people could live without crowding 
in these cottages. Within the building a gallery fifty feet wide extends 
around all four sides, and projecting f r( m this are eighty-six smaller 
galleries, twelve feet wide, from which visitors may survey the vast 
array of exhibits and busy scenes below. The galleries are approached 
upon the main floor by thirty great s aircases, the flights of which 
are twelve feet wide each. "Columbia Avenue," fifty feet wide, ex- 
tends through the mammoth building loogitudinally, and an avenue 
of like width crosses it at right angles at the center. The main roof 
is of iron and glass and arches an area 385 by 1,400 feet, and has its 
ridge 150 feet from the ground. The building, including its galleries, 
has about forty acres of floor space. 

The Manufactures and Liberal Arts Building is in the Corinthian 
style of architecture, and in point of being severely classic excels 
nearly all of the other edifices. The long array of columns and 
arches which its facades present is relieved from monotony by very 
elaborate ornamentation. In this ornamentation female figures, 
symbolical of the various arts and sciences, play a conspicuous and 
very attractive part. 

The exterior of the building is covered with "staff," which is 
treated to represent marble. The huge fluted columns and the im- 
mense arches are apparently of this beautiful material. 

There are four great entrances, one in the center of each facade. 



144 



HAND-BOOK OP 



These are designed in the maQner of triumphant arches, the central 
archway of each being forty feet wide and eighty feet high. Surmount- 
ing these portals is the great attic story, ornamented with sculpturt:;d 
eagles eighteen feet high, and on each sid§ above the side archts 
are great panels with inscriptions, and the spandrils aie filltd with 
sculptured figures in bas-relief. At each corner of the main building 
are pavilions forming great arched entrances, which are designed 
in harmony with the great portals. 

The building occupies a most conspicuous place in the grounds. 
It faces the lake, with only lawns and promenades between. North 
of it is the United States Government building; south, the harbor 
and in-jutting lagoon, and west the Electrical building and the la- 
goon separating it from the great island, which in part is wooded 
and in part resplendent with acres of bright flowers of varied hues. 

In the construction of this building the contractors put in some 
of the heaviest timber ever used in this or any other country. There 
are twenty-seven main trusses, with a span of 380 feet and a height 
of 211 feet. They are fourteen feet wide at the floor and ten at the 
apex. These trusses with the eight smaller gable trusses weigh 10,800,- 
000 pounds. The main trusses weigh about 350,000 pounds each, and 
they were raised in position from the floor. To handle these great 
iron structures a "traveler" was constructtd on the floor of the buil- 
ding, 50 feet by 260 feet 120 feet high. On top of this "traveler" 
was raised a central tower 135 feet high, so that the total height of 
this great lifting arrangement was 255 feet. It weighed 20,000 pounds, 
and over half a million feet of lumber were used in its construction. 
The floor of the building would not, of course, bear this great weight, 
and the "traveler" moved on a track specially prepared for it. As 
much as was necessary of the floor was torn up and three rows of 
piles were driven to support the "traveler." When the work of rais- 
ing the trusses was finished, this piling was sawed off and the floor 
relaid. Another big " traveler " was rigged on the floor of the 
Machinery Hall to erect the iron work in that structure — a task 
scarcely less difficult. 

It cost the Exposition management $198,000 for the carpentry 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 145 

work necessary to make some changes in the Manufactures and Lib- 
eral Arts building from the first designs. As originally designed the 
building had at either end an open court of four acres each. It was 
found advisable, in order to furnish more room, to roof over these 
courts. Agnew & Co., the contractors fortheccirpentry work, took ihe 
entire building at $450,000. To make the changes proposed they 
were granted in the way of extras |99,200 for flooring the courts 
and §98,800 for roofing them. 

About ten million pounds of iron were used in the construction 
of this gigantic building. The Edgmore Bridge Company, of Wil- 
mington, Del., was awarded the contract at a price which brought 
the aggregate amount up to $460,000. There were over 15,000,0(0 
feet of lumber used in its construction. The decoration ( f the grand 
entrance alone cost $12,000. Fifty tons of paint and 30,000 panesof 
glass were consumed in this structure. 

Mines AND Miking Building. — Dimensions in feet, 350x700; 
area in acres, 5.6; cost, $265,^00. Located at the southern extremity 
of the western lagoon or lake, and between the Electricity and 
Transportation building. Its architecture has its inspiration in 
early Italian renaissance, with which sufiicitnt libeity is taken to 
invest the building with the animation that should chaiacterize a 
great general exposition. There is a decided French spirit pervad- 
ing the exterior design, but it is kept well subordinated. In plan 
it is simple and straightforward, embracing on the ground floor 
spacious vestibules, restaurants, toiltt-rooms, etc. On each of the 
four sides of the building are placed the entrances, those of the north 
and south fronts being the most spacious and prominent. To the 
right and left of e ich entrance, inside, start broad flights of easy 
stairs leading to the galleries. The galleries are 60 feet wide and 
25 feet high from the ground floor, and are lighted on the sides by 
large windows, and from above by a high cle^ei^torv extending 
around the building. The allegorical figure over the main door- 
way is eminently fitting as a classical repiesentation of the great 
industry to which the edifice is dedicated. Mining is rep- 
resented as a colossal, half-reclining female figure, in Greek dra- 



146 HAND-BOOK OF 

pery, holding aloft, in one hand, a lamp to guide the miner and in 
the other a pick. The figure was designed by Richard W. Bock. 
More than one and one-half million pounds of steel and iron 
entered into the CO Qstruction of this building. 

State Buildings. — Illinois naturally takes the lead, followed 
closely by Pennsylvania and New York. Nearly every state and 
territory in the Union is represented by a building, or in one of the 
buildings erected for the accommodation of exhibits from states by 
groups. The state buildings are described in connection with state 
exhibits. 

Transportation Building. — Dimensions in feet, 256x960; 
area in acres, 5.6; annex, dimensions in feet, 425x900; area in 
acres, 8.8; cost, $370,000. The leading architectural characteristics 
of this building disclose simplicity of design, harmooious structural 
effects and dignity of massive proportion relieved by richly ornate 
details. At the centre it is surmounted by a cupola 165 feet high 
that affords an extensive view of grounds, lake and surrounding 
country. This point of observation is reached by eight elevators 
(the only department building thus provided), which of themselves 
properly form a part of the transportation exhibits, and run for pub- 
lic use. With these the gallery (72 feet wide) also connects at an 
intermediate station by means of a bridge. The central court is 
abundantly lighted from th e clerestory above. The oflBces of the 
department are located in the gallery, or entre-sol, where the restau- 
rant is also located. The grand portal on the east front facing the 
lagoon consists of a series of receding arches entirely overlaid with 
gold leaf. The term " Golden Door" hardly conveys an adequate 
idea of the impressive splendor of this approach. The exteriorarch 
overhead is ornamented with striking allegorical figures and groups 
in bas-relief. On one side appears in panel an original studyin an- 
cient transportation, and on the opposite side the palatial accessories 
of modern railway travel. The corners above the arch are decorated 
with mural paintings of marine and railway themes. Four minoren- 
trances on this front and other elaborate portals at either end of the 
main building are adorned with fountains and some twenty life-size 



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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 147 

Statues of inventors whose history is identified with that of the 
science of transportation. 

U. S. Government Building. — Dimensions in feet, 345 x 415; 
area in acres, 33; cost, $400,000. Delightfully located near the lake 
shore, south of the main lagoon, and of the area reserved for the for- 
eign nations and the several States, and east of the Woman's Build- 
ing and of Midway Plaisance, is the Government Exhibit Building. 
The buildings of England, Germany and Mexico are near by to the 
northward. The Government Building was designed by Architect 
Windrim, now succeeded by W. J. Edbrooke. It is clajsic in style, 
and bears a strong resemblance to the National Museum and other 
Government buildings at Washington, It is constructed of iron and 
glass. Its leading architectural feature is an imposing central dome, 
120 feet in diameter and 150 feet high, the floor of which will be kept 
free from exhibits. The building fronts to the west and connects on 
the north by a bridge over the lagoon, with the building of the Fish- 
eries exhibit. The south half of the Government Building is devoted 
to the exhibits of the Postoffice Department, Treasury Department, 
War Department, and Department of Agriculture. The north half 
is devoted to the exhibits of the Fisheries Commission, Smithsonian 
Institute and Interior Department. The State Department exhibit 
extends from the rotunda to the east end, and that of the Depart- 
ment of Justice from the rotunda to the west end of the building. 
The allotment of space for the several department exhibits is: War 
Department, 23,000 square feet; Treasury, 10,500 square feet; Agri- 
culture, 23,250 square feet; Interior, 24,000 square feet; Postoffice, 
9,000 square feet; Fishery, 20 000 square feet, and Smithsonian In- 
stitute balance of space. The Government also has an Army Hos- 
pital and Weather Bureau Building on the grounds, both of which 
are interesting. The cost of these was included in the above, and 
was about $20,000. 

Woman's Building. — Dimensions in feet, 199x388; area in 
acres, 1.8; cost, $138,000, Among a great number of sketches sub- 
mitted in competition for this building by women from all over the land 
the president of the Board of Lady Managers quickly discovered in 



148 HAND-BOOK OF 

the sketch submitted by Miss Sophia G. Hay den that harmony of 
grouping and gracefulness of details which indicated the architect- 
ural scholar, and to her was awarded the first prize of a thousand 
dollars, and also the execution of the design. Directly in front of 
the building the lagoon takes the form of a bay, about 400 feet in 
width. From the center of this bay a grand landing and staircase 
leads to a terrace six feet above the water. Crossing this terrace 
other staircases give access to the ground four feet above on which, 
about 100 feet back, the building is situated. The first terrace is 
designed in artistic flower beds and low shrubs. The principal 
facade has an extreme length of 400 feet, the depth of the building 
beiog half this distance. Italian renaissance is the style selected. 
The first story is raised about ten feet from the ground line, and a 
wide staircase leads to the center pavilion. This pavilion, forming 
the main triple-arched entrance, with an open colonnade in the sec- 
ond story, is finished with a low pediment enriched with a highly 
elaborate bas-relief. The corner pavilions have each an open colon- 
nade added above the main cornice. Here are located the Hanging 
Gardens. A lobby 40 feet wide leads into the open rotunda, 70x65 
feet, reaching through the height of the building, and protected by 
a richly ornamented sky-light. This rotunda is surrounded by a 
two-story open arcade, as delicate and chaste in design as the exter- 
ior, the whole having a thoroughly Italian court-yard effect, admit- 
ting abundance of light to all rooms facing this interior space. On 
the first floor are located, on the left hand, a model hospital; on the 
right, a model kindergarten; each occupying 80x60 feet. The whole 
floor of the south pavilion is devoted to the retrospective exhibit; 
the one on the north to reform work and charity organization. Each 
of these floors is 80x200 feet. The curtain opposite the main front 
contains the library, bureau of information, records, etc. In the 
second story are located ladies' parlors, committee rooms and dress- 
ing rooms, all leading to the open balcony in front. The whole 
second floor of the north pavilion incloses the great assembly-room 
and club-room. The first of these is provided with an elevated 
stage for the accommodation of speakers. The south pavilion con- 



THE world's COLUiVLBIAN EXPOSITION, 149 

tains the model kitchen, refreshment rooms, reception roomi and 
other home-like arrangements. 

The building is encased with "staff," the same material used on 
the rest of the buildings, and as it stands with its mellow, decorated 
walls bathed in the bright sunshine, the women of the country are 
justly proud of the result. 

Miss Alice M. Rideout, of San Francisco, was awarded the prize 
for the sculpture work of this building. There were more than a 
dozen competitors, but Miss Rideout is credited with beiDg far in 
advance of the remainder of those who submitted models. There 
are three divisions of the work; one a group of figures in high relief 
which fills the pediment over the main entrance to the Woman's 
building. This pediment is forty-five feet long at the base line and 
seven feet high at the center. In addition to the pediment there are 
two groups of statuary standing free above the attic cornice resting 
upon bases which are five fett long, three feet deep, three feet high 
and sixty feet from the ground. These groups, one on either side of 
the pediment, consist of central winged figures ten feet high and sup- 
ported by smaller sitting figures. They are typical of woman and 
woman's work in history. The group illustrative of "Woman's Vir- 
tues" is represented by a slender figure with innocence depicted in 
the outlines of her features, the virgin veil at the head being sur- 
rounded by a wreath of roses. The spiritual nature is expressed by 
the figure looking upward, and a pelican, the symbol of love and 
sacrifice, is at her feet. "Sacrifice" is represented by a nun in the 
act of laying her jewels upon the altar. "Charity," "Maternity" 
and "Love" are depicted in a sub-group. 

' 'Woman as the Spirit of Civilization" is an angelic being looking 
downward. She comes from above to bring better things to human- 
ity. Her pose is both heroic and commanding. In her hand she 
bears the torch of "Wisdom." There are two figures at her feet 
representing woman as she existed through the darker ages and the 
modern woman. 

"Woman's Place in History" was designed for a pediment. The 
central figure of this group lepresents a woman as foremost in the 



150 HAND-BOOK OP 

scientific and religious work. In her right hand she offers a myrtle 
wreath as the reward for virtuous endeavor; and in her left she holds 
the scale demanding equal rights. In this group woman is seen as 
the "Good Samaritan," the "Teacher, "and the "Mistress of Music." 
The conception of the three groups has been designed to illustrate 
all that woman has, is aod will be to hnmaoity. 

An invitation extended by the Board of Lady Managers for con- 
tributions in tlie foroa of materials for tlie Woman's building was 
responded to very generously by wom( n in all parts of this and for- 
eign countries. In fact the offers were more numerous than could 
be accepted. These took various forms. Fine woods, stone, mar- 
bles, materials for columns, panels, statuary, etc. The ladies of 
several states asked the privilege of finishing entire rooms in native 
woods, etc. Marble columns came all the way from North Dakota 
and Washington. The result is that the Woman's buildingin nearly 
every detail represents some work performed by the women of the 
country, or gives evidence of the energy and intelligence with 
which they have handled their special department. 

The last nail for the Woman's building, which was. driven by 
Mrs. Potter Palmer, was presented by the women of Montana. It 
was so made as to form the back or cross bar of a brooch, which is 
a shield bearing the coat of arms of Montana reproduced in native 
gold without a trace of alloy in its composition. The shield is of 
gold, and the symbolical figures are made of the same metal but of 
different colors. The waterfall in the foreground is of light colored 
gold sunk into the shield, and the plow and pick standing at the 
foot of the falls are of a darker shade, as is also the background or 
relief. Toe wre?ith surrounding the escutcheon is of native gold, 
and the figures of the two men supporting the whole on either side 
are also of t e same rich, yellow gold. Underneath is the scroll, bear- 
ing the motto of the state, " Oro y Plata." In the two upper por- 
tions of the wreath two Montana sapphires are inserted. Instead of 
merely engraving the figures, each was wrought separately and then 
fastened together, making the task of shaping the brooch not only 
a delicate, but exceedingly difficult one, and one that required much 



THE WOBLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 151 

skill and patience. To Mrs. J. E. Rickards, of Butte, belongs the 
credit of the happy idea of making the last nail one of such interest^ 
la design the nail, which was made by a Butte jeweler, is the coun- 
terpart of an ordinary twelve-penny nail and is composed of three 
strips with silver in the centre and the gold and copper on either 
side. The nail aad brooch are distinct articles and after the former 
was driven it was drawn from the wood, fastened to the brooch and 
the whole presented to Mrs. Palmer. The women of Nebraska fur- 
nished the hammer with which this "last nail" was driven. 

Other Buildings. — Notwithstanding the generous provision 
made for space by tbe management, the great size of the buildings 
fs originally planned, and the number of ihem, exceedingthat of aiy 
previous exposition, it was found in the spiing of 1892 that otheis 
must b 3 erected to meet the demands of exhibitors and the public. 
S )LQe changes were also made in the original designs, more especially 
with relation to Ihe Casino. No casino is to be seen as originally 
designed, at the end of the pier l,OtO feet from shore, and there is 
no curved mole beariug columns emblematical of ihe thirteen States. 
In place of the latter there is a peristyle, 60 feet wide and 5(0 feet 
long, extending north and south and spanning the lagoon entrance 
by a grand arch. Ranged along this peristyle are emblematic col- 
umcs representing all of the states and territories. At the north end 
of the peristyle is The Music Hall which for a time it was thought 
would have to be put on the wooded island. It measures MO by 200 
feet, and has an auditorium large enough to seat 2,000 people with 
an orchestra of 75 pieces and a chorus of 300 persons. It also has 
a rehearsal hall 50 by 80 feet, capable of seating 600 people. This 
Mas^'c H ill is designed to be used by musical talent and connoisseurs 
of the art rather than by the mass of people who will visit Jackson 
Park. It is intended that here shall gather the fine singers and 
instrumentalists who may wish to be heard and criticised 
by the best representatives of their art or profession. 
The grand choruses and band concerts — the proper musical enter- 
tainments — will be held in an aniphitheatre accommodating 15,000 
people or more. This is located in the extreme Southern part of the 



152 HAND-BOOK OF 

park and after the close of the projected musical programme will 
be transformed into a live-stock show ring. At the South end of the 
peristyle there is a resturant and cafe, of the same size and style as 
Music Hall. This is constructed to supply the main features of the 
abandoned Casino. The cost was $206,000. The pier, extending 
1,000 feet into the lake, is one of the greatest features. At its 
extremity, in place of the Casino, is erected a Tower 250 feet high. 
This is of iron, covered with staff, and resembles a lighthouse in 
appearance. From its summit electrical displays of exceeding 
brilliancy are made, and by means of electric '"search-lights," the 
grounds, or any particular portion of them, can be flooded with light 
on fete nights. Department Building. — The building, which is two 
stories high, cost $58,000. Its dimensions in feet are 165 by 310. In 
the center is an open court and about this court are located four 
important departments of the Exposition management. The north- 
east section is devoted to general offices for the Chief of Construc- 
tion and his assistants. The southeast quarter furEishes room for a 
hospital. In this hospital are three wards, 39x19 feet each. Two 
wards are for male patients and one for female patients. The hos- 
pital is complete in all appointments. The South end of the build- 
ing, running West from the hospital, is devoted to the fire depart- 
ment. Here are located steam and chemical engines, police patrol- 
wagons, ambulances, fire and police alarm offices, stalls for horses, 
etc. Running East and West through the center of the building is a 
driveway eighteen feet wide. On the West side of the structure, 
between the driveway and the fire department, is stable room for 
twenty horses and a number of carriage and other vehicles. Across 
the driveway, just North, are police headquarters. Here Col. 
Wright will assemble his Columbian Guards. Cells for lawbreakers 
are also provided. The northwest section of the building is devoted 
to a large restaurant. The upper story is largely used for dormi- 
tories. Convent of La Bahida. — It may be remembered that early in 
1492 Columbus, while traveling on foot and in a destitute condition 
applied for food at the Franciscan convent of La Rabida in Spain, 
and was kindly and hospitably received. The prior of the institu- 



THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 153 

tion, Father De Marchena, was a man not only of education and 
culture, but of large influence with Queen Isabella. Columbus 
explained his plans for the discovery of the new continent to the 
prior, who became interested, and secured for him a reception 
at the court of Ferdinand and Isabella, who were then in camp 
with the besieging army in front of Grenada. There is little 
doubt but that for the timely assistance of the good Abbot Colum- 
bus would have completely failed in his efforts to secure assistance 
to discover the new world, as he had previously failed in his 
endeavors to obtain aid from the governments of Spain and Portu- 
gal. A fac simile of the convent, costing $50,000 is among the 
structures on the grounds. It is alluded to elsewhere. Shoe and 
Leather Building and Mineral Display Building. — These are located 
in the grand central court of the Manufactures and Liberal Arts 
building. Their dimensions in feet are 325x425 each, and their 
cost $100,000. It was the original intention to leave two great 
open courts in the center of the Manufactures building, each about 
400 by 500 feet. After the shoe and leather industries of the country 
made such a determined fight for the building and agreed to raise 
all the money necessary to put it up, it was decided that the two 
buildings named could be erected in the court which it was orig- 
inally intended to decorate with flowers and fountains. The build- 
ings are one-story high and are separated from the walls of the main 
building by streets about fifty feet wide. Bridges. — The bridges 
over the lagoon and canals are all worthy of attention, and have 
been constructed at a great expenditure of time, labor and money. 
The cost of the viaducts and bridges was $125,000. Lavatories, 
Closets, Etc.— The lavatories, closets, etc., at the World's Fair 
required the expenditure of between $450,000 and $500,000. There 
are 3,000 closets, 2,000 urinals and 1,500 lavatories. The contract 
for the construction and care of all these was said to be the largest con- 
tract of the plumbing description ever let. At the Centennial and the 
Paris Expositions the plumbing and sanitary precautions were very 
unsatisfactory. It was the determination that they should be as per- 
fect as possible at the Chicago Exposition. Streets in Reproduction, 



154 HAND-BOOK OF 

Etc. — Many streets, villages, etc.. in imitation of streets and villages 
in foreign towns and countries, are reproduced. These will represent 
portions of North, South and Central America, streets in Cairo, 
Egypt, etc., all of which are referred to elsewhere. Towers. — The 
decoration of the towers involves a great deal of attention 
and a great outlay. The towers, it is seen, are not 
bare skeleton shafts of iron, but their exterior framework is sur 
rounded with an additional structure which makes them appear like 
columns of masonry. At the first landing of the tower on the pier, 
200 feet high, will be a big clock with bells and chimes. At the 
second landing, 250 feet high, is an electric plant and an immense 
searchlight for giving panoramic views of the Exposition grounds 
and buildings. Religious Exhibits Building. — The Evangelical 
Alliance (at this writing) proposes the erection of a great building 
for religious exhibits. Band Stands. — Visitors to the World's Fair 
will find on every hand bands of music for their entertainment. 
Fifteen music-stands are provided for the accommodation of the dif- 
ferent bands anxious to visit the Exposition and make music for the 
visitors, Natatorium.—k. natatorium, or swimming school, will be 
found directly west of the location assigned to the Dutch Settlement 
on Midway Plaisance. Its dimensions are 200 1 y 250, and cost 
$60,000. Bank. — The Chemical National Bank has established a 
branch in the Administration building for the accommodation of 
visitors. Additional Buildings. — As up to the very last moment 
changes were made in the general arrangements for special build- 
ings, it is impossible to enumerate them all in this connection. Two 
handsome structures, however, in addition to those already named 
will be found by the visitor in all probability — one for the accom- 
moiation of the brick tile and terra cotta manufacturers, the other 
for exhibits of heavy m ichinery, such as drop hammers, forges, etc. 




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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 155 



PAET YI. 



THE STATE BUILDINGS AND EXHIBITS — RULES GOVERNING 
THEM-WHAT THE GREAT COMMONWEALTHS OF THE UNION 
HAVE CONTRIBUTED TO THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSI- 
TION—RESOURCES AND PRODUCTS ILLUSTRATED — A GEN- 
ERAL REVIEW— THE TERRITORIES. 



Sites for buildings or space for special exhibits were allotted by 
the Exposition management to every State and Territory of the 
American Union. Every one of them is represented in some manner 
on the Exposition grounds ; most of them creditably, some of them 
magnificently. The foreign visitor must understand that each of 
the States and Territories is perfectly independent in all such mat- 
ters, and that it is only by a vote of the respective State or Terri- 
torial Legislatures, involving the appropriation of funds to meet the 
expenses of the exhibit, that action could be taken. It is a matter in 
which neither the Federal government nor a neighboring state or 
territory can interfere. Some of the State legislatures were gen- 
erous in their appropriations ; some delayed action until the last 
moment. As a rule, when the legislatures failed to act, or when their 
action was considered inadequate to the importance of the event, 
private citizens contributed, in order that their States should not be 
left out in the cold or misrepresented by a poor display. Chicago 
being the chief city of the State of Illinois, the latter commonwealth 
very naturally takes the lead among her sisters. The Illinois build- 
ing is one of the grandest on the grounds, and the Illinois exhibit 
ranks among the first. For convenience sake the State buildings 
and State exhibits are arranged alphabetically rather than with 
regard to their prominence, politically or otherwise. The following 
is a summary of the rules governing the erection of State buildings 
and the display of State exhibits : 



156 iETAND-BOOK OP 

All exhibits intended to be competitive, and within the jurisdiction of 
juries or committees authorized to award prizes, must be located in some 
one of the general exposition building's, and be grouped according- to the 
official classification, except such exhibits as can only be properly and 
advantageously displayed in the grounds; provided, however, that this 
exception shall only operate in those cases where, in the judgment <f the 
director-general, he shall deem it expedient to grant the express permis- 
sion. 

Each of the states of the union, the territories and the District of Col- 
umbia shall be entitled to erect and maintain, on the Exposition grounds, 
a building for the use of such state, territory or District of Columbia, or 
two or more states or territories, if so desired, may erect and maintain a 
building in common, and each state or territory desiring to erect such a 
building, or two or more proposing to erect a building to be used in com- 
mon, shall, through their official representatives or their state World's 
Fair board, file with the director-general an application, in writing, for 
ground space for such building, and, as soon as possible, give a general de- 
scription of the character and style of the building proposed to be erected, 
and the sum of money appropriated for the construction thereof, and after 
the ground space shall have been allotted, as hereinafter provided, and 
before any occupation thereof, there shall be filed with the chief of the 
bureau of construction detailed plans and specifications for each of such 
proposed buildings, and when such plans and specifications shall have been 
approved by the chief of the bureau of construction and by the director- 
general a permit to erect a building shall be Issued by the last named 
officer. 

That, preparatory to the assignment of ground space for state build- 
ings, the director-geneial, after conference with and the concurrence of the 
grounds and buildings committee of the Exposition, shall cause the states 
and territories of the Union to be grouped in such manner as shall appear 
most likely to produce the best results to the Exposition as a whole, and 
shall allot suitable ground space to each of such groups; and after such allot- 
ment shall be made the space in each allotment shall be again properly sub- 
divided so as to provide suitable independent locations for each state or tei ri- 
tory, or any two or moi e of them desiring a location in common, and the loca- 
tion of each individual state or territory, or any two or more of them desir- 
ing a location in common, within the territorial space assigned to that 
group wherein they are included, shall be determined in the order of their 
application; subject, however, to harmony of grouping of buildings, which 
shall be determined by the supervising architect and landscape gardener 
and director-general. 

That correct plans and specifications for every state building, as 
approved bj^ the chief of the bureau of construction and the director- 
general, shall, before the issuance of the permit, be filed in the office of the 
director-general and be preserved as a recoi'd of the Exposition. 

That in the construction of such state buildings each state or territory 
may use such material or materials produced in such state or territory as 
the state board shall determine, with a vieAv of promoting a full exhibition 
of the structural materials produced in such state or territory. 

Such state buildings shall be maintained as a state or teriitorial head- 
quarters under the control of the state board, but subject to the rules and 
regulations governing the Exposition, for the convenience and entertain- 
ment of residents of the particular state or territory, and the reception and 
entertainment of their friends and such guests as they may invite to share 
the hospitality of such state or territory; and shall also, if desired by the 
state or territory, be used as a depository for a collective exhibit of such a 
line as shall best illustrate and exemplify the natural resources of such 
state, as well as its historical and archaeological features. Each such col- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 157 

lective state exhibit shall, however, be installed and maintained onlj' sub- 
ject to the foUuwiuj; conditions, limitations and restrictions, to-wit: 

Taese exhibits shall not ue catalogued nor considered as competitive 
or at all entitled to participate in prizes or awards, nor be within the juris- 
diction of the committee or juries of award. They shall embrace no manu- 
factured goods or products. No processes shall be inc.uded therein and no 
motive power permitted in anj^ such building. 

Alabama. — Provision was made for a state building for 
Alabama. The state is represented in miniature at the Exposition 
by a series of comprehensive relief maps. It is proposed to show 
Ihe mineral deposits, cotton belt, vegetable farms and everything 
else of interest ia the state on a series of maps covering 20,000 
square feet. Besides this an exhibit of the state's industries and 
products will be found grouped in the Department buildings. 
Alabama likewise contributed to the general display. 

Arkansas. — Arkansas has no special state building, but she 
makes an exhibit of her industries and products that will be repre- 
sentative and worthy. While the legislature did nothing toward 
furthering the exhibit of the state, the citizens organized and the 
result is apparent to the visitor. Arkansas also contributed to the 
general Exposition. In the forestry display there are some noted 
specimens of her pine trees. In the agricultural building also she 
has made a creditable showing. 

California. — The California building is characteristic of the 
great Pacific Coast State, picturing in its exterior the California of 
the Padres, and in its interior the California of to-day While the 
architect has closely followed the old mission style, he has interjected 
enough of the more ornate Moorish to relieve the somewhat somber 
effect of the old churches, and he gives the required light and 
roominess. Therefore there is a charming simplicity of detail. 
Outside there is a clear story with a great, flat central dome as the 
crowning feature and a roof garden to heighten the semi-tropical 
appearance. From the ground to the eaves is fifty feet and to the 
highest point of the roof proper sixty-five feet, while the eleva- 
tion of the dome is eighty feet. Those portions of the roof not 
devoted to the garden are closely copied after the quaint adobe 
buildings of the early Spanish settlements, with genuine earthen- 



158 HAND-BOOK OF 

ware tiles, deep red ia color, semi-cylindrical and overlapping. The 
dome and middle portions are tiled wiili iron plates curled and 
shaped like the original roofing. The material of the walls is wood, 
treated with some sort of cement and worked into a close imita- 
tion of the yellowish-gray adobe of the old days. On the four 
corners and flanking the dome are towers designed after the mission 
belfries, and in them are swung some of the old Spanish bells which 
have outlived the Padres and their crumbling churches. The 
interior carries a gallery giving an area equal to two-thirds of the 
ground floor. This is set apart for offices, which are grouped so as 
to command a clear view of the main floor. The ground plan is one 
vast exhibition hall, the arrangement of compartments conforming 
to the extent of the displays as decided upon by the Com- 
missioners. The total floor space is 100,000 square feet, of 
which the gallery affords 40,000, the extreme measurements 
of the building being 500 feet by 110 feet main width. 
The cost of the building is $75,000. 

A wonderful exhibit is presented by California. The state has 
long been famous for the size of its trees, some of which are the lar- 
gest in the world. This exhibit is nothing more nor less than a com- 
plete railway car, excepting only the trucks, fashioned and carved 
from the trunk of a ''Sequoia Giganta" or big tree of Tulare county. 
The originators of the idea are Messrs. Doyle, Meyers and Bachman 
of the county named. The tree used is about twenty-eight feet in 
diameter and something more than four hundred feet long. The 
immense log was cut down to the size of a car, or about eleven feet 
square and fifty-five feet in length. All this had to be done by 
hand with long saws made expressly for this purpose. It was then 
hollowed out inside by first cutting doors at each end, working out 
theinsides and polishing the inside surface; the roof is the natural 
bark of the tree. The material taken frc m Ihe inside and cut ofl' in 
squaring the log was manufactured into useful litte souvenirs of this 
wonderful production. A full-sized railway car made of but a sin- 
gle piece of wood will surely be a feature of great interest. Cali- 
f jrnia will show as a part of its exhibit the finest collection of min- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 159 

erals in the Uaited States. Instead of making a special collection, 
as was done for the New Orleans, Pniladelphia and Paris expos-i- 
tions, the state sends the magnificent collections belonging to the 
State Mining Bureau Museum. The State University had the col- 
lection of the State Geological Survey, the Voy collection. Hanks 
collection, Keene collection, and several others. These are all 
classified, arranged, identified and labeled. Each county and dis- 
trict in the state is properly represented. Every department of the 
mining industry has its separate place with locality indicated. No 
other state or territory of the Union has any such collection as belongs 
to Cj,lifornia now. Among the exhibits from Southern California 
is a model constructed to illustrate irrigation. Of course the Cali- 
fornia exhibit is one of the greatest and grandest on the grounds. 
The state appropriated $300,000, and every cent of this, and a great 
deal more, has been spent in securing an exhibit worthy of the golden 
state. The wine and fruit exhibits alone are superb. Besides Cali- 
fornia's special display she has contributed largely to every other 
department of the Exposition, and the visitor will be amazed at the 
extent of her resources. The state's various exhibits are mentioned 
in connection with the different departments. 

Colorado. — This young state has a granite and marble palace. 
The Colorado Marble and Mining Company contributed the material 
for the building. Besides the mineral, agricultural and educational 
exhibits, the flora and fauna of the state are shown in great com- 
pleteness. More than 1,000 specimen plants were pressed; nearly 
200 varieties of fruit were duplicated perfectly in wax and more 
than 2,000 species of insects were mounted long before the Exposi- 
tion was opened. Colorado contributed largely to every department 
of the Exposition. The women of Colorado subscribed $10,000 for 
the purchase of Powers' famous statue "The last of his race", which 
appears in connection with the Colorado exhibit. The statue repre- 
sents a dying buffalo wi h an Indian standing by its side with uplif- 
ted spear. This state makes a specia''ly fine mineral exhibit. The 
exhibit of Colorado is both technical and economic in its character 



160 HAND-BOOK OF 

and forms a popular and massive display of the State's resources in 
ores, building stone, coal, iron, commercial clays, gold, and silver. 

Connecticut. — The state of Connecticut made no appropriation 
for the World's Fair, but |50, 000 vras raised by general subscriptions, 
the city of Hartford contributing alone $10,000. This money has been 
spent in a manner that insures Connecticut a favorable representa- 
tion in the several departments, and also a special exhibit. 

Delaware. — The little state of Delaware lost no time in sub- 
scribing its loyal adherence to the World's Columbian Exposition, 
and considering the extent of its area opened its coffers with a liber- 
ality which is highly complimentary to its citizens. The first dona- 
tion was $10,000, which was to be followed by a further sum of 
$15,000. It occupies a position in the Exhibition buildings, but 
its headquarters will be in the space alloted in Jackson Park to the 
different states. The building which is constructed wholly of native 
woods and materials of the state of Delaware, is very pictur- 
esque and elaborately finished, measuring 58 feet by 60 feet. The 
cost was $7,500. A room in the building is fitted up in Colonial 
style, with hangings, pictures, and furniture all in representation of 
Colonial days. There are figures in clay of the old Swedes' Church 
in Wilmington, Barratt's Chapel, near Frederica, the home of Meth- 
odism, and Christ Church, near Laurel. Old Swedes' Church was 
founded in 1699 at a cost of £800. Barratt's Chapel, located in Kent 
county, near Frederica, and eleven miles south of Dover, was 
founded in 1780, Christ Church, Broad Creek, about two miles 
east of Laurel, Sussex county, was built more than a hundred years 
ago of heart pine. It is without a particle of paint. It has the high- 
backed pews, the chancel at one end, the servants' gallery at the 
opposite end, while midway on the east side is the lofty pulpit, and 
immediately below are the reading-desk and the clerk's desk. The 
first consignment of Delaware's exhibit comprised six cars loaded 
with native woods, three cars from Sussex, two from Kent, and one 
from New Castle counties. The consignment was placarded "From 
the World's Fair Commissioners of Delaware to the Columbian Ex- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 161 

position, Chicago." Thiis was one of the earliest consignments 
received. 

Florida. — The design of the Florida state building is modeled 
after old Fort Marion, which is one of the most picturesque as well 
as the oldest structure in North America, and an interesting relic of 
Spanish conquest in the new world. Begun in 1620, when the Pil- 
grim Fathers were landing at Plymouth Rock, this curious four- 
bastioued fortress was ancient long before the white man reared his 
cabin on the spot on the shores of Lake Michigan which is now a 
' centre of interest throughout the civilized world. Some of the most 
stirricg episodes in the early history of our country are intimately 
associated with this old St. Augustine fort, and thousands of visitors 
journey to the quaint town every year to look in wonder at its sturdy 
walls and unique architecture. The form of the building renders it 
peculiarly well adapted for the display of Florida's varied resources, 
the mast and ramparts affording opportunity for a series of sunken 
and hanging gardens of remarkable interest. The cost of building 
and exhibit was $100,000. In addition to her special exhibit, Flor- 
ida occupies three acres of space in the exhibition of flowers. 

Georgia. — Georgia has a handsome building and a creditable 
display, the cost of which was provided by private subscription. 
The sum of $100,000 was raised by the citizens of the state. The 
state is represented in nearly every department of the Exposition. 

Idaho. — Idaho has a State building peculiar to herself. Recog- 
nizing the folly of attempting to compete with the older States in 
the erection of an elaborate building, she constructed one somewhat 
rustic in appearance and costing |15,000. In this building appear 
all of the more valuable building materials to be found in the State, 
including marble, brick and stone. Thus, while not so elaborate in 
many particulars, it is made an attractive feature of Idaho's exhibit. 
The women of the State assumed the responsibility of having it 
suitably decorated, and this is the only manner in which they come 
into competition with others of their sex at the Exposition. Idaho's 
general exhibit is a praiseworthy one. The State is one of the 
youngest in the Union, scarcely settled, let alone developed; but it 



162 HAND-BOOK OF 

makes a showing ia all departmants which compares very favorably 
with the older States. Ia its exhibit Idaho pays special attention 
to the mining industry. It may not be generally understood, but 
the fact remains that the State has contributed $175,000,000 of 
money in gold and silver to increase the wealth and enrich the com- 
merce of the land. It produces one-half the lead product of the 
United States. In consideration of these facts a special effort was 
made to have a mining exhibit commensurate with the importance 
of the State as a valuable mineral producer The State Legislature 
appropriitei $30,0)0. Private citizens contributed $100,000 addi- 
tional. 

Illinois. — The state of which Chicago is the chief city very nat- 
urally takes the lead among her sisters, both as regards her special 
building and her special exhibit. Aside from private contributions, 
which were numerous, the State Legislature appropriated $800,000 
to defray the expenses, to begin with. The Illinois building has 
come to belooktdupon as one of the main stiuctuies of tLe Exposi- 
tion. It occupies one of the most favored spots on IhegrouLds, in the 
northern or "improved" portion of Jackson Park, where on the 
south for nearly one mile there is a view of a beautiful water-way, 
and on the north and east are the unique buildings of other states and 
foreign nations. Illinois was the first state to be ready with its 
building, and in its construction there was expended $''-50,000. The 
building, with its dome 200 feet high, is located near where the boat 
house formerly stood on the artificial lake. Abroad channel about 
sixty feet wide was extended from the southeast portion of the park 
up to this lake. The grand entrance to the building faces this water- 
way, and passengers up this channel discover the Illinois State 
building looming up at the end of the route. The structure is placed 
on a terrace four feet high, and in front of the entrances there are 
stone terraces with railings, statues, and stone steps leading down 
to the roadway. The main features are the terraces north and south, 
the south more important of the two, as from this point may be 
viewed the panorama of all the magnificent Fair buildings, as well 
as the waterway. The building is embellished with fine carving 



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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 163 

and statuary, the material being cast blocks of approved composi- 
tion. It is thoroughly lighted, first from the side windows, which 
are placed about fourteen feet above the floor to permit cases to be 
placed against the walls; second, with sk}lights placed in the flat 
roof of the side aisles; and third, with continuous skylights on the 
ridge of a pitched roof or nave. Ventilation is provided for through 
windows placed a story above the flat aisle roof and the foot of the 
sloping roof over the nave. The building is constructed of Illinois 
stone, brick and steel. The Memorial hall and school M'ere formerly 
designed to be separate buildings, but it was decided to incorporate 
them in the main structure. Fountains and flowers decorate the 
adjacent grounds, and allegorical statuary finds a place in the deco- 
rative features of the building. The interior of the structure is 
appropriately ornamented. There are no competitive exhibits in 
the Illinois State building. It is "a collective, departmental 
exhibit for the state, which shall illustrate its natural resources, 
together with the methods employed and results accomplished by 
the state in its municipal capacity through its several departments, 
boards, commissions, bureaus and other agencies in the work of 
promoting the moral, educational and material welfare of its inhab- 
itants, so far as such methods and results are susceptible of exhibi- 
tion." A feature is a model common schoolroom of high grade, fully 
equipped and furnished, under the direction of the State Superin- 
tendent of Public Instruction. This includesthe following: An illus- 
tration of the methods and results of educational work as pursued in 
the normal universities, the public, technical and art schools and the 
high schools of the state; an exhibit by the University of Illinois of 
the equipment, methods of instruction and achievements of that insti- 
tution in its several departments; an exhibit of the educational and 
industrial work as conducted in the state charitable institutions. 
There are also collections, correctly classified and labeled, illus- 
trating the natural history and archseology of the State; an exhibit 
by the State Fish Commission of native and cultivated live fish, 
with hatchery and appliances and equipments for transportation, 
models of fish ways in use; also a special collection of the cultivated 



164 HAND-BOOK OF 

products in the several branches of agriculture; architectural draw- 
ings (with elevations) of every public building erected and now used 
or maintained in whole or in part by the State; also maps, charts, 
diagrams and tables for the State and, so far as practicable, for 
each county. In the Memorial hall, which is fire-proof, there are 
placed such relics and trophies belonging to the State as the gover- 
nor has designated. The control and general management of the 
exhibit devolves upon the State Board of Agriculture. The board 
in turn invited the co-operation of Illinois members of the National 
Commission and of the Board of Lady Managers. 

There are three entrances — the prominent one to the south, one 
to the west facing the Midway Plaisauce, and the other on the north 
end of Memorial hall from the boat landing or the edge of the 
lagoon. The building in the main is 160 feet wide by 450 feet long, 
with the schoolhouse, about 75x60 feet, taken out of the east end 
and within the building. The dome is 72 feet in diameter and 
about 200 feet high, with a lookout about 80 feet high and another 
in the lantern about 175 feet high. The side walls are 47 feet high, 
while the center wing on the south is 72 feet high, and both ends 54 
feet, with a still higher projection in the center. On the north the 
Memorial hall forms a wing 50x75 feet, while on the south is placed 
the executive offices in a wing 75x123 feet, carried up three stories, 
with a public hall in the third story. In addition to these ofiices 
there are others in each of the four corners for the departmental 
officers. The Memorial hall has a gallery. There is a gallery 
around, inside and outside of dome piers for viewing the exhibit 
hall. 

The figure which crowns the main entrance of the Illinois build- 
ing is from the hands of the sculptor Taft. It is a draped figure 
with arms outstretched, and is called "Illinois Welcoming the 
Nations." Another allegorical group to be seen on this building is 
" The Birth of Chicago." Chicago, a rare and radiant maid of grace 
divine, garbed in trailing robes, is pictured coming from earth like 
a new Pallas Athene springing full armed from the forehead of 
Zeus. Nymphs of the lake, the forest and the stream attend the 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 165 

nativity of fair Chicago, and all their unstinted offerings are poured 
out in glad profusion at the feet of the new queen and goddess. 
"La Salle and His Companions" and "Education" are other 
groups that will command attention and admiration. All are by 
Taft. There are twelve groups in all, and the cost of the sculpture 
was $12,500. 

The relation of the state of Illinois to the Universal Exposition 
of 1893 is peculiar and in some respects unique. The location of 
this important event is within the limits of her chief city. Unavoid- 
ably and in a large measure she is to be the generous, hospitable host 
and the friendly rival of participants. With a variety of climate, 
fertility of soil and other physical features essential to the prosperity 
and happiness of its inhabitants not to be found elsewhere in an 
equal area on the face of the earth, the state of Illinois stands as the- 
exemplar of the progress and development of civilization under 
republican institutions. Within the limitations of the federal con- 
stitution the civil polity of each state as expressed in its constitution 
and laws, directs and controls in a large degree the march of civili- 
zation, culture and material progress of its people. The State 
Board of Agriculture is composed of one representative for each 
congressional district, selected biennially by delegates in conven- 
tion, representing every county in the state, in all one hundred and 
three counties. In one hundred of these counties there are County 
Boards of Agriculture organized by law and receiving yearly appro- 
priations from the state treasurer through the State Board of Agri- 
culture to which each County Board reports its transactions annually. 
The Department of Agriculture, strictly a department of the state 
government, is placed by law under the direction and control of the 
State Board of Agriculture in the promotion of agriculture, horti- 
culture, mechanic arts and substantially of every laudable industry 
in which the citizens may engage. Annual fairs, with prize lists 
covering the scope indicated, are held by the state and by each 
County Board. It will be readily inferred that the members of the 
Illinois State Board of Agriculture were early and strongly impressed 
with a sense of the importance to the state of Illinois, both as to op- 



166 HAi^D-BooK oi^ 

portunity and obligation, resulting from the k cation of the Univer- 
sal Exposition, and hence as a body, thoroughly non-partisan and 
eminently representative of the whole people, ihey assumed to sug- 
gest the nature and scope of an exhibit by the state of Illinois at the 
World's Fair which shall be creditable to its people and instinctive 
to all. The essential features of the proposed exhibit as expressed 
in the act authorizing it were to be an illustration so far s s practic- 
able of 1. What nature has done as permanently affecting the con- 
ditions of human life within our territorial limits. 2. What has been 
and is being accomplished by the organized state government through 
its different agencies to promote the substantial welfare of its citi- 
zens. 

One of the most interesting features of the Illinois exhibit is the 
Worthen collection of fossils and library. These were purchased 
by the State Commissioners and will henceforth be the property of the 
commonwealth. The collection was made by Prof . Worthen, who 
for a quarter of a centuiy was State Geologist. Some years ago he 
died, leaving the collection as a result of thirty yeais' researeh. In 
that time he got together 28,000 specimens, among them being a 
large number of European fossils. In addition he left a valuable 
library. One of the largest maps ever made is among the exhibits. 
It is a sectional map of Illinois on a scale of four miles to the inch, 
and cost $3,750 The approximate dimensions are 6 by 10 feet. 
But there are other maps besides this. There is an especially inter- 
esting one showing the location of the churches and schoolhouses of 
the State, and there are pamphlets in which liberal space is devoted 
to a description of each county, giving its population, resources, 
etc. To further exhibit the State there are architectural drawings 
and birdseye views of all the State and Public buildings. The fol- 
lowing structures are architecturally anal} zed and re produced in 
perspective: 

The State Capitol at Springfield; Central Hospital for the Insane, Jack- 
sonville; Northern Hospital for the Insane, Els?in; Southern Hospital for 
the Insane, Anna; Eastern Hospital for the Insa' e, Kankakee; State Uni- 
versity, Champaig'n; State Reform School, Pontine; Soldiers' and Orphans' 
Home, Normal; Soldiers' and Sa lors' Home, Quincy; Institute for the Deaf 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 167 

and Dumb, JacksonvilJe; Institute for the Blind, Jacksonville; Institute for 
the feeble-minded, Lincoln; State Normal University, Normal; Southern 
Illinois Normal School, Carbondale; State Penitentiary, Joliet; Southern 
Penitentiary, Chester; Charitable Eye and Ear Infirmary, Chicago; and the 
Illinois State World's Fair Building, Chicago. 

There is a splendid coal exhibit here showing the product of the 
Illinois mines. The State fish commission is well represented 
among the exhibits; there are exhibits of the State charitable and 
criminal institutes; of the various products, ard mineral ard indus- 
tries; a geological exhibit, an emergency hospital exhibit; a kinder- 
garten exhibit, an educational exhibit, besides great displays of 
fruit and flowers. Illinois does not confine her exhibits to this build- 
ing, however. Her competitive exhibits will be found in every 
department of the Exposition. The following was the apportion 
ment of the funds at the disposal of the state Commission: 
Woman's exhibit, $80,000; Construction, $195,800; statuary, $17,- 
700; architect's fees, $11,500; grounds and exterior ornamentation, 
$10,000; interior furnishing, $60,500, normal and common schools, 
and university, $30,000; board of charities, $20,000; natural history, 
geology, archaeology, $40,000; fish commission, $5,000; agriculture, 
etc., $35,000; live stock, $40,000; horticulture, $20,000; architectural 
drawings, maps, etc., $27,000, State and county statistics, $8,000; 
printing and stationery, $30,000; administration, including cost of 
ceremonies, receptions, expenses of the board, salaries, freight 
transportation, rents, care of buildings, contingencies, etc., $175,000. 
Indiana. — The World's Fair commissioners of Indiana offered 
prizes of $300, $200 and $100 respectively for the first, seond 
and third best plans for the Indiana building. The building 
cost about $25,000 and it contains about 6,000 square feet of floor 
space. It is constructed entirely of Indiana material. The outside 
walls are of stone, pressed brick and terracotta; the roof of roofing 
tile or of iron is made in that State. The inside finish is highly 
ornamental and made of plate, beveled and looking glass, hardwood 
and encaustic tile. The building serves the double purpose of dis- 
playing, in its construction, the building material of Indiana, and as 
headquarters for and entertainment of visitors from the Stateand their 



168 HAND-BOOK OF 

guests at the Exposition . There is one large room on the ground floor 
for assembly and reception purposes, and separate ladies' and 
gentlemen's rooms with lavatories and all modern conveniences, 
a check or baggage room, and a room for dining and lunching. 
Instead of costing $25,000 the building when completed is said to 
have cost double this sum. Indiana is represented in every de- 
partment of the Exposition, and everywhere creditably. Her 
exhibits are not confined to industries and products, but she takes 
her place among the higher exhibits in art and literature. Every- 
where the state has made a most favorable impression upon the 
minds of intelligent people with regard to the advancement of 
her citizens in education and culture. 

Iowa. — "The Blue Grass Palace" of Iowa is one of the attractive 
novelties of the Exposition. The state appropriated a preliminary 
sum of $50,000, which was greatly increased to meet the expenses of 
the Iowa building and exhibit. The Iowa building, a handsome 
structure, cost alone $25,000. Following is an estimate of the cost of 
the Iowa Exhibit which was laid before the legislature: Building, 
$75,000; live stock, $50,000; agriculture, $25,000, horticulture, 
$10,000; manufactures, $15,000; dairy products, $10,000; education 
and liberal arts, $20,000; bee culture, $3,000; woman's work, 
$20,000; fish exhibit, $2,000; mineral and geological, $6,000; sani- 
tary, $4,000; decorations, $6,000; promotions and printing, $25,000; 
press department, $5,000; administration and installation, $30,000; 
salaries, 23,000; contingent expenses, |10,000; total, $339,000. 
This estimate was considerably reduced, however. The corn, edu- 
cational, horticultural, mechanical and industrial exhibits gener- 
ally of the state are among the attractions of the Exposition. 

Kansas. — The Kansas State building is cruciform in design, two 
stories high, and cost $20,000. It is constructed entirely of Kansas 
material. The building contains 13,934 square feet. There are 
4,058 square feet in the rear for the natural history exhibit of the 
State University; 3,340 square feet in the front of the building for 
headquarters accommodations, leaving a balance of 6,336 square 
feet for odd bits in the centre of the building. The second floor 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 169 

contains 8,840 square feet for exhibits and 3,840 square feet in tlie 
front of the building for further consideration. The building com- 
bines the idea of a club-house and a building for the state exhibit. 
The entire front of the first and second story is reserved for the 
club house occupying the centre of the building. The room for the 
natural history collection is entered from the main exhibit room 
through three large openings. The room is covered with a glass 
conservatory, the top being surmounted by a ventilator. A writing 
room on the second floor separates the reception-rooms for men and 
women. A large shield of the State is placed over the windows of 
the women's reception-room, crowned with the American eagle. 
On one side of the shield is.the date of Kansas' admission to the 
Union, "1861," and on the other "1892." The main front entrance 
is through a sixteen-foot arch with a vestibule twenty three by 
thirteen feet. Three sets of double-acting doors open into the main 
hall. On the right is located the general offices, and on the left a 
check-room, janitor's quarters, etc. The main exhibit room is 133 
by 48 feet, is lighted from the dome, and an opening through the 
second floor, the size of the dome, 80 by 41 feet, extends to the glass 
roof, fifty-three feet above. The main hall is fourteen feet high. 
Kansas contributes largely to the attractions of nearly every depart- 
ment of the Exposition. Aside from the state appropriation her cit- 
izens raised by private subscription $150,000 to defray the expenses 
of a creditable exhibit. 

Kentucky. — Kentucky is represented by a handsome building 
and a worthy exhibit. She contributes to every department of the 
Exposition. The legislature appropriated $100,000, and private 
citizens contributed generously. 

Louisiana. — Louisana is represented in many of the departments 
of the Exposition. Her exhibits are not as complete as they should 
be, but they are not unworthy of the great gulf state. 

Maine. — The Maine building is constructed entirely of native 
granite and cost $10,000. The building is used principally as a 
club or reception house. Maine contributes exhibits to every depart- 
ment of the Exposition. 



170 HAND-BOOK OP 

Massachusetts. — The designers took tor their model the old 
Hancock House that stood for so long a time the most familiar 
structure on Beacon street, Boston, and which is an admirable 
representative of the old colonial residence, with such modifications 
only as the purposes of the structure demand. The Hancock house 
has a history that will be of interest to the thousands who will view 
the evidences of the civic triumphs of the old Bay State at the 
Exposition. Thomas Hancock, a merchant of Boston, erected the 
building in 1737, and from him it descended to John Hancock, his 
nephew, who became famous as the presiding officer of the Conti- 
nental Congress. When governor of Massachusetts Mr. Hancock 
resided in the old mansion, and entertained at his hospitable board 
such mtn as Washington and Lafayette. The buildingis constructed 
of Massachusetts granite. An ancient fore-court, enclosrd with a 
fence, is filled with the most noted flowers of the state. The 
reproduction of this type of our architecture is a happy idea, and 
will undoubtedly meet with general appreciation. The c(st of 
reproduction was about $40,000. The building is used exclusively 
as a state headquarters and club house. Massachusetts contributes 
very largely to every department of the Exposition, particularly 
to the Art, Educational, Horticultural and Mechanical displays. The 
exhibit of the state cost $75,000. 

Maryland. — The Maryland building, a reproduction of the 
State House, is constructed of granite and cost $35,000. Maryland's 
canning and oyster interests are represented on a large scale. The 
canned goods exchange of Baltimore has a canning house in which 
a practical illustiation of the work done is given. The exhibit of 
the state, aside from the building, cost $30,000. The following sug- 
gestion, as shown in the report of the World's Fair Board of Mary- 
land to the legislature, will probably be carried out: " It has been 
suggested by the governor, and the suggestion has been met 
•with much favor, that a group of thirty-two figures be made 
to represent the surrendering by Washington of his commis- 
sion, which took place in that historic hall. Such a tableau would 
attract many visitors and serve as a feature of great interest. The 



4f^^^^ 




Celebrated H^"^^ 

The Dunlap Silk Umbrella 

CHICAGO— Palmer House. 

(Branch,Fifth Ave., New York City.) : . . 
Send for Fashion Plate. 



THE world's COLinsIBIAN EXPOSITION. 171 

act is almost unique in the history of the world — a successful gen- 
eral, in the flush of victory, laying down his sword and retiring to 
the duties of a homely and quiet life after vanquishing the greatest 
power on earth in a long and bloody war — and is something to be 
admired as well as wondered at, and every son of our grand old 
commonwealth should feel a personal pride when he thinks that a 
deed so noble was done on the soil of his native state, beneath the 
roof of his state capital." 

Michigan — The legislature of Michigan appropriated $20,000 
for the State Exposition building, but most of the material was 
contributed, so that the structure, as it stands, represents an outlay 
of about $50,000. Its dimensions are 100x140 feet. The State 
Board planned for an exhibit of great merit, the prominent features 
of which are fruit, gf^neral agricultural products, iron ores, copper, 
salt and other minerals, lumber, fish, furniture and other manufact- 
ures, and education. These plans, the visitor will see, have been 
fully carried out. On the first floor are the administration offices, 
reception room, reading room, and ladies' parlors. On the second 
floor are two large exhibition halls for Michigan relics and native 
curiosities, an assembly hall, and a room for board meetings. On 
the third floor are the living rooms of State Secretary and his family 
and the other employes of the Michigan Commission. The building 
is constructed wholly of Michigan material. 

Minnesota.— The Minnesota building is one of the handsomest 
on the grounds, a prize of $500 having been awarded the successful 
architect. The legislature subscribed only $50,000, but this sum 
was increased to $150,000 by private subscription. Every county 
in the State contributed generously, and the result is a creditable 
building and a creditable exhibit in nearly every department of the 
Exposition. 

Mississippi. — Mississippi makes a very creditable showing, par- 
ticularly in the agricultural and horticultural departments. The 
State and citizens subscribed generously toward the exhibit. 

Missouri. — The exhibit of the state of Missouri is one of 
the most extensive at the Exposition. The state is rich in agri- 



172 HAND-BOOK OF 

cultural and mineral land, and besides, is one of the foremost of the 
manufacturing states of the Union. The state very early applied 
for 20,000 square feet of space in the horticultural department 
alone. The Missouri building cost $50,000, and is one of the 
handsomest structures of the state group. The state originally 
appropriated $250,000, but this was increased to $500,000, an appro- 
priation equal to New York's. A representative of the World's 
Fair board of Missouri made the following statement of the inten- 
tions of the people of that state, a year before the Exposition opened. 
"Missouri will have a larger and finer exhibit at the Fair than manv 
older and wealthier states in the Union. We have secured speci- 
mens of tree trunks from the Black River Valley in Southeast Mis. 
souri for the colonnade that will surround the Forestry building- 
Missouri will furnish three columns from nine trees, while other 
states will provide only two columns. This, of course, will not 
include our forestry display. We have already secured sections of 
trees and their various commercial products, such as sawed, hewn, 
and manufactured lumber. We expect to make an extensive 
exhibit of the flora of Missouri in wood, leaf and fruit, preparationg 
for which are now well under way. For our horticultural display 
we have secured 100 crystal jars filled with the products of 1892. 
We have also secured five cars of the finest quality of minerals, 
which are now ready for shipment at a moment's notice. Over 400 
specimens of grain, grasses, and foliage plants have been secured for 
the double purpose of exhibition and the embellishment of our agri- 
cultural display. We have already made arrangements for a large 
lot of specimens of the cereal crop of 1891, for fear that the crop of 
1892 should be inferior in yield or quality. The manufacturers 
are taking great interest in the work3 and we have already 
received a large number of applicants for space. St. Joseph, Kan- 
sas City, and St. Louis will furnish the principal portion of the dis- 
play, which promises to be fine. The vi&itor will notice that Mis- 
souri is represented largely in every department; science, art and 
general education and culture claiming a large share of her atten- 
tion. The city of St. Louis alone makes a splendid showing 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 173 

being one of the largest and most progressive commercial centers 
in the United States. 

Montana. — The legislature of this young but wealthy state 
appropriated originally $50,000 for the State's exhibits. Later on 
this amount was doubled. Montana's exhibits will be found 
principally in the department of Mines and Mining. One of the 
interesting exhibits from the state is a relief map of Butte, the 
greatest mining camp in the world. The State Board set aside 
$5,000 for the woman's exhibit. 

Nebraska. — The style of Nebraska Building is Romanesque, 
and its arrangement combines to a remarkable degree the qualities 
of utility, beauty and small cost for construction. The building 
covers 9,652 square feet, not includidg a large veranda on the side 
adjoining the little lake. The agricultural and general exhibit is 
arranged in a hall 100x60 feet. Facing the exhibit hall on the 
first floor are offices, balconies and a lobby. The exhibit from this 
State is one of the grandest to be seen. Nebraska is represented 
particularly in the Agricultural, Horticultural and Forestry 
departments. 

Nevada. — Nevada is represented almost wholly in the mines 
and mining department. 

New Hampshire. — This state is represented in every department 
of the Exposition, notably in the geological and mining displays. 
New Hampshire also contributes valuable works of art and exhibits 
for the educational display. 

New Jersey. — The appropriation of this state was $70,000, a 
portion of which was set aside for the building of a state headquar- 
ters. The state has contributed exhibits to every department of the 
Exposition. 

New York. — New York appropriated $300,000 to defray the 
cost of its building and exhibit at the World's Fair. This amount 
was increased later on, and greatly added to by private subscrip- 
tions. There was considerable delay on the part of New York and 
active work did not begin until the spring of 1893. From that time 
on, however, New York's interest in the Exposition lacked nothing 



174 HAND-BOOK OF 

in enthusiasm. The building of the State of New York represents, 
with very slight modifications, the historical old Van Rensselaer 
residence, which was for so long a time one of the most familiar 
landmarks in Gotham. The reproduction of the architecture of this 
old building brings back one of the most interesting periods of our 
national history — when the now great commercial and financial me- 
tropolis of the United States was only a struggling, ambitious young 
seaport. New York contributes of course to every department of 
the Fair, and more largely than any other American state excepting, 
perhaps, Illinois. Her exhibits are prominent in the Art, Agri- 
cultural, Horticultural, Mineral, Electricity, Mechanical and Man- 
ufactures departments. 

North Carolina. — North Carolina has reproduced for its build- 
ing what is known as the "Tyron Palace." This structure, con- 
structed of material brought from England the middle of the 
eighteenth century, is a fine type of colonial architecture. A circu- 
lar colonnade connects upon the right and left of the main building 
twosimilarstructures ; and to reproduce it entire in full size, occupies 
the entire space alloted to North Carolina, This state is represented 
in every department of the Exposition, One of the oldest states of the 
Union, its contributions of art treasures and curios is very interest- 
ing. 

North Dakota — The North Dakota building is 70x50 feet. A 
space 46x31 feet in front of the main assembly hall, between two com- 
mittee-rooms, is used as a courtyard. From this court yard the main 
assembly-room is entered through a large stone arch, above which 
on the exterior is an elaborately carved panel containing the coat of- 
arms of North Dakota. The main feature of the interior is the 
assembly hall, which includes a space 24x56 feet. The room is 
spanned by four broad arched beams between each of which is a 
wide window reaching from near the floor to the roof. At either 
end of the room is a broad fireplace. Committee and toilet rooms 
are provided throughout the building. The structure is two stories 
high, and on the exterior the walls of the main gable-ends are built 
of brick, The remainder of the walls are of timber, filled in between 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 175 

with plaster panels. North Dakota of course pays great atteutioo 
to the exhibit of her principal product, wheat, but, also, makes a 
good showing in several other departments. The educational 
advantages of the young state are fully presented, and her school 
exhibit is among the best. She makes valuable contributions to the 
department of Forestry also. 

Oheo. — The style of architecture of the Ohio building is distinct- 
ive and much unlike that of any of the other State buildings. The 
original idea was to have the building constructed of material fur- 
nished gratis by contractors, and thus make it in itself an exhibit of 
the building materials of the State. However, the contractors were 
slow in taking the matter up, and so many obstacles stood in the 
way that it was determined to build it of wood. The estimated cost 
was about $35,000. It contains a reception-room, offices for the 
Director-General of the State, assistants, etc. It is a place where 
Ohio people can meet and feel at home. While the building did 
not cost as much as some of the other State buildings, it is claimed 
to be equally attractive. The decorative features are fine. The 
large circular portico, with its heavy columns, over the main 
entrance and the bay windows on the opposite ends of the building 
are attractive features. The building is two stories, the lower 
one being of more than the ordinary height. The state of Ohio 
sends exhibits to the Fair valued at between ^5,000,000 and $6,- 
000,000. Most of the exhibits from Ohio appear in the Manufact- 
ures and Machinery buildings, while a splendid display in Agricul- 
ture is also made. Some of the interesting exhibits from this state are 
relics gathered by explorers from the mounds of Ohio. The speci- 
mens are many thousand in number. The Horticuliural Society of 
the state applied for 6,000 square feet of space. The Historical 
Society, also, took a very active interest in the World's Fair and the 
result is a splendid exhibit in that department. The appropriation of 
the state was $100,000. 

Oregon. — The state of Oregon is represented very fully in the 
Agricultural, Mining and other departments. It has also contributed 
to the Forestry department. The real work of the state did not com- 



176 HAND-BOOK OF 

mence until late in 1892, but the exhibit is nevertheless credit- 
able. 

Pennsylvania. — The Pennsylvania building, as is quite appro- 
priate, is one of the costliest and handsomest of the group. In the selec- 
tion of materials there was an effort to name such as are in frequent 
use in this state, and to include such timber growths, iron, brick and 
glass manufactures and other products as are of importance in illus- 
trating the development of the state's building interests. The frame 
of the building has cast iron base plates, channel and plate columns. 
The lower part of the building is of Philadelphia pressed brick, 
while the top is made of wood, iron and plaster. An orange tint is 
given the entire structure, with other bright colors to break the 
monotony. Life-size pictures of William Penn and Benjamin 
Franklin are placed on either side of the main entrance, while the 
coat-of-arms of the state is placed in relief over the main entrance. 
The ground floor is a model for convenience. A large reception 
rotunda greets the visitor on entering the building. To the right is 
a triangular-shaped parlor for gentlemen. Smoking, toilet and 
cloak rooms are close at hand. To the left of the reception rotunda 
the ladies' parlor is located. Instead of a smoking-room the ladies 
have a private parlor. Directly in the rear of the rotunda is the 
grand reception-room, in which is placed the antique furnishings of 
the main room in Independence Hall, Between the rotunda and the 
grand-reception room, on each side of the thirty-foot hall, easy stair- 
ways lead to the second floor, which is twenty-one feet above the 
ground floor. A wide gallery around the second floor of the rotunda 
gives access to commodious rooms. Directly over the gentlemen's 
parlor is located the press correspondents' room. A particularly 
attractive feature of the room is the abundance of window lighting 
provided. Five immense windows opening to the veracda add to 
the attractiveness of this room. In the rear of this room is the 
newspaper file-room, where all the larger newspapers published in 
Pennsylvania may be found on file during the Fair. Over the ladies' 
parlor is located the governor's room, and communicating with it is 
the room of the executive commissioner's private office. In th^rear 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 177 

of the building over the receiition-rooiu is the treasurer's otfice and 
a eomniittee-rooQi. Many small closets aud smaller rooms are pro- 
vided. One of the main atirrictioi s is llie old " liberty bell" lr.)m 
Independence Hall, which hangs in thetovseror rotunda directly 
opposite the gallery on the second lioor. The entire height of the 
building is 165 feet. The 25-foot dialed clock which adorns the 
building is one of the most noticable if not the most attractive 
features, as it is the only tower clock placed upon the fair grounds. 
Over 800 electric lights are used to light the building. Porches 20 
feet wide surround the building. The whole structure is practically 
a reproduction of Independence Hall. Philadelphia. Pennsylvania 
appropriated $300,000 to defray the cost of its building and exhibits, 
but this represented only a small portion of the state's contributions. 
In every department of the Exposition the visitor will see stranue, 
useful, beautiful and costly things from the Keystone state. Phila- 
delphia does her full share. This city contributes as an exhibition a 
choice c:>llection of historical relics, the property of Meade Post, 
G. A.. R., George W. Childs and the Drexel Institute; representations 
of Benjamin Franklin, Stephen Girard and other old-time celebrated 
citizens; the famous "liberty bell, "and other exceedingly interest- 
ing objects. A.pplications for spice for exhibits were very numer- 
ous from Pennsylvania. Two hundred and three applications for 
space at the Columbian Exposition were made by Philadelphians 
desirous of making exhibitions. This state is represented in the 
Art, Agricultural, H )rticultural. Electricity, Manufacturers and 
Mechanical dep irtmeiits very largely and conspicuously. It is one 
of the mostadvauced, as well as one of the most prosperous; states 
of the Union. 

Rhode Island. — The building of the little State of Rhode Island 
is a two-story structure, modeled after the Doric style of architect- 
ure, with towering pillars resting on porches at either end. The 
entrance at the front is through three circular arches into a circular 
porch twenty fe ;t in diameter, which opens into a miin hall 20x42 
feet. The secretiry's room is on the first floor, near the front, and 
just beyond this is the winding staircise to the ground floor, On the 



178 HAND-BOOK OF 

right of the entrance, and opening from the centre of the main hall 
through the wide archway, is the women's room, which is 12x24 
feet. In the front of the building, directly over the main entrance 
below, is a room set apart for the Governor of the State, which is 
twenty feet in diameter. On the right and left of the Governor's 
room are two rooms set apart for the Commissioners. Spacious 
porches are arranged at the ends of the building, and four large pil- 
lars reach to the story above. Immediately over the entrance, sup- 
ported by the architrave, is a cornice bearing the shield of the State. 
The roof is encircled in a balustrade. The first cost was estimated 
to be |8, 000. Rhode Island contributes largely to the Manufactures 
and Liberal Arts department, as well as to every one of the great 
sections of the Exposition. 

South Carolina.— South Carolina, owing to the defeat of an 
appropriation bill in the legislature, was late in securing a place 
among her sister states; but the exhibit made, though small, com- 
paratively, is creditable. 

South Dakota. — The State building of South Dakota Is m the 
style of an old French farmhouse. The walls are of bricks. In 
dimensions are 60x72 feet. On the first floor is an assembly hall with 
towering mantels and house fire-places at each end. The Sta'e 
raised between $80,000 and $100,000. The legislature was lale in 
acting, but the energetic and enterprising people of the young 
State made full amends for its neglect. South Dakota is well rep- 
resented in the Agricultural, Horticultural, Mineral and Forestry 
departments. 

Tennessee. — The private citizens and counties of the State of 
Tennessee subscribed liberally toward securing an adequate exhibit 
at the World's Fair, the legislature having failed to pass an appro- 
priation bill. The fun(3s raised were ample to provide for a very 
creditable display, and the State is represented in nearly every 
department. 

Texas. — This great State has one of the most notable buildings 
of the group. The structure is 85x250 feet. The main height is 70 
feet. Constructed entirely after the style of the old Spanish missions, 




>> Oi 

§ ^ 

u < 

V 1-5 

.'2 I 

&g 

H 
Pi 
<5 



6QRN EXCHANGE BflM 



" The Rookery," Cor. La Salle and Quincy Sts., 

^HICAGO. 

CHARLES L HUTCHINSON, President. 

ERNEST A. HAMILL, Vice-President. 

FRANK W. SMITH, Cashier. 



CAPITAL, - $1,000,000 

SURPLUS, - - - - $1,000,000 



DIRECTORS: 

S. A. KENT, J. H. DWIGHT, BYRON L.SMITH, 

CHAS. H. WACKER, CrfAS. COUNSELMAN, 

EDWIN G. FOREMAN, B. M. FREES, UHAS. H. SCHWAB, 

EDWARD B. BUTLER, CHAS. L. HUTCHINSON 

ERNEST A. HAMILL. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 179 

it is a good example of Sp inish renaissance architecture. The front 
part of the building forms a square eighty-five feet wide inclosing a 
large assembly hall. The general grouping of the building shows that 
it is flanked on each corner by a square tower, the intervening cur- 
taias consisting of two stories of open arcaded loggias. The towers 
have also loggias in their top stories. Both the main building and 
the towers are covered with a low-pitched roof of brown-red Span- 
ish tile. Broad surfaces of masonr}' are enlivened by highly ornate 
carvings around the windows and in the spandriels of the arches. 
Extending from the main building toward the east is a wing nearly 
150 feet long. It is more subdued in ornamentation, but is designed 
to be in thorough harmony with the rest of the building. In the 
center of the wing is a richly-carved doorway leading into the dif- 
ferent offices, the big assembly room, and the committee rooms. The 
structure is built of Texas materials. Texas took unbounded inter- 
est in the Exposition from the very first. The city of Galveston 
alone raised over $150,000. There were over $300,000 raised by 
contributions throughout the State. Texas is represented and repre- 
sented well, in every department. 

Vermont. — One hundred of the substantial citizens of Vermont 
subscribed $100 each, and the building, costing $10,000, was erected 
without drawing upon the state treasury. Vermont is represented 
in the Geological, Agricultural, Horticultural, Mechanical and Art 
departments, and quite fully tin he Mineral and Forestry depart- 
ments. A $6,000 monument of Barre granite is one of the exhibits 
from Vermont. 

Virginia. — The best exhibits of the Virginia State Fair of 1892 
are offered the visitor at the Exposition of 1893. The state appro- 
priated about $80,000, which was increased by private subscriptions. 
Virginia makes a good showing, but one hardly commensurate with 
her age or high position among the states of the Union. 

Washington. — Washington's is a unique state building. It is 
constructed almost entirely of material brought from the state, and 
forms an illustration of the building materials and industries pecu- 
Tar to that young but vigorous commonwealth. The building is 



190 HAMVBOOK OF 

2?0xl40feet The eiterior is of '.irabor from Puget Sound region 
and all thclumlx'T entering into ii was donated by the State Luna- 
bexmen'ss Assodalion. The main entrance is made one of the fea- 
tures of tbe building, and is of granite, marble, and ore quanied in 
the state. In additloii to what was contributed, the state expMided 
$50, (XK) In constmrtinfr and elaborating the details of the building. 
It is surmounted bj a flagstaff 175 feiet high, and there are four 
towers of unique design. A peculiar incident in connection with 
the acceptance of the design for thit building was that the onewhidi 
at first was considered third in merit was adopted, and the architect 
who received the first priae in the cotnpe'ition was relegated to tbe 
rear. The state spent fslOO.OOO on the conecTion of an exhibit. 
Washington contributes largely to the departments of Agriculture. 
Forestrv. Mines. Fisheries, Education, Eleciricitv, Live Stock, Fine 
Arts, Woman's Work, and Transportation. Her display's are very 
creditable. 

WEer ViRoiNia. — West Virginia has a beautiful little building 
which cost about $30,000. Tbe stste coniributes verj extensively 
to the departments of Mines and Mining. Forestrv. Agriculture, Flor- 
iculture. Horticulture, Manufactures and Liberal Arts, and Ma- 
chinery 

WrsooNsiN.— The Wisconsin state building is a handsome stmc- 
ture. It is commodious, and the Interior is arranged with s^iecial 
reference to tbe products of this wealthy statt . which in variety and 
character make the exhibit one of the most attractive and interesting 
to be seen at the Fair. It is two stories hifh. wiih not less than 
10,000 feet of floor space exclusive of porches. Tbe whole structure 
inbuilt of Wisconsin material. The exterior walls are of stone, 
brick, and terra cotia. and the roof of slate, tile or iron made in 
Wisconsin The interior is ornamented and furnished with plate. 
beveled, and mirror glass. Wisconsin pine and hardwood, and 
encaustic tile. The cost of the building was $iW.O00, Douglas 
county appropriated $2,000 to pay for a stained glaps window at the 
head of the main staircase. Wis«^onsin is represented in every 
department of tiie Exposition. Herschool exhibit ranks 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 181 

first. She contributes extensively to the Art, Agriculture, Forestry, 
Miaesaad Mining, Minufactures and Fine Arts, Machinery, Electric- 
ity, Transportation and other departmenls. She sends an interest- 
ing exhibit, in the form of native pearls. These pearls, found in 
the clams indigenous to several rivers of the vicinity, have been 
pronounced by Tiffany as the finest in the world, and are exhibited 
by the owner at the World's Fair as a product of the state. A solid 
granite monolith, larger than Cleopatra's needle, is exhibited by the 
owner of a Wisconsin quarry. It weighs 400 tons. All cereals and 
farm products which took first prizes in the county fairs of 1892 
were sent to the Agricultural department of the Exposition. 

Wyoming. — The Wyoming building is in stjle a model club 
house. The dimensions are 70 feet in length by 50 feet in width. 
The first story contains a large hall extending to the roof with a 
gallery at the second floor. The offices are arranged on the stairway 
leading to the second floor. A veranda 12 feet wide is upon the 
east and west sides. The second story contains toilet and retiring 
rooms for both ladies and gentlemen. The gallery around the hall 
and doors leads out upon the balconies on each of the four sides. 
The building is in the French chateau style, ana the panels of the 
main frieze exterior contain elaborately wrought hunting and pas- 
toral scenes. The cost of the building was $20,000. Wyoming 
contributes to the Agricultural, Mines and Mining and other depart- 
ments of the Exposition displays, which show her to have made 
wonderful advancement. 

The Territories. — The Territories of the Union are well rep- 
resented. Beginning with far-away Alaska, each and every one 
of them makes a creditable exhibit. The government takes care 
of the Alaskan display, which is a novel and interesting one in many 
particulars. The seal industry is represented among others. 
Arizona contributes largely to the Mines and Mining departments 
and to the Indian exhibit. New Mexico rai-sed over $75,000 and 
in consequence the visitor sees a great many attractions from this 
wealthy territory, notably in the Mines and Mining department 
and Indian exhibit. Oklahoma, youngest of the Territories, has 



182 HA.ND-BOOK OF 

made a splendid effort to bring herself properly before the world, 
and her efforts have been crowned with success. She contributes 
to the Agricultural, Horticultural, Mines and Mining departments, 
displays which will surprise the visitor. The possibilities in 
the way of raising fruit, as shown by the product of last year, are 
great. One strawberry raised in Guthrie measured 73^ inches in 
circumference and twenty weighed one pound. For a number of 
years the Benedictine order in Pottawattamie county has given 
special attention to viticulture, and their wines have quite a 
reputation. The cereals are well represented here, as is cotton. 
The mineral deposits are as yet undeveloped. Utah ought not 
properly to be classed among the other Territories, so much is 
she in advance of them. Her building is a "Salt Palace," and 
her exhibits are really deserving of a first place among those of the 
great agricultural and mining States. District of Columbia. — 
The display made by the District in which is located the seat of 
government includes pictures of the school buildings, views of the 
streets and avenues, and probably a fac-simile in miniature of the 
city and its public buildings. There is to be also a collection of 
historical relics. 

A Group of State Buildtngs— The four States of Wisconsin, 
Indiania, Michigan and Ohio, are grouped together on a triangular 
plat of ground near the western limit of Jackson Park, just north 
of Fifty-ninth street. How to arrange these four state buildings so 
that each would have a commanding view of the fine art galleries 
and the pretty little lake near by has been one of the problems for 
the construction deparment. The buildings are so placed that each 
commands a fine view of the art galleries, the picturesque lake and 
the buildings of a number of foreign nations. The Indiana build- 
ing cost about $100,000, of which amount $70,000 was to be donated 
by lumber associations. The Michigan building represents an 
outlay of $40,000, most of which was donated from private sources 
The Wisconsin and Ohio buildings cost about $50,000 each, and a 
in the case of Michigan and Indiana, most of the building material 
was donated. 



jm PLflNKINTON 

MILWf\UKEE, WIS. 




The Largest and most complete Hotel in 

the Northwest. 

450 ROOMS, FROM ^2.50 TO ^5.00 PER DAY. 

Tourists and Commercial Travelers will find the 
Plankinton one of the most elegant and com- 
fortable Hotels in the United States, 

A. L. CHASE, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 183 



PART YII. 



FOREIGN REPRESENTATIONS AND EXHIBITS— THE CIVILIZED 
WORLD DISPLAYS ITS PROGRESS AT THE CHICAGO EXPOSI- 
TION-SOME OF THE LEADING ATTRACTIONS-RULES GOV- 
ERNI-iG FOREIGN EXHIBITS-LOCATION OF FOREIGN BUILD- 
INGS, ETC. 

The civilized world, sections of the semi-civilized and many 
poitionsof the uncivilized, are represented at the World's Colum- 
bian Exposition. The Chicago World's Fair of 1893 has a stronger 
cl im upon the term Universal than any of its predecessors. For 
the first time in history the great nations of Europe are able to 
exhibit their progress in science, art, and industry, on what may be 
justly termed neutral ground. The political and social rivalry 
which has ever been a menace to the different nations in interna- 
tional expositions heretofore, finds no place here. While the United 
States comes into competition with all nations, in every department 
of human activity, the narrow environments and prejudices which 
exist abroad are unknown here, and every nation is certain to be treated 
f urly, impartially and justly, not only in the allotment of position and 
space, but in the distribution of honors. The foreign department of 
the Exposition, from the beginning, has been intelligently and 
wisely managed. The sending of a commission into all the coun- 
tries of Europe in 1891 was the most politic and judicious step that 
could have been taken. This commission consisted of Ferdinand 
Peck, Esq. ; Hon. Benjamin Butterworth, Judge William Lindsay, 
Hon. A. Gr. Bullock and Major Moses P. Handy, representatives of 
the Local Directory, the National Commission and the official staff 
of the Exposition. The effect of their mission was felt almost 
immediately. Europe was awakened to a sense of the importance 



184 HAND-BOOK OF 

and magnitude of the World's Fair, and upon the return of the 
commission two of the greatest empires on earth — England and 
Germany — sent representatives to enquire further into the status of 
the enterprise and to report to their respective governments the 
result. The reports of Sir Henry Wood and James Dredge, on the 
part of England, and of Herr Wermuth, on the part of Germany, 
as well as the active interest these envoys have since taken in the 
success of the Exposition, are fresh in the minds of the public. 
Not only has their friendship and enthusiasm interested the exhib- 
itors of the two empires named, but they have stimulated every 
European nation, many of which, for a time, at least, were inclined to 
be apathetic. The visit of the ambassadors of foreign nations accred- 
ited to Washington in 1891 also served to enlighten the Old World 
as to the magnitude of the preparations being made here. Later 
on, the sending of additional commissioners— notably the departure 
of Mr. H. N. Higginbotham and T. B. Bryan for southern Europe. 
— served to renew the interest of foreign nations in the World's Fair, 
The organization of a Latin-American Commission likewise has 
resulted in bringing the Spanish-American republics into line, and the 
exhibits made by our neighbors on this continent demonstrate how 
well the bureau having this department in charge has been conducted 
by Mr. W. E. Curtis. Finally the appointment of Walker Fearn as 
chief of the foreign exhibits department gave an impulse to this 
branch of the executive service of the Exposition, the favorable 
effects of which have continued to be felt up to the present time. 
The passage of the McKinley bill by Congress for a time had a 
depressing effect upon the prospects of the Exposition. Foreign 
manufacturers were inclined to hold aloof, in the hope, perhaps, 
that by so doing the government might be influenced in the direction 
of more liberal customs laws; but as our system of government can 
not be thus influenced, and as foreign governments and foreign 
manufacturers began to realize that outside pressure of this kind 
would probably have an effect quite contrary to that which was 
desired, they gradually accepted the situation and set about making 
the best of it. 



THE world's (JOLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 185 

As an evidence of friendship for the Exposition, Belgium, China, 
Denmark and the Netherlands gave official notification through the 
American ministers to their respective countries that Exposition 
publications, printed matter and pictures would be admitted free of 
duty. Japan not only admitted such publications free of duty, but 
assisted in circulating them. The Standard Guide to Chicago and 
Tre Hand Book op The World's Columbian Exposition are 
admitted into all countries. The former was warmly received every- 
where during the progress of the Columbian Exposition commission 
throughout Enrope. Ferdinand Peck, Esq., and Major Moses P. 
Handy, reported that it was the most sought of any publication car- 
ried with them, and that it had a very favorable effect upon all 
classes of people. Whole sections of J'he Standard Guide have been 
translated and printed in the newspapers and magazines of the dif- 
ferent European countries. Even the advertising was reproduced to 
illustrate the business customs and the commercial energy of Chicago. 

Foreign visitors and exhibitors will be looked after carefully by 
various societies organized in Chicago for the purpose. The St. 
George Society will entertain and protect English visitors; 
the St. Andrews and Highland societies will care for the Scotch; 
the Sheridan Club, Idsh-Americau Club and other Irish Societies 
will look after distinguished Irishmen and women, and see that the 
less distinguished are not neglected. German citizens have a suit- 
able headquarters and bureau of information where strangers from 
the Empire of Germany will be received and attended to; the Aus- 
trians are similarly organized, and besides the great German 
societies and clubs of Chicago will assist. French, Swedish, 
Norwegian, Bohemian, Polish, Jewish, Swiss, Danish, Welsh and 
other socieiies of foreign born, or foreign descent citizens of Chicago 
will care for visitors of their respective nationalities. [See Flinn's 
Standard Guide to Chicago for a list of foreign societies.] The 
decision of the United States Attorney-General that foreign exhibit- 
ors can bring with them enough employes to show the process of 
manufacturing the goods they display, without being held for 
violation of the contract law, will bring, it is thought, many thou- 



186 HAND-BOOK OF 

sands of skilled mechanics and artisans from foreign countries into 
Chicago. These will be entertained suitably by the various indus- 
trial and trades societies. 

The government in 1891 decided that the transportation of articles 
intended for tlie Exposition must be facilitated in preference to all 
other importations Upon entry of merchandize intended for the 
Exposition an entry must be made providing for iis immediate trans- 
portation with apprisement, ns has already been inserted in the cus- 
t>ms regulations on this su)ject. Restrictions as to date of sli p- 
ment are not t ) be appatd to shipment of merchandize of this kind, 
but in the language of the Secretary of the Treasury: " It is in- 
tended by this department to give precedence as far as reasonable to 
entries of this kind, and you are hereby instructed to afford every 
practicable facility for speedy transmission to Chicago." All in- 
voices and other papers accompanying such intended exhibits are 
to be stamped plainly "Exhibits for the World's Columbian Exposi- 
tion." and blank forms will be furnished upon application by ship- 
pers or importers. The information contained in this paragraph is 
of special importance to foreign exhibitors. Another item of great 
importance is this, a bill passed by Congress for the protection of 
foreign exhibitors: "That no citizen of any country shall be held 
liable for the infringement of any patent granted by the United 
States or any trade mark registered in the United States 
where the act complained of is pei formed in connection with 
the exhibition of any article ( r thing at the World's Columbian 
Exposition at Chicago." Hon. Benj. Butterworth, Solicitor-Geneial 
of the Exposition, is of the opinion that intending foreign ex- 
hibitors may operate and use on the Exposition grounds machinery 
which may be patented in the United Slates and the foreign 
countries. 

The following, containing answers to questions put to the Director- 
General by the French Commission, will be of interest to the 
exhibitors of all nations, as it contains in substance the regulations 
governing the Exposition and the rules governing Foreign exhibits. 



TIE RELIC HOISE 

900 flortl^ <5IarK Str<^(^t. 



BUILT OK 



IV|ATEI(IAL TAl^EM F{(OM THE dHIdA^Q n\l. 



The only interesting Relic Remaining 
Of the Fatal October Sth, 1871. 



I(EFRE^HW[EMT^ OF ALL I^ID^ 

SERVED BY POLITE WAITERS, ETC., ETC. 



WM. LINDEMANN, - PROPRIETOR. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 187 

The inquiries were answered by the former Solicitor-General of the 

Exposition, Hon. Benj. Batter worth: 

Sir-: In answering the several interrog-atories propou nded by the Honor- 
pble Commis ioner of France, in reference to French exhibits, etc., I beg to 
submit the following: 
The tirst interrogatory is as follows: 

"What accommodations would the Exposition be willing to furnish in 
view of providing the French section with a service of firemen of 
the city of Paris?" 

Tne question does not indicate whether the French Commission would 
send Avith the proposed service of firemen, engines, hose ree's and otber 
apparatus used by afire department, or whether they would expe t to usr 
the appliances furnished by the fire department of Chicago. In either 
case,however,suitable accommodati ns would he provided for the rnposed 
service of firemen— the cost of subsisting the force WoUld of course devolve 
upon the French Commission. 

The ne t interrogatory is as follows: 

"The French Comtiission would like to know at what condition', clauses, 
a'^d rate it would be possible for French exhibitors to insure their o jects 
with perfect secur ty in C icago?" 

Your corrts^OLdent W'll observ that t will be impossible to fix with 
exactness the rate of insurance until the character of buildings and 
the nature of the exhibits, manner ' f installation, etc., is known. But his 
can be said definitely, that there will be no difficulty in making- satisfac- 
tory arrangements for the most rpasonable rates in Fre 'ch, English, or 
American companies. The management has laken special care to make 
ad quate prov sion for space, and to have everv thing as nearly fire-proof 
as may be, so it is reasonably ctrtain that rates of ins ranee willn'^tbe 
e cessive, but, on the contrary, very reasonable. The representatives of the 
various insur'nce companies wiilgive this matter a^tentio i attheearliest 
practicable moment, and your correspondent will be advised of the rates 
agreed upon as fast as they are fixed by the insurance companies. 

The next interrogatory is as follows: "About any other losses to be 
incurred otherwise than by fire, under what jurisdiction and police regula- 
tions is the International Exhibit going to be placeo? Are the grounds and 
buildings going to be treated for public protection like United States Ware- 
houses, subject to the Federal laws and courts, or under State and Munic- 
ipal laws of police? "' Foreign e vhibits will be un 3er the immediate charge 
of officeis of the United States Government. The entire Exposi ion 
grounds and buildings will be under the immediate jurisdiction of the 
Municipality of the city of Chicago, and mediately the State of Illinois. A 
police force and guard equal to any possible contingency will be provided. 
Under our system of government, the authority of the Municipality is 
uphpld by the State, and the State by the General Government, so that no 
apprehension need arise as to losses resulting from acts of lawlessness, 
such an occurrence, at most, being a very remote possibility. 

The next interrogatory is as follows : " Article 24 says that sales of spf^- 
cial articles Avill be subject to further regulations. The French Commis- 
sion trusts, in the interest of French exhibitors, that such sales are going to 
be allowed, and would like that a pledge should be given that it will be so." 
Referring to the above article with relation to French exhibits the rule 
adopted in regard to sale of articles on exhibition upon the grounds is, that 
the exhibit shall not be impaired by reason of such sales. This is obviously 
indispensable to the proper conduct of the Exposition. If sales are made 
and deliveries had it would have to be under a regulation which would pro- 



188 HAND-BOOK OF 

vide that the articles would be immediately replaced, so that the exhibit as 
a whole would not deteriorate. 

The next interrogatory is as follows : " The French Commission needs 
also to be informed about the amount collected so far, or to be collected on 
the World's Fair subscription, and now and when the bonds of the city of 
Chicago S^,000,000 loan have been issued and lent over to the World's i- air 
Directors." In answer it is submitted: That about six millions of dollars 
have been raised by subscriptions to the capital stock of the Company. Of 
this sum Sl,500,000 has been paid in, and th^; balance is paid as installments 
are called for by the Directors of the Company. The city of Chicago has 
authorized the issuance of bonds of the cits'- to the amount, of five million 
dollars. This insures to the enterprise at this date eleven millions of dollars. 
Additional subscrip ions are being taken, and the committee on finance has 
stated that not less than seventeen millions of dollars will be realized from 
first to last by the corporation for use of the Exposition. To defray the 
expense of the participation of the Federal Governmentin the Exposition, 
the Congress of the United States, at the first session of the fifty-first 
Congress, appropriated fifteen hundred thousand dollars. The several 
States are making appropriations ranging from twenty-five thousand to 
three hundred thousand dollars each. The appropriation up to ttiis time by 
states that have taken action in the matter reaches about two million 
dollars. The total amount appropriat*^d by States will und ubtedly exceed 
four millions, to which must be added the sums provided by the manufac- 
turing cities. The fund already provided and available for use by the 
management is larger than has been provided for any previous exposition. 
That funds ample in amount, and available when and as needed in the pro- 
gress of the work of preparation, have been provided, is beyond question. 

The next mterrogatory is as follows: " By a proclamation of June 11, 
1887, the President of the United States has agreed to the following Artic'e 
11, of the International Convention for the protection of industrial prop- 
erty, viz.: 'The high contracting parties engage between themselves to 
accord a temporary protection to patentable inventions, to industrial 
designs or models, as well as to trade or commerciaJ marks, for the pro- 
ductions which may figureat official or officially recognized iaternational 
exhibitions.' May the French Commission be assured that the guarantee 
promised by said proclamation will te fully extended to the industrial or 
commercial marks, designs and patents of French products? Which juris- 
diction and courts would have to prevent or repress any attempt in violation 
of gaid convention?" To answer the question here p- opounded, required an 
examination of Treaty of Paris with reference to industrial prorerty, and 
the action of a subsequent conference held in pursuance of that Treaty, and 
t*^ e legislation by the United States since. To make the necessary examina- 
tion required time. The Hth Article of the Convention of 1883, to which 
reference is made in the mterrogatory of your correspondent, is as follow-: 
" The high contracting parties engage between themselves to accord tem- 
porary protection to patentable inventions, to industrial designs or models, 
as well as to trade or commercial marks for the productions which may 
figure at official or officially recognized international exhibitions." The 
necessity for such a requirement as this exists by virtue of the provision in 
the law !j of many European nations that a patent is void, oris voidable, if 
the invention has been made public in the country prior to the issue of the 
patent therefor. In countries where the law above mentioned was in force, 
inventors necessarily refrained from displaying unpatented inventions. To 
provide for such contingencies, the 11 th Article of the Treaty of Paris 
above quoted was adopted. That article did not, however, increase the 
security of inventors in the United States, as alarger measure of protection 
is guaranteed to all inventors, whether citizens or foreigners, by the exist- 
ing law, since our statute explicitly admits of two years of public use of an 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 189 

invention during which an application for patent may be filed. It results' 
therefore, that the exhibition of an unpatented invention at the World's 
Columbian Exposition will not impair the right of the inventor to get a 
patent, unless the invention was made and disclosed or publicly used more 
than two years before patent is applied for 

The statute on that subject is clear and explicit. It reads as follows: 
(Sec. 4886, Revised Statutes. Patent Laws.) "Any person who has invented 
or discovered any new and useful art, machine, manufacture or composi- 
tion of matter, or any new and useful improvement thereof, not known or 
used by others in this country, and not patented or described in any 
printed publication in this or any foreign country, before his invention or 
discovery thereof, and not in public use or on sale for more than two years 
prior to his application, unless the same is proved to have abandoned, 
may, upon payment of the fees required by law, and other due proceed- 
ings had, obtain a patent therefor." 

Concerning trade marks, I call the attention of your correspondent to 
the fact that, by virtue of the Treaty of 1869 between the French govern- 
ment and the government ot the United States, citizens of the French 
Republic are, equally with citizens of the United States, entitled to register 
their trade marks in the United States. This privilege is also secured to 
them by the virtue of the Convention of 1883 (Treaty of Paris), and 
although the Treaty agreed upon by that convention stipulates a period of 
time within which the application must be deposited in this country, that 
stipulation is practically unimportant; since our law does not make pro- 
tection to trade marks here contingent upon prior registration in the 
country of which the applicant is a citizen. It is obvious from what has 
been said that no legislation is required in this country to carry into effect 
the nth Article of the Convention of Paris, and hence no such legislation 
has been recommended, and none enacted. The 11th Article of the Treaty 
made by the Convention of Paris, has been construed by Article 6 of the 
4th Protocol, adopted at the Madrid Conference of April, 1890, held in pur- 
suance of the said treaty of Paris. 

Article 6 of the 4th Protocol reads as follows: ^'First. The temporary 
protection provided by Article 11 of the Convention consists in a period 
of priority of at least six months from the admission of the product to the 
exposition; and the application or employment without proper authority, 
during the exhibition, of the invention, design, model or trade mark so 
protected, shall not prevent the person who has obtained the tempory 
protection from legally making, during the said period, application for 
patent, or from making the deposit necessary to insure himself of the said 
protection in all the territory of the Union. Each State shall have power 
to extend the said period. 

''''Sexond. The above mentioned temporary protection shall have no 
effect unless, pending its duration, an application for a patent or a deposit 
be made in view of securing to the object to which it is applied definite 
protection in one of the contracting States. 

"■"Third. The periods of priority mentioned in Arti le 4 of the Conven- 
tion are additional to the temporary protection contemplated by Article 11. 

^''Fourth. Patentable inventions to which provisional protection shall 
have been granted, by virtue of Article 11 of the Convention, can be 
notified to the International Bureau by the government of the country in 
which the exposition takes place, for the purpose of publication in the 
oflBcial organ of said bureau." 

It appears from this explanatory Article, that the Convention contem- 
plates an application for patent or for the registration of a trade mark to be 
filed within the period therein set forth, in order that the author of the 
invention, or owner of the trade mark, could avail himself of the privilege It 
offers. This article is not yet accepted by the different nations or the Inter- 



190 HAND-BOOK OF 

national Union, but will be by many of them, and, perhaps, by all, includ- 
ing- the United States. A conference was to have been held at M <drid on the 
14th instant, for the purpose of discussion and signature of the Articles 
adopted in 1890; but as to the action taken, I am not advised. This Protocol, 
whether ratified or not, mus-t be legarded as the accepted interpretation 
which other powers have agreed to put upon the 11th Article of the Con- 
vention of Paris. Existing- Imw in the United States is Ic: s exactin thanthe 
terms of the Articles agreed upon by the Convention, and the French Com- 
missioners will find that the privileges offered by the United States statutes, 
now in force, to the exhibitors, are mucti wider than those demanded by 
the Convention. Each exhibitor of an unpatented invention will be enti- 
tled to present his appiicatiun for pater t at any time within two years from 
the commencement of its exhibition. He Avill not be entit ed to bnng- a suit 
for infringemeiit, as he would not in any country, until his patent has been 
granted. Suits to restrain the infringements of patents can only be brought 
in the United States courts, the courts of the several States having no juris- 
div-tion of such questions. 

The owner of a trace mark used in lawful commerce between the Uni- 
ted States and any foreign nation, will be entitled to register such trade 
mark in the usual way provided for the registration oi trade marks (-f citi- 
zens; but such registration is not necessary to entitle the owner ( f a trade 
mark to the protection of the courts Registration is a publ c notice that 
the registrj nt is the owner of the trade mark registered by him ; but euch 
registration is not conclusive of such right. He may, whether he has reg- 
istered t.r not, institute suit for infringement, either in the courts of the 
heveraUtates, or (by viriue of being an alien) in the United States federal 
courts, if the matter in dispute exceeds the value of $5( ; and in each of 
these courts he will find the same protection that is given by law to citizens 
of the United States. 

So it will be observed that the fullest protection will be afforded to 
French exhit itorsof the cla s of industrial property referred to in Article 
11 of the Treaty of Paris, to which the proclamation of the President of the 
United States, under date June 11, 1887, referred. 

It has been decided that agents in th's country of articles manu- 
factured in foreign countries cannot have the same entered for 
exhibition as American products. Although the capital of residents 
of the United States may be employed in the manufacture of such 
goods, the exhibits will haveto be entered as foreign ones and space 
be assigned for them by the World's Fair Commission of the country 
in which the articles are produced. General rules governing foreign 
exhibits, or as much of them as are essential to this Hand Book, are 
printed in the appendix. 

The following are the nations and colonies represented at the 
World's Columbian Exposition, with all the information concerning 
their respective exhibits in possession of the Exposition management 
up to date: 

Algiers. — The Governor of Algiers has taken a deep interest in 
the Exposition. It was the wish of exhibitors in that colony to have 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 191 

a distinct sub-section of the French exhibit. The Algiers display is 
novel and brilliant. It may be seen in the French section. 

Argentine Republic. — The President of the Argentine Republic 
appointed a World's Fair Commission early in 1891, and no time was 
lost in collecting and forwarding exhibits. The sum of $100,000 was 
placed at the disposal of the commission and visitors can readily see 
how judiciously this aum was expended. The Argentine display is 
a handsome one. 

Australia. — Australia is one of the most important exhibitors 
at the World's Fair. Not less than 1,000,000 feet of space were 
demanded by her exhibitors, and this was placed at their disposal. 
New South Wales took a lively interest in the Exposition from the 
first, as did New Zealand and Queensland. The merchants and 
manufacturers of Sydney and Melbourne were enthusiastic, and the 
public of Australia in general determined upon making a display 
which should attract the attention of the world to the progress the 
great island is making. The principal exhibits made by Australia 
include ores, wools, timber, olive oils, wines, manufactured articles 
and curios. Sir Walter Buller has sent his famous collection of 
Maori paintings. These works of art are exceedingly interesting. 
They are the product of savages whose bravery has made them 
famous the world over. Thousands of visitors from Australia will 
be found in Chicago during the progress of the Exposition, As an 
evidence of the progress of Australia in commerce it may be stated 
that New Zealand exported 603,000,000 pounds of wool last year. 
New Zealand shipped 2,000,000 frozen sheep to England in refrig- 
ator ships, Australia has 120,000,000 sheep and New Zealand 
55,000,000, the latter country alone having 10,000,000 more than the 
United States. Three new steamships are plying between Sydney 
and San Francisco, doubling the service and making trips fortnightly 
instead of m.onthl}". This change was brought about by the desire 
of the Australian people in large numbers to visit the Fair, The 
Queensland exhibit consists of wines, olive oil, minerals. New 
Zealand flax and cowry gums. This last product,of which $2,000,000 
worth was shipped out of the colonies last year, is used for varnish, 



193 HAND-BOOK OF 

and is bought principally by Boston dealers. The railroads of Aus- 
tralia use American coaches, and it is said that there are 10,000 
American typewriters in use there. Other imports from America 
are soap, coal oil and all kinds of agricultural and mining machinery. 
Sir James Hector, who was commissioner from Australia to the 
Centennial, has charge of the exhibit. Col. Alexander Campbell was 
the World's Fair special commissioner to that country. New South 
Wales and Queensland offer as an attraction in their exhibits copies 
of the noted aboriginal cave inscriptions, and a tribe of savages. 

Austria. — The Austro-Hungarian Empire was a little late in 
responding to the President's invitation, but finally decided to partici- 
pate, although not officially. The premier notified the U. S. minister 
that the Empire would give its utmost support to anything that 
private parties might do toward making an exhibit. Private inter- 
ests at once took up the matter, and the exhibits fiom Austria and 
Hungary in the several departments of the Exposition are fully up to 
the standard established by the great powers of Europe. As a strong 
evidence of her friendship, Austria postponed the International Art 
Jubilee, which was to occur in 1898, until 1894, so that it should not 
interfere with the World's Fair. Among other things Austria makes 
a fine exhibit of glass, porcelain, bronze, leather, artistic iron and 
cabinet work. The Austrian Commission, appointed by the Emperor, 
includes among other prominent men his Imperial Highness Arch- 
duke Charles Louis, brother of the Emperor. The Minister of Com- 
merce, Marquis Olivier Bacquehem, is president of the board. 

Belgium — Belgium from the first displayed the greatest inter- 
est in the World's Fair, and determined upon taking an active 
and conspicuous part in the Exposition. She made a grant of 
600,000 francs, and has sent an art exhibit much more extensive than 
that displayed at the last Paris Exposition. Belgium is represented 
in all the leading departments. 

A supplementary grant of 300,000 francs was made by the Bel- 
gian government, after the above was written. This is to aid the 
private exhibitors. 

Bo;.iviA. — Bolivia, has an excellent exhibit, It is among th§ 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 193 

best from the Latin- American Republics, Among other attractions 
are fine samples, of the ceremonial dresses of the Jiberos and 
Zaparros Indians. One of the Jiberos costumes is said to surpass 
any of the dresses of savage tribes yet discovered, in gorgeous 
beauty and lovely contrasts of colors. The two Zaparros costumes 
are woven of human hair, and are ornamented with geometrical 
designs. Bolivia's appropriation for the Fair was $150,000. 

Bkazil. — The Government of Brazil makes a magnificent dis- 
play. The cost of the exhibit was over half a million dollars. 
The Brazil building is in itself a leading attraction. In addition 
to the $550,000 appropriated by the Federal government of Brazil, 
$250,000 were appropriated by the different States of the Republic. 
From the beginning it seemed probable that Brazil would expend 
more money on her exhibit than any nation except the United States, 
and more than any of the states of this country except Illinois. 
The proposition of the President of the Republic was not only to 
erect a building in which to display the magnificent resources of 
Brazil, but to surround that building with practical illustra- 
tions of the methods of agriculture and industry. There is a sugar 
mill in operation, a coffee quinta, at which the method of gather- 
ing and curing coffee for the market is illustrated, and the manner in 
which rubber is gathered and prepared for market is shown in a 
similar way. There are also several fac-similes of native huts, 
with native families living as they live at home, and pursuing their 
industries. The National Band of Brazil will perform daily. 
Rio de Janeiro desired her exhibit to be entirely separate from the 
remainder of Brazil. The display of orchids from Brazil surpass 
anything of the kind ever seen before. The Corcovado Railway 
Company, of Rio de Janeiro, makes an exhibit in miniature of its 
railway. It has large photographs illustrating the mountain route 
through which the railway passes, the bridges, the stations, the 
hotel at the summit, and interesting scenery adjacent. They have 
molded, in papier mache, the mountain of Corcovado in miniature, 
with the railway laid down as in actual operation. The total 
length of the road is two miles, The rise from the station at the 



194 HAND-BOOK OF 

upper end of the road to the summit is 2,300 feet. Brazil's exhibits 
will be found in the Art, Agricultural, Forestry, Horticultural, Flori- 
cultural and other departments and always occupying a conspicuous 
and creditable position. 

Salvador de Mendonca, envoy extraordinary and minister plenipo- 
tentiary of Brazil at Washington, thus -spoke in advance of Brazils, 
intentions regarding the Exposition: " I understand that, aside frcm 
the appropriation of $300,000 by the Federal Government of Brazil 
for the "World's Fair exhibit, different states that constitute the 
Federal union have made liberal appropriaiions and appointed 
special committees to take charge of their State exhibits. These 
committees are already at work se> uring articles f rthe Exposition. 
It is quite probable th^t my country will make not only a profuse 
exhibit of s'aple articles of export, like coffee, rubber, hides, furs, 
sugar, and construction woods, but also an exhibit of certain manu- 
factured articles, like furniture, fine saddlery, shoes, and preserved 
fruits. I expect that we will be even better lepresenled in- the Art 
department, showing fine books, paintings, by our artists, sculpture, 
and musical compositions. The Brazilian composer, Calls Gomez, 
cabled me last week from Milan, Italy, asking the program of the 
Musical Department, with the intention to ^ rite an anthem especially 
for the occasion. In the Exposition of 1876 the same composer, at 
the request of ex-Emperor of Brazil, Dom Pedro, wrote a special 
composition, which was executed for the first time on the Fourth of 
July in the course of the ceremonies at Independence Hall by Gil- 
more's Band. It is not unlikely that the last grand opera by the 
same composer, "Condor," will be performed in part, if not entirely. 
I have already communicated with the Musical department about 
the intentions of my countryman, and I expect that he will be 
cordially welcomed. Theodore Thomas expressed his satisfaction at 
the news I received from Gomez." 

British Columbia. — British Columbia is represented by a build- 
ing which is a novelty in architecture, composed of every variety of 
wood known to the British Columbia forests. The building was 
first built in sections of contrasting woods neatly mortised together. 




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The roof is of native slate and a variety of cedar shingles, making in 
all a pleasing effect. The display made by British Columbia is a 
unique and handsome one. Every cily in the province contributed 
toward it. British Columbia is represented in nearly all of the 
principal departments. 

British Goiana.— British Guiana appropriated $20,000 for an 
exhibit and appointed a commission to collect and display the same. 
A space of 60x30 feet is allotted to the exhibit from this colony, 
close to the exhibit and building of the Dominion of Canada. The 
location was chosen by British Guiana so as to afford an opportunity 
for contrasting its exhibits with those of other British American 
colonies. A local exhibition of the resources of British Guiana was 
held previous to the shipment of the exhibits to this country, so that 
the choicest might be selected. 

British Hoxduras. — This colony makes an excellent exhibit, 
consisting principally of woods, plants, fruits, tropical flowers, 
native minerals, etc. 

British West India. — Thedispl ly made by British India in vari- 
ous departments and sections is an interesting one. Exhibits from 
Burmahare particularly attractive. Under this heading are included 
British Honduras, British, Guiana, Jamaica, Trinidad, the Barbados 
and other islands. Some of these are mentioned in proper order 
separately. The proposition to erect a "West Indian Court'' on the 
grounds in which all of the colonies might be represented was under 
discussion when this book went to press. The commissioner for 
British West Indies was granted 25,000 square feet of space. Much 
of the exhibit from these colonies consist of tropical plants, etc., 
which are to be seen in the horticultural department, 

Bulgaria. — Bulgaria has asurprisingly fine art and industrial dis- 
play. The kingdom is represented worthily for the first time at an 
International Exposition. 

Canada. — Canada early in 1892 asked for 96,000 square feet of 
space, but this did not represent the total space desired. In the fine 
arts and fisheries annexes additional room was necessary. Canada 
was granted in all about ICO, 000 square feet Among the exhibits 



196 HAND-BOOK OF 

of the Dominion those in the Agricultural department, where 18.000 
square feet are covered, 3,000 of which is allotted to the dairy pro- 
duct and the remainder to agricultural products, are among the most 
prominent. Canada occupies 10,000 feet of space in the Pomological 
department. Nearly all Canadians who exhibited at the Centennial, 
Colonial, Paris and Jamacia exhibitions, with several hundred new 
exhibitors are represented in the different departments. Canada is 
represented well in the Live Stock department. Montreal sends a 
model of the statue to be erected in honor of M. Maisonneuve, the 
founder of Montreal, on the opening day of the World's Fair at 
Chicago, the 250th anniversary of the founding of that city. The 
model represents Maisonneuve in the attitude of a conqueror taking 
possession of the land. The Province of Ontario makes an extensive 
mineral exhibit. No description of the Canadian building can be 
given at this time. 

Ceylon. — Ceylon has a special building on the grounds. Among 
the attractions of its display is a large tea house. 

Chile. — The position of Chile as to its participation in the 
World's Columbian Exposition long remained in doubt. The im- 
poverished condition of the country, and the stagnation of its trade 
due to the recent revolution, compelled the government to abandon 
its original design of appropriating $100,000 to defray the expenses 
of an exhibit. At this writing it is impossible to state what the final 
action of Chile will be, but it is believed she will be creditably rep- 
resented. 

China. — Owing to certain diplomatic troubles between the 
United States and China, caused by the exclusion of Chinese immi- 
grants, it was doubted for some time whether China would partici- 
pate in any way in the Exposition. But the government of the 
Empire, while giving no oflScial countenance to the Exposition, it 
was understood, would assist private exhibitors substantially. 
Later on it was announced that China would subscribe $200,000 and 
$50,000 to defray the expenses of a private exhibit. The Chinese 
government authorized Tao Tai, the representative of the custom 
service at Shanghai, to remove all export duties on exhibits intended 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 197 

for the World's Fair. Later still the Chinese government announced 
through its minister at Washington that its Embassy to this country 
would eventually be made a commission to represent China at the 
World's Fair and see that the rights of its citizens were thoroughly 
protected. Notwithstanding the ill-feeling prevailing throughout 
China in regard to certain legislation in this country, the great mer- 
chants of the Empire it seems have all along been desirous of mak- 
ing a creditable showing at the World's Fair. Chew Yu Ling, a 
Chinese gentleman representing one of the most important mercan- 
tile houses in China, visited Chicago in 1893 and conferred with 
the Exposition authorities relative to an exhibit. The general indi- 
cations are that China will be represented in many of the important 
departments of the Exposition and will probably erect a building on 
the grounds. 

Colombia. — Colombia's display is particularly attractive. Its 
building is modeled after the capitol at Bogota. The exterior is in 
imitation of the sandstone of which the capitol is built, while the 
interior is finished in the valuable hardwoods of the country, com- 
prising more than a hundred varieties. Within the building are the 
products of the country — coffee, cocoa, rubber, ivory, nuts, wax, 
gums, etc., and the richest mineral exhibit ever seen in the United 
States. " Indian women of the country will be seen wearing Panama 
hats from fibre prepared on the spot, which are as fine as a cobweb." 
There are in addition private exhibits of the recently discovered 
antiquities in solid gold, consisting of idols, birds, animals and orna- 
ments of great value and interest. These antiquities were discovered 
in vaults supposed to have been the burial places of prehistoric 
kings. A typical orchestra from Colombia, consisting of ten musi- 
cians playing their native instruments, which are unlike those of any 
other people, is one of the attractions of the exhibit. Among other 
exhibits of interest is a valuable collection from the National museum 
at Bogota. This includes relics of the Inquisition and the Conquest. 
A curious assortment of vegetable fibers, many of which equal silk 
in fineness and texture, is also to be seen here. Colombia celebrated 
the anniversary of its independence by opening an Exposition on 



198 HAND-BOOK OF 

July 20, 1892. This Exposition closed in October of the same year. 
It embraced an extensive showing of the resources and products of 
the country, and also a historical, arch geological and ethnological 
exhibit. At the close of this Exposition the entire collection, or the 
best part of it at lea^t, was sent to the World's Fair at Chicago. In 
1892 Leland Stanford, of California, contributed $10,000 toward the 
expenses of an expediiion to the republic of Colombia to get a num- 
ber of ethnologic d exhi )its for the Pdir. C iptaia Gerard Fowlk 
was in ch irge of the expedition. The first place visited was the 
ancient burial places of the Miscas, which are supposed to be the 
recep'acles of many gold and silver images and richly embellished 
burial caskets. After the Fair s}\ the relics secured by this expedi- 
tion will be contiibuted to the Leland Stanford University of Cali- 
fornia. Most of the relics of the ethnological exhibit, however, will 
be presented to the Ciiicago Museum of Natural Sciences, to be 
erected after the Fair. 

Costa Rica. — Among the first exhibis received in Chicago for 
the World's Fair of 1893 were ten cases of curios and antiques col- 
lected in Costa Rica by Ihe Latin-America bureau. Lieut. Scriven 
was specially detailed to make the collection. It was valued at $500. 
This little Republic appropriated $50,000 to defray the expenses of 
her display. Her exhibits are to be found in nearly every one of 
the principal departments. 

Cuba. — The exhibit fiom Cuba is principally remarkable for Ihe 
wonderful floral and horticultural specimens which it includes. 
These are to be found in the proper departments. Cuba also con- 
tributes to other departments of the Exposition, particularly to the 
manufactures, where her display of tobaccos and cigars will attract 
general attention. 

Denmakk. — The Danish exhibit comprises contributions to nearly 
all departments, and particularly to those of fine arts, agriculture 
and manufactures. The artists of Denmark have been particularly 
active in preparing for the Exposition, and it is said the result is a 
larger and a better display of paintings than they contributed to any 
previous international Exposition. The sum of $55,000,was set apart 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 199 

by Denmark in order to show as a leading feature of its exhibit a 
Danish dairy complete and in full operation. The dairy interest is 
one of the most important in Denmark, and the most modern appli- 
ances are utilized in the dairies of that country. 

Dutch West Indies. — The Dutch colonies of the West Indies, 
composed of the Islands of Curacoa, St. Martins, Bonaire, Aruba, St. 
Eastache and Saba, are represented by special exhibits in several 
departments. 

Ecuador. — The President of Ecuador early in '92 decreed that 
the Governor of each State of the Republic should collect and for- 
ward to Quito exhibits of all kinds illustrating the riches and the 
productions of the country. The Consul-General of the United 
States in Quito directed the Consuls and Vice-Consuls and Consular 
Agents at different points in Ecuador to assist the Governors of 
States in every way possible in the collection of articles relating to 
commerce with exterior countries. The best of these exhibits so 
collected and exhibited in Quito during the National Exposition 
held there in 1892 were forwarded to Chicago. The President of 
Ecuador also named Commissioners to Chicago and a sufficient sum 
was appropriated to meet the expenses. The State of Esmeralda 
makes a special exhibit of gold and gold ores from the mines of Ibarra, 
rubber, and other lowland products. The department of Guayaquil 
also has a special exhibit. Ecuador has her own building on the 
grounds. Ecuador is represented in many of the leading depart- 
ments. 

England. — England made application for 200,000 square feet of 
floor space for exhibits, or nearly five sqaare miles. This was equal 
to the space asked for by Germany, and indicated at an early day 
the international character of the Exposition. The exhibits from 
England are on a greater and grander scale than were ever seen 
before outside of London Expositions. England contributes to 
every department of the Fair. Some of the greatest treasures of 
her art galleries and private picture collections are to be seen. A 
special section is set aside for British minerals, to which the owners 
and managers of collieries throughout England were requested to 



200 HAND-BOOK OF 

contribute. Prof. Brough, mining instructer in the Royal College 
of Science, classified and arranged this collection, which will be of 
a permanent nature and, after the Chicago Fair shall have closed, 
will probably be presented to our museum. Another special section 
is devoted to an exhibit of the rifle calibre guns manufactured by 
the Maxim-Nordenfeldt Gun Company of England. The Company 
asked permission to erect a building 30x15 feet to exhibit its guns in 
practice. This request was granted, and the exhibit may be seen in 
the naval and marine display of the Transportation department. 
One end of the building is filled with sand bags into which the pro- 
jectiles of the guns are fired. The arrangements are such as to 
insure perfect safety, and are reproductions of a similar exhibit 
given at the Royal Naval Exposition in London. It would be 
impossible to enumerate the thousands of interesting and valuable 
exhibits which come under this head. These represent every depart- 
ment of science, art and industry. The exhibits, too, are of a most 
valuable character, some of them being priceless. The English 
building, so far as known at this writing, will represent an old 
English manor or hall. Among the curiosities of England's contri- 
bution is an exhibit made by the Bristol Chamber of Commerce, 
which is an illustration of the lives and discoveries of John and 
Sebastian Cdbot, upon whose early American explorations is based 
England's claims to its past and present possessions in this country. 
The Merchant Venturer's Guild contributed many Cabot relics, of 
which it has a large collection. A model of Nelson's ship, the 
Victory, was transferred from the Naval Exhibition at Chelsea to 
the Columbian Exposition, It is unsettled, at this date, whether the 
Irish exhibit shall be included in England's. The Scotch exhibit 
certainly will. Both of these kingdoms contribute very creditable 
displays. 

FRA.NCE. — France asked for 25,000 square feet of space for its 
picture exhibits alone. It was thought for some time that the weak- 
est feature of the Exposition would be its fine art exhibit. It soon 
became apparent, however, that it would be one of its strongest_ 
The French contributors to this departments will of themselves 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 201 

constitute a magnificent attraction. But France did not stop here. 
Although behind England and Germany in seeking space, the French 
government, spurred on by popular opinion in that country, very 
soon became active, until at the opening of the Exposition the display 
made by the French republic equaled that of any nation and was 
superior to many. The leading men of France became interested in 
the Columbian Exposition early in 1892, and from that time on the 
collections made in France and forwarded to this country gave every 
assurance that France would maintain her pre-eminent position 
among the industrial nations of the world. Among the novelties 
exhibited is a complete exemplification of the Bertillon system of 
identification of criminals, in charge of M. Bertillon. This exhibit 
includes duplicates of the pictures, measurements and descriptions 
of the 200,000 criminals measured in Paris since the system was 
introduced. France occupies 100,000 square feet in the manu- 
factures, 10,000 in the machinery and 10,000 in the live stock depart- 
ments. In the latter will be found a magnificent exhibit of Norman 
cattle, horses, etc. The French pavillion is a beautiful structure. 
Maurice L. Yilmorin,of Paris, the most famous and scientific horticul- 
turist of France, superintended the decoration of the groundsaround 
the pavillion. Vilmorin has made fine floral displays at all the great 
expositions held during the past twenty-five years, and he undertook 
to outdo himself in the present instance. The first appropriation 
made by France for the expenses of the exhibit amounted to 3,250,- 
000 francs, or about $650,000. 

Germany. — The demand of Germany for 200,000 square feet of 
floor space early in 1892 indicated pretty clearly the intentions of 
that empire with regard to the Columbian Exposition. Upon the 
return of Herr Warmuth, the imperial commissioner, the govern- 
ment and the leading manufacturers and merchants of the empire 
united in making preparations for a display at Chicago such as Ger- 
many had never before contributed to an international exposition. 
The interest of the people of Berlin, Dresden, Leipsig, Stuttgart, 
Nuremburg, Hamburg, and, in fact, of all the leading commercial, 
manufacturing, art and educational centers of Germany, has been 



202 HAND-BOOK OP 

centered in the Columbian Exposition lor over two years. The 
Emperor gave counteDance to the work of preparation acd his gov- 
ernment exliibited the friendliest interest in the success of the enter- 
prise. The result is that Germany contributes to the ai t , agricultural , 
horticultural, floricultural, ethnological, pomological, forestry, man. 
ufactures and liberal arts, machinery, electricity, transpoitation and 
other departments and sections, displays of which she may well feel 
proud. The German building is perhaps the handsomest foreign 
headquarters on the ground. As in the case of England and France 
it is impossible to enumerate in detail the German exhibits. To 
describe the electrical exhibit alone would require more space than 
is at our disposal. The imperial band of Emperor Wiiliam is pres- 
ent. The leading grape-growers and wine-makers of Germany are 
represented by a magnificent exhibit illustrating their industries. 
In addition to the wine display is a fine showing of fruits and the 
beverages made from th"m. The skilled craftsmen of Munich con- 
tribute a curious and interesting display of handiwork. Thirty-four 
firms of the city of Leipsig and a large number from Cologne par- 
ticipate. The Associated Chemical Works of the German Empire 
makes a fall and comprehensive exhibit. The great electric appa- 
ratus firm of Siemans & H ilske, of Berlin, sends displays — among 
other things a one-thousand horse-power dynamo and a generator of 
equal capacity, besides an immense display of electrical machinery, 
exhibiting the latest developments in this branch of invention. 
Upon the special request of the Emperor, the silk manufacturers of 
Crefeld make a display of their fabrics. A majority of the silk and 
velvet manufacturing firms in the Rhenish provinces also complied 
with the wishes 'of the Emperor. The iron industry of Germany 
isadequately represented, and Masseneg, the inventor of a process 
for the desulphurization of pig iron by treatment with manganese, 
makes a full exhibit of the process and the products. This is an 
important feature of the department of metallurgy, for the process 
is one in which every furnaceman in the world is interested. The 
works are very extensive, and are located at Hoerde, in Westphalia. 
The first appropriation made by the German government to defray 




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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 203 

the expenses of its exhibit amounted to 900,000 marks. This, how- 
ever was quickly swallowed up, and large additional appropriations 
became necessary. It is stated above that Germany originally 
applied for 200,000 square feet of space. Herr Wermuth, however, 
informed the Exposition authorities, in the spring of 1892, that the 
100,000 square feet reserved for Germany in the Manufactures 
building had been consumed and that as much more space could be 
utilized by German manufacturers, if it could be secured. He also 
wrote later that the 20,000 square feet allotted Germany in the Elec- 
tricity building was entirely insufficient, aad that as much more 
space must be given, or the manufacturers of electrial apparatus in 
Germany would be greatly disappointed. These facts are sufficient 
to indicate that the World's Columbian Exposition in 1893 is the 
greatest that has ever been held. 

Greece. — The financial situation in Greece prevented that king- 
dom from doing what it would have liked to do in the way of send- 
ing an art exhibit to the Columbian Exposition. It proposed a 
display of casts and models of the Greek art schools, the value of 
which, it is said, can scarcely be overestimated, and asked that the 
Columbian Exposition Company pay a sum ranging between $20,- 
000 and $200,000 for this proposed exhibit. This proposition is 
referred to under the head of Art department. 

Guatemala.— Guatemala started out by appropriating $100,000 
in gold to defray the expenses of its exhibit at Chicago. Later on an 
appropriation of $20,000 was added to pay for the erection of a suit- 
able building to be used as headquarters for this republic. The 
greatest interest in the Exposition was manifested in Guatemala 
from the first. The president and his cabinet, together with a num- 
ber of the leading men of the republic, took an active part in the 
preparation of the exhibit, and the result is one of the most creditable 
displays sent up by the Latin-American republics. This country 
contributes its national band to the Exposition, It will perform 
daily. This band is the third largest in the world, that of Austria 
being first and the Mexican National Band being second. It is com- 
posed of 200 performers. A group of natives who live on the Expo- 



204 HAND-BOOK OF 

sition grounds as they live at liome, carry on their industries, 
bringing their materials from Guatemala, and giving exhibitions of 
their music, games, etc., is one of the features this republic has to 
offer visitors. 

Hayti. — The congress of Hayti appropriated $25,000 for its 
exhibits. Fredrick Douglas, the celebrated American negro, is in 
charge of the Haytian display, which is a very creditable one. 

Holland. — The Netherlands not only contribute one of the finest 
collections of paintings from the Dutch masters, but are represented 
in the Liberal Arts and Mechmical departments quite fully. Some 
of the most unique and interesting exhibits displayed at the Exposi- 
tion came from Holland. 

Honduras. — The exhibits of Honduras are very attractive and 
interesting. One of the measures adopted in that country for raising 
the necessary funds was the establishment of a national lottery. The 
exhibits forwarded are classified under the heads Minerals, Wood, Ag- 
riculture, Drugs, Animal Kingdom, Ethnology, Industries and Gen- 
eral Information, and includes a geological collection showing ihe 
mineral wealth of Honduras in building stone as well as in such semi- 
precious stones as opals, etc. The working model, life size, of an opal 
drift with native workmen cutting and polishing stones, is shown. 
Thirty mining companies are represented in the display. Sugar 
making machinery is shown in operation and also peculiar handi- 
crafts, as the making under running water of the so-called panama 
straw hats. A house built of the various fibrous plants of the 
country, an elaborate cafe in which young native women serve in 
costume the native dishes of the country, all sorts of birds and 
quadrupeds, a collection of paintings by modern Honduras artists, 
a collection of Honduras coins, etc., are among the many attrac- 
tions of this exhibit. An extraordinary collection of butterflies 
and insects will be particularly noteworthy. A fine assortment 
of native orchids were forwarded to Chicago long before the Expo- 
sition opened, in order that they might be growing and blooming 
in time for the display. The orchids of Honduras have a world- 
wide fame. These are to be seen in the floricultural section, and an 
exhibit of native fish is to be found in the Fisheries building. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 205 

India. — No money was appropriated by the Indian government, 
but ttie viceroy declared he would encourage private exhibitors in 
every way possible. Indian exhibits began to arrive early in 1892. 
The first was an ancient belt made of pure silver, valued at 400 rupees 
or $168. This was sent by Henry Ballantyne, the English Con- 
sul at Bombay. Similar contributions came from all parts of India, 
until at the opening the display was a large one. Several Indian 
princes will attend the Exposition. 

Ireland. — An effort was made by the Irish members of Parlia- 
ment to separate the Irish from the British exhibit, acd to secure an 
in lependent subsidy from the crown. Before this question was 
determined the Countess of Aberdeen, a patriotic Irish laJy, took the 
matter of collecting an exhibit of Irish industries in hand, and raised 
between $15,000 and $23,030 in this country, her object being to 
have an independent room in the Women's building. It is likely 
that the Irish exhibits will appear alongside of the British in the 
different departments of the Exposition. The Royal nurseries of 
Ireland contribute very largely to the Floral department. The mer- 
chants of Dublin, Belfast, Cork and Waterford are represented in 
the Manufacture's department. An Irish village will probably be 
among the reproductions to be seen along the Midway Plaisance. 

Italy. — The United States was not on amicable diplomatic terms 
with Italy in 1891, and there was no resumption of relations until 
late in 1892, This was the result of the Italian massacre in New 
Orleans. Accordingly it was feared that Italy would take no part 
in the Exposition. Commissioners Higginbotham and Bryan visited 
southern Europe in 1892 and paid particular attention to Italy, 
Before they returned an entente cordiale was established, and they 
brought back assurances that Italy would do her part toward giving 
an international complexion to the World's Fair. The kingaccorded 
an audience to the commissioners, and stated that he would appoint a 
royal commission to look after Italian interests at the Exposition. 
From an interview with Mr. Higginbotham, published after his 
return, the following information was obtained: "Italy," he said, 
' ' will not have a government display, but there will be a fine exhibit 



206 HAND-BOOK OF 

by private citizens, which the government will encourage. The 
king has officially recognized the Exposition by the appointment of 
a World's Fair Commission. Although no appropriation will be 
made, we were assured by Minister ot State Rudini that the govern- 
ment would in all probability transport Italian exhibits without cost 
to exhibitors. Painters, sculptors, glass-makers, marble men, 
wood-carvers, etc., were extremely anxious to be represented at the 
Fair. We are no more desirous of having them make an exhibit 
here than they are to comply with our desires. In fact the leading 
sculptors and painters are already at work on pictures and statuary 
which they expect to send to Chicago. While we shall not be able 
to invade, to any great extent, the art galleries under the direction 
of the government, we shall nevertheless secure a good many copies 
of the works of the old masters. From one end of Italy to the 
other, there is nothing but good feeling towards this country. In 
official and private circles the United States is regarded with a most 
friendly spirit. We visited every town of importance in the coun- 
try, and also the island of Sicily. We were granted an audience 
with the king, and he was certainly most gracious: He left no 
doubt as to his kindly feelings." Up to the time this book went to 
press, no further particulars regarding Italy's participation had 
been received at headquarters. 

Japan. — Japan leads all foreign countries in the amount of its 
appropriation for the World's Fair. The empire of the Mikado 
was willing to spend more money in making an exhibit in 1893 than 
many of the countries of Europe, so far as their appropriations were 
first reported. Exposition officials were both surprised and pleased 
to receive authoritative information that the Japanese Parliament 
had set aside $630,765 for a display at the Fair. It is thorough and 
shows everything of interest which the ingenious people of Japan 
manufacture or otherwise produce. According to Gustavus Goward, 
the Exposition Commissioner, great enthusiasm prevailed in Japan, 
and the appropriation bill was passed almost unanimously. Then 
the merchants took hold of the work with zeal and made prepara- 
tions for an elaborate exhibit, which shows the customs, habits, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 207 

shops, bazaars, and all the quaint, curious, and costly manufactures 
of the nation The Japanese newspapers, public officials, and the 
art and industrial societies were said to be well pleased, and the 
calamity occasioned by the earthquake did not serve to dampen the 
enthusiasm in regard to the Exposition. In appropriating the 
money the Parliament took occasion to authorize its expenditure as 
follows: During the year 1891, $51,495; 1893, $313,098; 1893, $241, 
536; 1894, $24,636. The exhibit is made under the direction of a 
Minister of Agriculture, and, according to the terms of the law, he 
was authorized to Cill on every official of the government to aid in 
securing a proper display. Scarcely any restriction was placed 
upon him, and the subjects of the Mikado were obliged, in a meas- 
ure, to exhibit whether they wished to or not. Shortly after the 
appropriation was made, Masataro Mutso, Commissioner-General of 
the World's Columbian Exposition in Japan, appointed a council to 
act with and advise him in the preparation for the Japanese exhibit. 
The government was represented in the council by the following 
officers: Shochi Omori, Departmeot of the Interior; Riko Suguki, 
D apartment of the Treasury; Tokugoro Nakabashi, Department of 
Postal Conveyance; Masataro Yanagizano, Department of Educa- 
tion; Terzane Tanabe and lohiro Wada, Department of Commerce 
and Agriculture; Gishu Aso, Imperial Household; Genkichi Waka- 
yama. Department of the Navy; Masayoshi Murakami, Department 
of War; Taro Ando, Department of Foreign Affairs; Rintaro No- 
mura, Bureau of Railroads; D.iiroku Kikuchi, Kio Furichi, Kakichi 
Mitsukuri and Kenzi Osawa, University of Tokio; Hideo Takamine^ 
Imperial Museum; Kakugo Okakura, Tokio College of Fine Arts; 
Jiro Yano, Tokio High Business School. 

The business interests were represented by Ko Masuda, Heigoro 
Thoda, Kihachiro Okura, Kosuke Abe, Ichitaro Morimura of 
Tokio; Saihei Hirose, Yasunobu Hoshioka of Osaka; Uhei Saito, 
Shiashichi Eida, Keisuke Niwa, Teishichi Kojima of Kyoto; Hide- 
haru Kawase, Chodiro Mida, Kahei Otani, Shobei Shiino of Kana- 
gana; T )ku3iro Hamada of Hiogo; and Chuichiro Ozato of Nagano. 
Japan made a novel proposiiion for the consideration of the 



208 HAND-BOOK OP 

World's Fair management. It offered, if a suitable location should 
be granted, to reproduce a building of the most ancient style of archi- 
tecture of Japan, and make to the city of Chicago a gift of the 
structure at the close of the "World's Fair. The offer to do this 
came from the Japanese Government. Two acres of space for the 
purpose were desired on the northern portion of the wooded island. 
The structure would be copied from one of the finest specimens of 
ancient Japanese architecture extant, and would represent a build- 
ing which existed in the time of Columbus, The estimated cost, 
including the elaboration of the gardens about it, was figured at 
$100,000. This edifice, with all its surroundings, would be tender- 
ed to the city of Chicago as a permanent monument of Japanese 
architecture and landscape gardening. The gardening, which was 
to result in the complete specimen of Japanese landscape architect- 
ure, was to cost $20,000. Mr. Mutsu, the Japanese Commissioner 
of Agriculture, thought that, owing to the crowded condition which 
would prevail in the improved portion of Jackson Park, where all 
the State and foreign World's Fair buildings were to be located, the 
Japanese exhibit should be given a different location. He hit upon 
the northern portion of the wooded island, and here he was desirous 
that the Japanese building should be located. The Mikado pro- 
posed to erect not only one but several structures. One of these 
was to be a reproduction of Kin-kakuji, situated in Kioto, a monastery 
of the Zen sect. Its name indicates the golden pavilion, and its 
date of construction runs back to 1397, It is surrounded by a 
garden, with ornamental and small islands, designed in the form of 
tortoises. The pavilion on the water's edge is three stories high, 
and the interior decorations are said to be brilliant with gilt and 
coloring. The second building, a fac-simile of which the Japanese 
Government proposed to erect, is called the Ho-o-do, or Phoenix 
Hall, a structure that dates back to 1052, It is shaped in a manner 
desired to represent the fabulous bird which could not be destroyed 
by fire. The cost of the building and gardening was finally stated 
at $60,000 and $10,000 respectively, and the proposition was accepted 
by the Park Commissioners. There were two conditions 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 209 

attached to the presentation of the temple and landscape work, both 
of which were accepted. One was that the buildiog and garden 
shall remain permanently at the place of erection and be kept in 
good repair by the South Park Commission. The second condi- 
tion was that at least one room be reserved for a display of Japanese 
works of arts, the same to be open to the public. It is the inten- 
tion of the Japanese Government to make frequent changes in the 
works of art placed in the room indicated. These changes are to 
be made through all time, so that a permanent exhibit is assured. 

The visitor will find the Japanese building and exhibits among 
the most interesting features of this great Exposition. Japan was 
given 40,000 square feet for the purpose indicated in the north end 
of the wooded island. In addition to this Japan consumes over 90,000 
square feet; in the Manufactures building, 35,000; Agricultural 
building, 4,000; Fine Arts, 2,000; Mines and Mining, 750; Forestry, 
350; Bazaars, 42,000, 

Ko Japanese goods or exhibitions are permitted at the Exposition 
unless they have first received the approval of the Japanese officials 
in charge of their government exhibit. The Exposition Directory 
rendered this decision at the request of the Japanese Minister 
Mutsu, who is the Japanese imperial commissioner to the Fair. A 
similar rule is enforced in the case of other foreign nations. 
The first assignment of exhibits received from a foreign country 
arrived from Japan January 26, 1892. 

Japan makes a magnificent display in all of the principal build- 
ings, and in addition has a Japanese tea house on the Lake Front 
and a bazaar on the Midway Plaisance. 

Madeira. — The Governor of Madeira accepted the invitation to 
participate in the Exposition early in 1892, and the work of collect- 
ing an exhibit began at once. The display made by this province 
is worthy of attention. One of the interesting objects exhibited is 
a table, made from the timber of the house in Funchal, Madeira, in 
which Columbus lived for a time before he began his voyages of 
discovery. There are numerous Columbus relics in the exhibit. 

Mexico. — The nearest Republican neighbor of the United States 



210 HAND-BOOK OF 

makes one of the most prominent as well as one of the handsomest 
displays in each of ihe great departments of the Exposition. It was 
announced quite early that $2,000,000 would be expended upon the 
exhibit of this Republic, and the fact that the first appropiiaiion 
amounted to |750, 000, which was intended merely to be prelimi- 
nary, justified this prediction. The greatest interest and enthusi- 
asm respecting the Expo&iticn prevailed IhrougLout Mexico from 
the date of the President's proclamaticn announcing ir, to tbeopen- 
ing. Perhaps for the first time in the history of Mexico the people 
were aroused to take an interest in a foreign and particularly in an 
American enterprise. Clubs were organized throughout the coun- 
try t^ enable the people to visit the Exposition, and arrangements 
were made so that the entire expenses of each person was brought 
within $269. 

The Mexican government appointed a commission to assist in 
the work of preparing its extensive exhibit. The membership rep- 
resented the most advanced class of Mexican citizens, and each 
individual was se'ected with special regard to his fitness for the posi- 
tion assigned him. The following was the commission : Pedro J. 
Senties, eagineer. Director of the National School of Agriculture, in 
charge of the agricultural section, forest products and industries, 
agricultural machinery and its applications. Mariano Barcena, C. 
E., Direct )r of the Central Meteorological Observatory, in charge 
of the section of viticulture, horticulture, and floriculture. Jose 
Ramirez, Professor of the National Medical Institute, in charge of the 
section of living, domestic, and savage animals. Esteben Chaseari, 
Professor of Chemistry, Deputy Inspector-General of Fish Culture 
and Fish, in charge of the section of fish, fisheries, and their pro- 
ducts and apparatus for filling. Gilberto Crespon y Martinez, C. 
E., Deputy Professor of the National School of Engravers, in charge 
of the section of mines, mineral'^, metallurgy. Austin M. Chaves, 
M E , in charge of the section of machinery. Manuel Couiy Souto, 
C. E., Inspector of District Railways, in charge of the section of 
transportation, railways, and boats and vehicles. Eduardo Zareto, 
attorney. Magistrate of the Supreme Court of Military Justice, in 



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THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 211 

charge of the section of manufactures. Alberto Bast, electrical 

engineer, Professor of the National School of Engineers, in charge 

of the section of electricity, Romans D. Lazarain, Director of the 

National School of fiae Fine Arts, in charge of the section of fine 

aris. Fernando Ferraii Recz, C. E., Chief of the natural history 

section of the Geographical Exploring Commission, in charge of the 

section of liberal arts, education, literature, engineering, public 

works, music and the drama. Dr. AntonioPenafiel, Director-General 

of Statistics of the Republic, in charge of the section of ethnology, 

arch£eology, progress in labor and invention. Dr. Fernando Altami- 

rano, Director of the National M-edical Institute, in charge of the 

section of medical plants. Richard de Maria Campos, employe of 

the Secretary of Hacienda, in charge of the section of commerce. 

In order to facilitate the transportation from Mexico of articles 

intended for exhibition at the World's Columbian Exposition at 

Chicago Art. 11 of the regulations was amended by the addition of 

the following: 

Articles destined for the Exposition ai' iving from Mexico via railroad 
at El Paso or at Eagle Pass, Tex., may be s railarly transported in cars under 
consular seal I'y any bonded transportation line Avhich now connects or 
which shall hereafter connect at the border with railroads in Mexico. It 
being understood that no such connection is possible at Laredo, Tex., on 
account of difference in gauye between the r< ilroads converging at that 
pomt, entry can be made thereat for warehouse and transportation by a 
bonded line to Chicago without appraisement. 

This action was taken by the Treasury Department at the sug- 
gestion of Special Agent West, who in scanning Art. 11 of the regu- 
lations governing the free importation of articles for tht- Exposition 
discovered that while Canada was specified for the shipment of 
through cars Mexico had been omitted. He called the attention of 
the treasury ofScials to this omission, and the amendment was made 
in accordance with his suggestion. 

Instead of a reproduction of an Az'ec temple Mexico decided to 
construct a typical hacienda, or residence of a wealthy landed pro- 
prietor. This is decorated in lavish manner with Mexican fruits and 
fl )wers, and archaeological and ethnological specimens. The Mexi- 
can exhibit illustrates the present condition and resources and pro- 
ducts of the country rather than its past history. 



213 HAND-BOOK OF 

One of the unique features of the Mexican exhibit at the Fair is 
the celebrated Pandure family, consisting of five persons, who are 
probably the most expert workers in clay and modelers of figures in 
the world. The family is sent to Chicago by the State of Guadala- 
jara. 

The Association of Civil Engineers of the City of Mexico voted 
unanimously to attend the Exposition in a body. 

The Mexican exhibits are to be seen in nearly every department 
of the Exposition. The floral display of the Republic is one of the 
handsomest to be seen in the Horticultural building. 

Morocco. — The Moorish minister of foreign affairs communi- 
cated with the United States Consul at Tangier immediately on re- 
ceipt of the invitation to participate in the Exposition and asked 
that space be reserved for Morocco. Hassan Ben Ali took charge of 
the exhibit. Morocco makes a very interesting showing in the 
transportation department, where some horses, saddles, and other 
equestrian equipments from that country are displayed. 

Newfoundland. — The colony of Newfoundland participates in 
the Exposition and makes an independent display close to that of 
the Dominion and other English colonies. It is also represented 
largely in the fisheries department. 

Nicaragua. — Nicaragua set aside $30,000 for her display at the 
Exposition. It is the best exhibit the country has ever made. Among 
the attractions are Indian antiquities and Nicaraguan works of art. 
A native has carved on the shell of a cocoanut the portrait of Mr. 
Blaine between the flags of the United States and Nicaragua and with 
a f ac-simile of the Nicaraguan Interoceanic Canal at the foot of the 
engraving. A rich collection of mineral resources is exhibited. The 
Canal Company greatly aided the government in making the display. 
Dr. Guzman, minister from Nicaragua to the United States, is Com- 
missioner General of that country to the Exposition. Senior Don 
Sallaverri, who had charge of Nicaragua's exhibit at Paris, arranged 
the country's display here. 

NoRVT^AY AND SwEDEN, — The amouut raised in Norway and 
Sweden, including government and private subscriptions toward de- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 213 

fraying the expenses of the exhibit, was about $150,000. Among the 
attractions sent over by Norway and Sweden is a counterpart of 
the Viking ship which was exhumed near Sandef ord a few years 
ago. A royal commission was appointed in Norway to take charge 
of the exhibits from that country. Similar action was taken in 
Sweden. The united kingdoms are represented especially well in 
the fine arts and fisheries buildings. At the present writing it is 
understood that Norway and Sweden will each have a building on 
the grounds. 

Panama. — The little government of Panama is well represented 
in the different departments, especially in that of horticulture. The 
marole slab presented by the empress Josephine to Panama, and 
many other novel and curious articles are exhibited. 

Paraguay. — The government of Paraguay very speedily accepted 
the invitation to participate, and the president of the republic was 
authorized to use whatever public funds he deemed necessary to 
enable Paraguay to make a proper exhibit. The republic makes an 
excellent display. 

Persia. — The government of Persia as a first evidence of friend- 
ship toward the Exposition lifted the export duty on all goods sent 
to the World's Fair and all goods which might be purchased and re 
turned to that country by visitors to the Exposition. This was 
looked upon at the time as a most liberal concession. The most im- 
portant portion of the Persian exhibit is to be seen in the Manufact- 
ures building where there is a magnificent display of carpets, rugs, 
shawls and fabrics from that country. Ivories, curios and con- 
tributions to the art and other departments are also numerous. The 
representative of the Shah of Persia is M. E. Spencer Pratt, for- 
merly United States Minister to Persia. 

Peru. — The exhibit made by Peru is certainly equal to that 
made by any of the Latin- American republics, with the exception, 
perhaps, of Mexico and Brazil. A national exposition was held at 
Lima in May, 1893. This was known as a "Congress of Producers." 
The exhibition continued several months, and when it closed the 
entire exhibits were shipped to Chicago. These include all manner 



214 HAND-BOOK OP 

of mechanical, iadustrial, artistic and antique specimens. After the 
Exposition shall have closed the extiibits from Peru of the antique 
order will be housed in the National Museum to be established here. 
Among the articles exhibited are 200 mummies and a great quantity 
of pottery, earthenware and silverware, excavated near Lake Titi- 
caca in Bolivia and other districts which were occupied by the most 
enlightened Indians on the South American continent 400 years ago. 
There is perhaps no greater collection of curiosities to be seen at 
the Exposition than those which are found in the Peruvian section. 
The Exposition Commissioners to Pera secured the entire triado col- 
lection of the ceremonial garments of the Jairaroand Zaparo Indians, 
interesting portraits of Incas, one of them bearing the date of 1664, 
are to be seen. The first appropriation made by Peru amounted to 
$25,000. 

Russia. — Although one of the most dreadful famines of recent 
years prevailed throughout the Empire during the greater part of 
1892, the interest of the Russian Government and people in the 
Columbian Exposition was not permitted to languish. The Im- 
perial Government appointed a c< mmission of which the famous 
Count Tolstoi, the novelist and statesman, was a member, and the 
work of preparation, though hindered by the depressed financial 
condition of the Empire, went steadily on. The Russian Govern- 
ment undertook to bear all expenses for transportation and insur- 
ance of private exhibits. Every exhibitor, whether from European 
or Asiatic Russia, who had goods or articles of historic, artistic or 
economic value to offer worthy of a place in the Exposition was 
encouraged to send them. Early in 1892 fourteen firms of St. 
Petersburg announced their intention of sending exhibits. All the 
Government railroads consented to haul exhibits at half rates. A 
feature of the exhibit is a vast habitation devoted to the display 
from Russia's Asiatic possessions. Each chamber in this structure 
is fitted in the various orders of architecture prevailing among the 
different Russian Mohammedan races and is furnished in the style 
prevalent among those people. This collection was exhibited on 
the Champs Elysee in Paris and was in charge of General Annen- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 215 

koflf. The collection comprises natural products of Central Asia 
and arms, clothing, jewels and household articles of the various 
provinces, as well as a panorama of a battle in Turkestan, with 
scenic illustrations of the snow-capped mountains. Among the 
Russian attractions on the grounds is a street scene from Niji 
Novgorod, the celebrated place where expositions have been held 
for eight hundred years. The Imperial porcelain factory of Russia 
sends a magnificent display. Russia is represented in every one of 
the leading departments in a manner befitting the greatness of the 
Empire. 

RouM-VNiA. — tloumania contributes exhibits to the Art and sev- 
eral other departments. Her display is in every way more promi- 
nent than at the last Paris Exposition. 

San Domingo. — Many interesting relics from this island are on 
exhibition. The most valuable and the most intere ting perhaps is the 
first church bell that ever rang out in the New World. It was pre- 
sented to the colonists of the first settlement of San Domingo by 
Qaeen Isabella in appreciation of the fact that the first setilement 
bore here mm}. Taere is also an exact reproduction of the cross 
which Columbus raiseil immediately upon landif g, The material of 
the cr.)ss is the same exactly as that which Columbus nailed up, 
having been taken from the wood of a building erected in 1509. 
Taere areaho io ihis collection fac-similes of the doors which close 
the cells in which the hones of Columbus repose. The carving on 
these d )ors is exquisite and they themselves are beautiful as a whole. 
There is also an anchor, supposed to have been lost by Columbus 
when his ship went to pieces at San Domingo on a subsequent 
voyage. Photographs of the bones alleged to be those of Christopher 
Columbus are also exhibited, together with a fac-simile of the his- 
toric cross of one of the cathedrals of San Domigo that was put in 
the building in 1)14. The Sifters of a religious orphan asylum 
exhibit some magnificently embroidered vestments. The collection 
of relics are very extensive and are contained in a building erected 
for this special purpose. 



216 HAND-BOOK OF 

Sandwich Islands. — A separate building is devoted to exhibits of 
the government of Hawaii. The collection in the department of 
agriculture, from these islands, include rice, arrowroot, sugar cane, 
sugar models and machinery for making sugar, photographs of mills, 
coffee in the berry, in the shell, cleaned and growing. In the fores- 
try department are shown trees of every description and in the 
horticultural department a great variety of fruit. In the floricul- 
tural department many beautiful palms are exhibited and in the 
department of viticulture will be found a display of grapes, pre- 
served fruits of every description, dried or in alcohol or in syrups. 
The Islands are also represented by fish, fish products and manu- 
factures, including gold ornaments, palm leaf, bamboo, feather 
work, artificial flowers, seed work, etc. 

Servia. — The kingdom of Servia sends a large and interesting 
display, a great portion of which was taken from the government 
museums and stores, and of articles such as ancient armor, tapestries. 

SiAM .— The kingdom of Siam charged the commissioner of agri- 
culture to charter one or more vessels and load them with the pro- 
ducts of the farms, mines, forests and manufactories of that country 
and ship them to Chicago. The exhibit which is made here eclipses 
that made at the Paris Exposition where it carried off the honors of 
the Oriental section. 

South Africa. — The exhibits from South Africa include those of 
the Britsh colonies, Orange Free States and other settlements. 
These are scattered through the various departments of the Exposi- 
tion. One of the English South African steamship lines will run 
steamers to New York during the Exposition, and it is understood 
that large numbers of South Africans will visit Chicago. The ex- 
hibits from the British South African Company, which holds all the 
country to the north of the Transvaal, is very creditable. Cape 
Colony also makes a praiseworthy showing. Among the attractions 
in this display is a diamond exhibit forwarded by the De Beers Con- 
solidated Mines Company. This exhibit will give visitors to the 
Exposition an idea of the various processes through which the gems 
pass from the time they leave the mouth of the mining shaft till they 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 217 

reach the hands of the jeweler- -crushing the blue, diamondiferous 
clay, washing the earth by means of the rotary washing machine, 
cradling the pebbles, obtained from the last process, through a pul- 
sator, hand sorting for the small stones, and cutting and polishing 
the stones. In the Cape Colony exhibit is also shown a mass of crys- 
tal elevated on a pedestal; equal in weight to all the diamonds found 
intheKimberly Mines since 1870. Cape Colony alone appropriated 
$25,000, and the De Beers Company a like amount. Zanibar exhibits 
Skininy other thing a score of pigmiesfrom the east coast of Africa. 

South America.. — The exhibits from South America include 
those from all of the so-called Latin-American republics, and are 
referred to here under the headings of the different countries repre- 
sented. It was promised at the outset that South American coun- 
tries would be liberally dealt with by steamship lines in the trans- 
portation of visitors and exhibits. The Panama Railroad Company 
and practically all of the steamship companies doing business 
between the United States and South American ports agreed to 
carry free of cost the commissioners of the Latin-American depart- 
ment of the Exposition and their families; to carry free of cost all 
collections furnished by foreign governments for exhibition, pro- 
vided the expenses of handling were paid; to carry for one-half the 
ordinary rates all articles sent by private parties for exhibition — 
that is, one full rate having been paid to the United States, the same 
articles would be carried back, without further charge, to the ports 
from which they were originally shipped; and to reduce passenger 
rates during the Exposition to cover simply the cost of bearding the 
passengers. Mr. William E. Curtis, of tha State department, who 
had charge of the Bureau of Latin-American Republics, reported 
in the spring of 1892 that commissioners had been appointed and 
appropriations made to pay the expenses of representation of the 
South American republics which exceeded in the aggregate the sum 
of $2,000,000 more than had been provided up to that time by the 
states of the United States, with Illinois excepted. Among the at- 
tractive exhibits from South America is a caravel which is an exact 
fac-simile of that in which Columbus made his first voyage of dis- 



218 HAND-BOOK OF 

covery. It was constructed in Spain and equipped in the same way 
and manner by Spanish sailors as the Columbus vessel of four hun- 
dred years ago. This vessel was brought here in time to participate 
in the naval review at New York in 1893 and was then towed 
through the lakes to Chicago. From here, after the Exposition, it 
will be taken to Washington and permanently moored in the Poto- 
mac south of the Executive mansion. Another permanent exhibit 
connected with the South American Republics, Mexico and Central 
America, is one illustrating the various classes of merchandise best 
adapted to the wants and most acceptable to the tasts of consumers 
in those countries. This exhibit, it is proposed, at the close of the 
Exposition, shall be permanently establiirhed either in Chicago or 
New York. 

South Sea Islands. — The South Sea Islands are represented at 
Ihe Exposition. The nature of their display was not known to the 
Exposition management when this book went to press. 

Spain. — It is but natural that Spain should have taken more than 
an ordinary interest in the World's Columbian Exposition, designed 
as it is to celebrate the most glorious achievement in the history of 
that nation — the discovery of America. For many reasons, however, 
but principally because the financial situation in Spain is depressed, 
the display made by that country does not compare favorably with that 
made by other European nations. A Columbian Exposition wa3 held at 
Madrid during the summer of 1892. Thisservedrather to divert 
the attention of the Spaniards from the Chicago World's Fair. How- 
ever, many of the most important exhibits shown at Madrid were 
transferred to Chicago. A number of historical woiks of art and 
litera ure are to be found in the Spanish collection. Spain is repre- 
sented in nearly all of the principal departments. The proposition 
of a citizen of Madrid to pay for the right of conducting bull fights 
during the Exposition was rejected immediately. The Queen 
Regent of Spain sends a portrait of the youthful king. Many of the 
jewels and other possessions of Ferdinand and Isabella are 
exhibited in the Spanish collection. 



INCORPORATED 1871. 



Wrouoni) Iron Brlfloe 60. 




IRON AND STEEL BRIDGES 

GIRDERS, TURN TABLES, 
BUILDINGS AND ROOFS. 



A. B. Abbott^ Pres. 

E.J. LANDOR, V. Pres. and Engr 



IF. P. HALL.Supt. 

F. I\I. IFVANT, Sec' J' and Treas. 



CANTON, 



OHIO. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 219 

'Switzerland. — There was considerable feeling manifested in 
Switzerland against the United States and the World's Fair, owing 
to the passage of the McKinley bill which it was claimed would have 
the effect of depressing the trade of that country. Besides it was 
held that to exhibit the expensive and complicated pattern of 
embroideries would result in having the trade of Swiss manufacturers 
injured by cheap imitations, as had been the case at Paris. The senti- 
ment in Switzerland, however, underwent a very decided change 
upon the arrival of the Columbian Commission. The importance of 
the World's Fair, and the gigantic nature of the enterprise having 
been laid before them, the manufacturers quickly decided to make 
an exhibit and the government was called upon make a suitable 
grant. Among the attractions of the Swiss exhibit is a magnificent 
display made by the watchmakers of that country, Switzerland is 
represented in nearly every one of the important departments of the 
Exposition. 

Trinidad. — Trinidad was the thirty-first nation to accept an invi- 
tation to participate in the Columbian Exposition. The display made 
by this little country is very interesting and creditable. 

Turkey. — Enthusiasm for the World's Columbian Exposition 
and material assistance in making it an international affair, strangely 
enough came at the beginning from nations that were not expected 
to participate to any great extent. This fact was particularly 
exemplified in the cases of Japan and Turkey. The Turkish flag 
was the first foreign flag hoisted at the World's Fair grounds. This 
event occurred on September 20. 1891, with appropriate ceremonies. 
The flag was raised on the site which Robert Levy, of Constantinople, 
secured for his Turkish specialties. These include a reproduction of 
a Constantinople street, show most of the striking features of 
Turkish life and an interesting collection of Turkish goods and 
curios. The Turkish government building represents an Ottoman 
pavilion, an exact reproduction of the structure known as the 
Bagdad Kiosk. This is the most beautiful specimen of ancient 
Turkish architecture in Constantinople, and is one of the most attract- 
ive displays on the Exposition grounds. The Sultan took a great per- 



220 HAND-BOOK OF 

sonal interest in the Exposition, and gave orders concerning certain 
exhibits which make a showing of Turkish progress in science and 
education. He officially sigoified his consent to the erection of a 
mosque, to be used by Musselmans for religious services during the 
Exposition. The supervision of the construction of the mosque was 
committed to the imperial Turkish commissioner and cost $3,000. 
The merchants of Smyrna occupy about 1,000 square feet of space in 
an exhibit of the finest Turkish rugs and carpets. Turkey is repre- 
sented in nearly every one of the leading departments. The Turkish 
commissioner is Hakki Bey, translator at the Imperial palace, and 
Fahni Bey, of the general postoffice, is sub-commissioner. In addi- 
tion to these other representatives of the Turkish government and 
Imperial palace are daily on the grounds. 

Uruguay. — The display of the Government of Uruguay is in 
charge of the rural association and is one of the most interesting to 
be seen. The Rural Association of Paraguay is an important national 
organization and has spared no pains or expense in making the ex 
hibit creditable. This association managed the Uruguay display at 
Paris. The Republic is well represented in the agriculture, live- 
stock and educational departments. 



The above completes the list of countries and colonies represented 
at the Exposition, Their exhibits are noticed more fully in that 
portion of the Hand Book devoted to the different departments. 
Most of the countries have bu Idings of their own, which are some- 
times used merely as headquarters and sometimes for the display of 
some special exhibits which it was desirable should not be placed in 
the department buildings. Of course the list of exhibits as given 
above is incomplete. Attractions were added to the collection of 
every country represented not only up to the opening day of the 
Exposition, but even while the Fair was in progress. 




[Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] 
MAP OF JACKSON PARK SHOWING WORLD'S FAIR BUILDING SITES. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 221 



PAET YIII. 



DEPARTMENTS AND DEPARTMENTAL EXHIBITS.- WHAT THE VIS- 
ITOR WILL BEHOLD IN THE GREAT BUILDINGS AND ON THE 
GROUNDS OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. — A WON- 
DERFUL DISPLAY MADE BY THE NATIONS OF THE GLOBE.— 
ART, AGRICULTURE, ELECT RiriT 7, FISH, ETC. 



The exhibits of the Columbian exposition are classified under 
fifteen general Departments, each department being divided into 
Sections. The departments are as follows: Department A — Agri- 
culture, food and food products, farming machinery and appliances; 
Department B — Horticulture; Department C — Lim Stock, d.omG&i\Q, 
and wild animals; Department D — Fish, fish products and appara- 
tus for fishing; Department E — Mines, mining and metallurgy; De- 
partment F — Machinery; Department G — Transportation Exhibits, 
railways, vessels and vehicles; Department H — Ma,nufactures\ De- 
partment J — Electricity and electrical appliances; Department K — 
Fine Arts, pictorial, plastic and decorative; Departments L — Liberal 
Arts, education, engineering, public works, architecture, music and 
the drama; Department M — Ethnology, archeology, progress of 
labor and invention, isolated and collective exhibits; Department 
N — Forestry and forest products; Department O — Publicity and 
Promotion, Department P — Foreign Affairs. All of these, with the 
exception of the Department of Publicity and Promotion, which is 
purely executive, are represented in the buildings of the Exposition. 
Each Department is under the control of a chief [see appendix] who 
in turn is subject to one of the committees of the Local Directory. 
The chief officer of the Exposition is the Director General. The 
committees of the Local Board are: Finance, Grounds and Build- 
ings, Legislation, Agriculture, Mines, Mining, Forestry and Fish, 
Press and Printing, Transportation, Fine Arts, Liberal Arts, Elec- 



222 HAND-BOOK OF 

tricity, Electrical andPneumatical Appliances, Manufactures and Ma- 
chinery, Ways and Means, Foreign Exhibits. In addition there 
exists a special committee having charge of Ceremonies. [For 
general Organization, Columbian Commission, Boards, Bureaus, 
etc., see Appendix ] For the convenience of the visitor the depart- 
mental exhibits are taken up in alphabetical order: 

Art. — It was the general impression for sometime after the hold- 
ing of the Columbian Exposition at Chicago had been decided upon 
that the department of Fine Arts would be the weakest: The point 
was raised that Europe would not contribute its art collections or any 
considerable portion of ihem for the reason that Chicago^was gener- 
ally believed abroad to be a city far removed from the center of educa- 
tion and culture in the United States. This point was raised, how- 
ever, by persons who under-rated European knowledge with regard 
to Chicago. It very soon became evident that the choice of Chi- 
cago as the location of the World's Fair was not only received favor- 
ably abroad, but with more satisfaction than if New York had been 
selected, and by no class was the selection of Chicago received with 
more satisfaction than by that interested in the development of art. 
Scarcely had the invitations to foreiga governments been sent out 
by the State department before applications for space began to pour 
in. The amount of wall space asked by England, France, Germany, 
Austria, Italy. Belgium, Switzerland, Russia, and other European 
States was greater than they had consumed at the last Paris Exposi- 
tion, and was a pleasant surprise to the Exposition management. In 
1892 Halsey C. Ives, chief of department made a six months tour 
through Europe. He visited every important art center on the Con- 
tinent, and returned convinced that England, France, Germany, 
Belgium, Holland and Italy would make magnificent displays. 
Countries, he said, which were poorly represented at previous inter- 
national exhibitions would have large collections of such works as 
illustrated their highest artistic achievements. He found that the 
spirit of the artists and their feelings were almost invariably in the 
highest degree encouraging. Everywhere marked interest was mani- 
fested and cordial co-operation secured. Mr. Ives first visited France, 
and M. Antonin Proust, formerly French Minister of Fine Arts, now 
the head of the French Art Commission for the World's Fair, was 
greatly interested. He said it was his ambition to exhibit at Chi- 
cago a finer exhibition of French artworks than had been shown at 
the Paris Exposition of 1889. He proposed also to have a retrospec- 
tive exhibit of French art formed from the choicest obtainable 
works. From Paris Mr. Ives went to the Hague, where conferences 



THE world's COLUJVIBIAN EXPOSITION. 223 

were had with Mesdag, Israels, abd other leading artists of Holland. 
Mesdag is President of the Society of Artists of Holland and was 
appointed World's Fair Commissioner of Fine Aits to represent that 
country. He promised the best display available and manifested 
deep interest. In Belgium ErnestSlingeneyer, the historical painter, 
was found to have been appointed Commissioner of Fine Arts for the 
Exposition. He promised co-operation in every sense of the word. 
In the leading cities of Norway and Sweden Mr. Ives spent several 
days in consultation with the authorities of museums and schools 
and leading artists and collectors. Danish artists v^ ere found to be 
enthusiastic. In Berlin, Germany, which was next visited, the 
greatest interest was displayed, not only among artists, but govem- 
meiit officials also. He proceeded to Austria and spent sevieral days 
in Vienna with government officials interested in the fine arts. There 
he had several satisfactory interviews with the Society of Artists of 
Vienna. At Munich he found the most cordial feeling, and as an 
evidence of the interest taken by Austrians and Hungarians in the 
Exposition it may be said that an international jubilee exhibition of 
ait, which was to have been held in 1893 was postponed until the 
following year so as not to confiict with the World's Fair. Mr. Ives 
fcAmd in the large cities of Russia all the interest that could be 
expected, and he believed we would have a fine display, not only of 
fine arts, but of industries and manufactures generally. From Italy 
there was, he thought, a prospect of a splendid art exhibit. In Rome 
the various art societies accorded an interview to Commissioners 
Bryan, Higinbotham, and Mr. Ives. The meeting was exceedingly 
cordial in character and brought about excellent results, having the 
effect of bringing their work directly in the inner art circle of theking- 
dom. At Naples, Palermo, and Florence the three gentlemen named 
found a similar state of feeling. In the latter city the work was 
already formulated. On the whcle the chief had reason to feel 
abundantly satisfied with the general prospects of the Fine Arts 
department. Later developments prove that Mr. Ives had not been 
over sanguine, and the wonderful and magnificent exhibit presented 
inttie Art building must convince the visitors that the actual results 
are beyond the anticipation of the chief of the department. 

The Art building, as planned, had approximately 125,000 square 
feet of space for pictures. This was exclusive of the space allotted 
to Sculptures and Statuary. Mr. Ives found that 200,000 square feet 
would be necessary for pictures. He based his opinion upon 
the fact that early in 1892 all the available space had 
been practically consigned, while a dozen foreign countries at least 
were still to be heard from. France alone had asked for 82,000 
square feet. Eighty-two thousand square feet for an art exhibit 



224 HAND-BOOK OF 

was more than twice the combined amount asked for by England 
and Germany. The former secured 20,000 square feet and the latter 
a like amount. Belgium asked for 8,000 square feet; Holland, 
3,0C0; Denmark, 3,000; and Japan, 2,000, making a total of 56,000 
square feet. It became necessary therefore that the two annexes to 
the building should be considerably enlarged. Even with the addi- 
tional space the visitor will find that the walls and floors of the 
magnificent building are crowded. 

The proposition made by Greece to furnish a display of casts and 
models at the expense of the Exposition management is referred to 
in connection with foreign exhibits. There was for a time some 
doubt as to what course would be pursued. Everybody interested 
was desirous of securing the casts and models, but it was thought 
that the Greek Government was inclined to be exacting in its 
demands. Dr. Waldstein, Director of the American School of Class- 
ical Studies at Athens, wrote that the reason the Greek Govern- 
ment could not oflScially participate in the World's Fair was because 
it could not undertake the responsibility entailed, but would unques- 
tionably favor an exhibit illustraticg the great past of Greece. Dr. 
Waldstein said he was instantly appreciative of the value that an 
exhibition from the classical art colJections of Greece would be to 
the World's Fair at this particular time, especially because he was 
sensible of the interest this city had in starting a permanent museum. 
This exhibit, which Chicago would acquire after the Fair, he said 
would form a splendid nucleus for an exhibit which would ulti- 
mately prove of the greatest benefit not only to the art students of 
Chicago but to all classical students of the United States. In bring- 
ing about the probability of such a display United States Minister 
Snowden and Dr. Waldstein at last succeeded in inducing the rep- 
resentatives of the government to present a bill in the National 
Legislature of Greece, favoring starting at once the manufacturing of 
casts of these famous art studies, the first works from which were to 
be sent to the Fair. Dr. Waldstein was asked to accept an appoint- 
ment as the Commissioner at Athens to select and promote such a 
collection. He was of the opinion that in order to make this Greek 
art exhibit worthy of a distinctive place in the Exposition it should 
include casts of the chief work of Greek art from the other museums 
of Europe. Finally Dr. Waldstein wrote: "The Greek Govern- 
ment has now agreed to send to Chicago a representative exhibit of 
the great part of its classic life, and will do so in organizing spe- 
cially for this purpose the government manufacture of casts, 
in which they will at once take casts of the principal works 
of ancient art now to be found in Greece, and will send to 
Chicago first-class specimens from these originals, as well 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 325 

as maps, diagrams, and large photographs. In urging upon the 
Greek authorities here the desirability of at least this form of par- 
ticipation. I have been actuated not only by a desire to see this 
country worthily represented, but chiefly by the wish that we may 
have at home before the eyes of our people these specimens of the 
best works the ancient Greeks could do; at the same time I also 
remembered that Chicago was about to acquire a fine museum, and 
I thought, perhaps, that by some understanding between the Expo- 
sition Commission and the committee of the museum, the best first 
casts, the pick of all made, might be secured to the Chicago museum 
afcer the exhibition is over. Greece is a poor country, and it will 
be impossible for the government to spend large sums. Its offer 
under the circumstances is a liberal one. We shall be the first 
in the world to have compiled a set of the most interesting monu- 
ments of many of which casts have never been made." 

No one thing exhibited at the Centennial attracted more gen- 
eral attention, or was more distinctly remembered than the "Sleep- 
ing lolanthe," in butter, by Mrs. Caroline S. Brooks. Since that 
wonderful success, the artist has done several notable bits in a charac- 
teristic vein, the best known being "Lady Godiva," a bas relief 
which was also in butter. The World's Columbian Exposition, how- 
ever, has another, and a fall length "Sleeping lolanthe" in marble. 
Mrs. Brooks worked upon the exquisite creation for several years, 
and found diflQculty in securing a block of marble, flawless in 
quality, which should also be large enough. 

The statue of Shakespeare, by AVilliam Ordway Partridge, 
intended for Lincoln Park, and the statue of Alexander Hamilton, 
intended for Boston, by the same sculptor; a life-size portrait of 
Columbus, by Sallus, the celebrated painter of Ecuador; two 
ancient Greek vases made of baked clay and which are twenty-two 
centuries old; a marble tablet representing thelanding of Columbus, 
from Colon, United States of Columbia; the Spitzar art collection; 
the most comprehensive collection of European art in the world and 
valued above $4,000,000; an immense display of ceramics from 
many nations; the $10,000 portrait of Columbus, executed by the 
famous Moro in 1540; the display of the American Society of Wood 
Engravers which attracted so much attention at the last Paris 
Exposition; displays by the etchers of the United States and foreign 
countries; thedisplay of the N'ational Lithographers Association; an 
immense exhibit by the photographers of this and other countries; 
the paintings of G. A. P. Healy, the famous America artist; the 
large and valuable collection of Rudolph Crenan, of Leipsic, 
representing scenes and incidents in the life of Columbus; the 
greatest paintings of France, Germany, England, Belgium Holland, 



226 HAND-BOOK OF 

Italy, Spain, Switzerland and other European nations; the choicest 
specimens of art from Asiatic, Australian, African and South Ameri- 
can centers; the rarest and most costly sculptures, staiues, arts, etc., 
from the greatest galleries in the old world and the most impressive 
collection of the works of America artists, will be among the 
attractions of the Art building. To name the different pictures 
and sculptures would fill a volume larger than this. Let it suffice 
to say that it is the greatest art exhibition ever held, without any 
exception. The U. S. Government exhibits some 2,000 prints on 
bromide paper, which for the most part are enlarged copies of all 
obtainable engravings, paintings, photographs, &c., of subjects 
connected direcily or indirectly with the discovery of America. 
Enlarged copies of every known portrait of Columbus and of all of 
tiie many historic paintings in which he is a figure are included in 
the collection. 

Arcliiie ;ture is represented strongly in the Art building. The 
American Institute of Architects took a decided stand in favor of 
making the exhibit a prominent and a worthy one. This 
Institute includes in its membership all the well-known names, in 
different parts of the country, of men to whom the growth of 
American architecture, as distinguished from mere building and 
construction, is due, and of which they are to day the honored 
representatives. It is through these men that the growth of fine 
architecture and of the professional and social status of its practi- 
tioners in this couutry during the last thirty yeirs has been devel- 
oped; and the influence of the work of the Institute on public- 
spirited laymen of artistic cultivation has been marked. 

The rules governing the Art exhibit may be briefly stated as fol- 
lows: "All works to be admitted must be originals, with the excep- 
tion that casts from original works by modern artists are placed 
in the same class with original figures and groups in marble. There 
will be three sections in the department— an American section; a 
section for foreign countries that are represented by a commission; 
a section comprising private collections and the works of artists 
from countries not represented by a commission. All works must 
be examined by an official jury before they can be admitted. 
Progress in American art and architecture is to be a special feature 
of the exhibit." 

Agriculture. — The building and annexes devoted to the agricul- 
tural exhibit, which includes the products of the soil, agricultural 
implements, machinery, etc., will attract great attention from those 
visitors who are interested in this branch of industry. The history 
of no previous Exposition attested such general interest among all 
classes of people as to the general character, extent, the benefit that 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 227 

it is believed will follow, and the possibilities for good awaiting 
agriculturists from the exhibit in the Agiicullural Depart- 
ment of the Exposition. A great advancement has been made 
since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition in all branches 
of farm work. Since that time the Department of Agricul- 
ture has been given a position in the Cabinet ; has attained a firm 
foothold in the estimation of the people, and has not only become one 
of the most prominent of the governmental departments, but has 
been productive of most beneficial results to the commerce of our 
country, and every one engaged in farm work. Another advance in 
agricultural work is the Experiment Stations that are now con- 
nected with tne Agricultural Colleges of the country, supported by 
the Government, with trained scientists and educators at their head, 
their work reaching out into all the fields of scientific research, 
seeking to assist in a practical way those engaged in farm-work and 
to advance the standard of excellence in this great industry to a 
foremost place in the estimation of mankind. The subject of irriga- 
tion and its possibilities has, within a few years, become one of 
intense interest, and this Exposition presents the subject in such a 
way that it will attract very great attention, and within the next ten 
years be the means of reclaiming vast regions supposed heretofore 
to have no value for farming purposes. The great advance made in 
the study of dairying and the successful breeding of live stock has 
been one of the marvels of the past decade, and with the impetus 
that will be given the-e industries by the Dairy School and the 
immense Live Stock exhibit at the Exposition, the good result likely 
to follow cannot be estimated. 

The interest throughout the country in beautifying road-ways by 
tree planting, the setting aside by several of the stale legislatures of 
one day in the year to be devoted to this purpose, known as Arbor 
Day, and the encouragement given this excellent practice in the 
common schools ; the popularity of and interest taken in Farmers' 
Institutes throughout the country by the farming community, are all 
indicativeof the rapidadvancementthat has been made in agricultural 
pursuits since the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition. Tie present 
Exposition is the focusing point at which all the best results, the 
thought, intelligence, and energy of those interested in the great 
problems connected with the agricultural life is centered. As an 
instance: the question of the production of sugar from sorghum and 
the sugar beet is one that is attracting great interest in many sections 
of the country, notably in the west. The Experiment Stations in 
connection with the Agricultural Department at Washington are 
devoting time and attention to this work and the results that are 
shown in the Exposition, as to what can be done with an acre of 



228 HAND-BOOK OF 

grouad devoted to prodiiciag sugar from these products is a eouroe 
of wonder and amazement to the visitor. It attracts attention to the 
localities adapted to this industry, and is the means of building fac- 
tories and their industries connected with the production of sugar in 
this manner. 

The South, until recently supposed to be devoted entirely to the 
production of certain crops, is represented at the Exposition 
by so great a variety of products that one ceases to wonder 
at the great material advancement made by that part of 
the agricultural area of the couotry. One purpose of the 
Exposition of 1898 was to show to the assembled world 
such a magnificent result of the energy, advancement and 
culture of our agricultural population, such an overwhelming illus- 
tration of the unending variety, and the untold wealth of our natural 
resources, that it might be one of the most lasting monuments to the 
success of the Exposition. 

For the first time in the history of Expositions, a magnificent 
building is devoted entirely to the use of agricultural organizations, 
with a splendid auditorium or lecture-room in which to meet and 
deliberate, where all of the great topics connected with the work 
engaged in by agriculturists can be discussed, and from which will 
go out results that will be far reaching, and of inestimable value and 
benefit to our country. 

The products of every state in the American Union and of nearly 
every colony and country on earth are collected here. The arrange- 
ment of the exhibits will excite the wonder and compel the admiration 
of the visitor. Taste of the highest order has been displayed in every 
section, and the interior of the great agricultural building is a scene 
of enchanting beauty. Illinois makes a magnificent display in this 
department. In the Agricultural implement and machinery sec- 
tion Chicago takes first place. Here are produced the greatest 
harvesters known. The McCormick Harvester Company has 
made the leading exhibit at many international expositions, and has 
eclipsed itself at this one. The State Board of Agriculture of 
Illinois has offered the prizes to exhibitors in this form: 

All samples shown in this class are to become the property of the Board 
of Agricnltnre, from which selections will be made for the purpose of ex- 
hibition at the World s Fair. 

For the t est and larg'est display ^rom any country in each of the grand 
divisions of the State of Illinois, $3 0; second prize, S150; third prize, $100. 

All counties competing-, but failing to receive one of the foreg'oing- 
prizes, will each be paid $50 by an award of that amount to the best and 
largest display sent from them respectively. 

There were expended on the display of farm products of the State 
of Illinois the sum of $30,000. 




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NEWMAN BROTHERS, 

CHICAGO. 

MANUFACTFRERS OF THE CELEBRATED 

NEWIVEAN BROTHERS' 

parioii and Ghapel Ofgan^ 

The ONLY Organ having- the ''Patent Air Circulating Reed Cells." 
The Nearest approach to that of the Pipe Organ. 



OFFICE AWD FACTORY, 



Corner West Chicago Avenue and Dix Street. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 229 

The exhibit of the agricultural experiment stations of the United 
Stales is not one of the least interesting features of the Chicago 
Exposition. One portion of the proposed exhibit, which is to attract 
general attention, is an experiiuent station in oper^ation, with its office, 
laboratories, etc., illustrating how the indoor work of a station 
is actually carried on. In another portion of the exhibit each station 
presents, by means of maps, diagrams, pictures, sets of publications, 
etc., a full statement of its location, equipment, lines of work, etc., 
so that tlie visitor can, if he desires, follow out in detail the history 
and the work of any particular station. The main feature, however, 
is a topical exhibit of the work of the stations as a whole. In this 
is made not the fall showing of the work of any single station, but 
a unified exhibit showing tlie kind of work done by the stations, 
the way in which they do it, and some of the more important results 
which they have reached. The preparation of the exhibit was in 
the hands of a Committee of the Association of American Agricul- 
tural Colleges and Experiment Stations co-operating with the United 
States Department of Agdculture. Assistant Secretary Willits of 
the Department took a deep interest in the matter and promised sub- 
stantial aid on the part of the Department to the Stations in making 
the exhibit. 

Dairy. — This department belongs properly to the Agricultural 
exhibit, but it has been deemed advisable to separate them. No 
feature of the Exposition, probably, possesses greater interest or value 
to the agriculturist than the Dairy school. The school includes 
a contest between both herds and individuals of the chief breeds of 
dairy cattle with a view of ascertaining the respective merits of 
each in milk giving and butter and cheese producing Each herd 
IS charged each day with the food consumed accurately weighed, 
and is credited with the milk, butter and cheese produced. Manu- 
facturers of dairy utensils and appliances gladly furnish all that is 
required in their line. Accommodations are provided so that 
spectators may view the processes of butter and cheese making. 

The tests and all details of management are under rules pre- 
pared by a committee composed of one member from each of the 
dairy cattle associations in the United States, three from the Colum- 
bian Dairy Association, three from the Agricultural Colleges and 
U. S. Experimental Stations, and one from the manufacturers of 
dairy utensils. 

The manufacture of the product takes place in the Dairy build- 
ing, in an operating space 25 by 100 feet, above which on either 
side is a gallery which accommodates fully 500 spectators. The 
school in all probability will continue through four months, and 
each participating herd is represented by a given number of cows. 



SBO HAND-BOOK OP 

The results of this test and of the exhibition which will be made of 
thelatest and most advanced scientific methods known in connection 
with the feeding and care of cattle, the treatment of milk and the 
production of butter and cheese, can not fail to be of very great 
value to the dairy interests of this country. These interests, it is 
scarcely necessary to state, are of enormous importance and extent 
and, indeed, are scarcely surpassed by any other branch of industry 
in respect of the amount of money invested. It can not be doubted 
that the Exposition Dairy School will cause a more economic and 
scientific management of the dairy interests of the entire country 
and consequently a greater return from the capital and labor 
invested. 

Representatives of seven breeds of dairy cattle have furnished herds 
for the test which will be the longest in duration, and the most 
thorough and exhaustive so far as cows are concerned that has ever 
been held. From twenty-five to fifty gilt-edge cows of each of the 
d liry breeds of Devons, Brown-swiss, Short-horn, Guernseys, Red- 
pnlled and Jerseys will contest with each other for the prizes which 
will be awarded both to herds and individual cows. 

Electricity. — The Electrical Department of the Columbian 
Exposition will be a revelation to even those who attribute almost 
miraculous powers to the great force. A hundred thousand incan- 
descent lamps placed harmoniously about the grounds and build- 
ings, and 10,000 arc limps distributed advantageously to light up 
the beautiful architecture and pleasing landscape, would alone fur- 
nish almost a fairy spectacle; but combine with these, electric 
fountains pointing rainbow sprays toward the sky, glittering lamps 
of many colors sparkling; under the clear waters of the lagoons and 
at night setting out in all their dainty colorings the floral beauties 
andthemostbrilliant kaleidoscope will fade in anevery-daydull con- 
trast. Then add to such a scene panoramic glimpses of the tout 
ensemble made by those great electric reflectors as their almost 
demoniac eyes wander about the earth and shoot their rays into 
the heavens, and the result can be better imagined than described. 

The Electrical building itself is beautiful beyond descripti )n. 
Beside general ornamentation made under the direction of the chief 
of that department each exhibitor has been on his mettle to outdue 
his neighbor in uniqueness of design and grandeur in result. The 
laying out of arbitrary aisles in the building resulted in leaving a 
circular space thirty feet in diameter in precisely the center of the 
building. This space was the most desirable of course, and upon 
designs for it nearly twenty firms set at work. One firm, engaged 
in the business of artistic *lio:hting, undertook to construct a great 
tower reaching to the dome of the building, 160 feet in height, the 



THE WOKLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 231 

whole to be made of Bohemian crystal, vari-colored and in hundreds 
of dainty designs, all liirhted from within by opalescent and tinted 
incandescent globes wrought into figures, designed to contiast 
pleabiugly Miili tlie sli mmeiing exterior. 

Other exhibitors designed evanescent arches of incandescent lamps 
to span the main aisles of the building, tlie designs being so con- 
structed that the figures could be changed instantaneously from a 
switch board hidden from view at the exhibitor's space. The best 
talent was secured by the larger electrical companies for the work of 
preparation of the department exhibit, and |2,000,000 were appropri- 
ated for the purpose. Every conceivable variety of electi ic lighting is 
shown, both arc and incandescent. The long-distance transmission 
of power is shown in its highest developed state. Electric railways, 
all systems, overhead, underground and storage battery find 
tracks provided upon which to exploit. The World's Fair will 
probably occasion the settlement of the great problem of the muni- 
cipal transportation of people, if indeed it does not go much farther 
and settle the question of long-distance transportation in favor of 
electricity. 

A model house has been built to demonstrate in actual operation 
eveiy economic application of electricity for use in the home. Be- 
ginning at the door electric bellsanuounce the visitor. Tht strvant 
ushers him into the parlor and touches a button which closes the 
electrical circuit connecting a loud-speaking phonograph that rests 
upon the table. While waiting for the host the visitor enjoys a 
selection from " Faust "by Strauss' orchestra, or sratchesof a sacred 
melody by Gilmore's Oc( an Grove orchestra. The hostess arrives 
and is kept in touch with her servants by electric calls daintily fash- 
ioned. Adjournment is taken to dinner, unannoyed by smells from 
the ki'chcn, for that necessary adjunct to the home is at the top of 
the houiie and is connected with the dining-rocm by electric dumb 
waiters. Dishes aie kept hot on the table by dainty, polished 
electric warming furnaces connected by wires under the table. 
About the lime thedinner is over the servant gets angry at some- 
thing and picks up her ' ' duds " and goes off in a huff. My mistress 
of the house stands prepared to out-Czar the Czar, however, for she 
bows her company into the parlor, excuses herself for a moment, 
darts out into the dining-room, slips the dishes into the waiter and 
with the touch of the button they are up stairs, where she presently 
joins them. A large electric dishwasher is at hand and in five min- 
utes the dishes are washed automatically. An electric dishdrier 
completes the toilet of the tableware. Washday comes round, and 
if the servant has not been replaced by a more reliable femme du 
cuisine, the mistress of the house need have no fear of breaking her 



232 HAND-BOOK OP 

aristocratic back leaning over tubs or ruining her pretty hands by- 
constant soaking in hot suds. IShe throws the dry soiled clothes into 
a big vat of cold water with a piece of soap; she pushes the contact 
button and that is all. The water heats, and by an automatic pro- 
cess the clothes are thoroughly rubbed and cleaned, and now a filling 
of water rinses them; they are "blued " by the same automatic pro- 
cess, and upon a stick she hands them into the electric wringer. If 
the weather is bad, or the mistress of the house does not care to be 
seen as the " maid in the garden, hanging out the clothes," she may 
dry them in the garret, which is heated, liKe the rest of the house, 
by electric radiators. Electric ironing machines finish the day's 
work, and the mistress of the house is none tootir^dtogo to the 
opera in the evening, although she has done the week's washing and 
ironing, besides getting lunch for thechildren on her electric kitchen 
range. Tuesday, which would otherwise be ironing day, the house- 
wife could turn the switch into her sewing machine, and without 
ruflfling a feather or moving a muscle, she could sew the blessed day. 
If it were summer time an electric fan keeps her cool, and if it be 
winter a system of theimostats will keep the whole house regulated 
in the matter of warmth, and she has neither cold feet from the cold 
nor a headache from the beat. A carpet-sweeper run from a little 
motor allows no blistered hands, no back-aches from sweeping, and 
health, wealth and happiness is the result. And all this " plant " 
will be shown in the model house. 

Thomas A. Edison, the greatest of living electrical inventors, has 
been deeply interested in this department. His company it is 
believed has invested half a million dollais in its display. 
Speaking of the Exposition long before its opening, he said: 
"I shall have two or three things to show, which I think 
will both surprise and please the visitors to the electrical depart- 
ment of the Exposition, which, by the way, I am fully con- 
vinced, will be a great success. Two of these inventions are not 
yet ready to be described, or even characterized. The third, how- 
ever, is so nearly perfected, that I do not hesitate to say something 
about it. I hope to be able by the invention to throw upon a canvas 
a perfect picture of anybody, and reproduce his words. Thus, 
should Patti be singing somewhere, this invention will put her full 
length picture upon the canvas so perfectly as to enable one to 
distinguish every feature and expression of her face, see all her 
actions and listen to the entrancing melody of her peerless voice. 
The invention will do for the eye what the phonograph has done for 
the voice, and reproduce the voice as well, in fact, more clearly. 
I have already perfected the invention so far as to be able to picture 
a prize-fight — the two men, the ring, the intensely interested faces 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 233 

of those surrounding it — and you can hear the sound of the blows 
the cheers of encouragement and the yells of disappointment. 
And when this invention shall have been perfected," said Mr. Edison, 
with the trace of enthusiasum's glow in his face. ' a man will be 
able to sit in his library at home, and, having electrical connection 
with the theatre, see reproduced on his wall or a piece of canvas, 
the actors, and hear anything they say. I can place one so it will 
command a street corner, and after letting it register the passing 
sights for a time, I can have it cast them on a canvas so that every 
feature and motion of the passers, even to the twitching of the face, 
can be seen, and if a friend passed during the time, you may know 
it. This invention will be called the 'Kinetograph.' The first half 
of the word signifies 'motion,' and the last 'write,' and both to- 
gether mean the portrayal of motion. The invention combines 
photography and phonography." All of the great electrical com- 
panies, Telegraph and Telephone companies. Street Railway 
and Lighting and Machinery companies of the United States 
and the world at large are represented in the Electrical build- 
ing. An especially good display of engines and dynamos comes 
from England, and in fact the leading features of the elec- 
trical exhibition held in London in 1892 are all here. Eugene 
and Paul Champion, of Neuilly-sur-Seine, France, have a series of 
electrical fireworks for the Exposition. Neither gunpowder, 
dynamite, nor oiher explosive material is used in producing the 
dazzling effects. An operator sits at an instrument something like 
a piano, and by manipulation of the keys produces designs of the 
most gorgeous fashion. The whole machine is run by electricity. 
One of the pieces is a representation of Chicago as a statue of fire. 
This is surrounded by other figures of flame, each representing a 
State of the Union. Chicago is represented as receiving the homage 
of all the great powers of the world, each filing past the statue and, 
assembled States. As the figures pass before Chicago each halls, 
bows, and then lays down a flag or shield of fire at Chicago's feet, 
receiving in return the palm branch of peace. The display lasts 
forty minutes, and during that time no less than. 40,000 distinct 
effects are produced. Among the novelties is a model light house 
prepared for the World's Fair by Sauter, Harle & Co. of Paris. 

The German electrical firm of Shuckertt & Co. , of Nuremberg, 
makes a general exhibit in the electrical department, and, at the 
same lime, gave one of the Shuckertt ground glass reflectors for the 
services of the Exposition, and asked that it be given a prominent 
location in a convenient point to light the lake shore and the harbor 
of the Exposition. The light is somewhat similar to the one which 
created so much favorable comment at the Frankfort Exposition, 



284 HAND-BOOK OF 

only the one for the World's Fair is several sizes larger. The Frack- 
fort light was a ground glass parabolic mirror, six feet in diameter. 
The mirror was placed upon a revolving pedestal, the lamp being 
fixed in the center of the circle made by the mirror in its revolu- 
tions. The lamp which was used at Frankfort was a double carbon 
arc-lamp, requiring ten horse power to operate, aud supposed to be 
of 25,000 candle-power capacity. A complete system, demon- 
strating the European idea of long-distance transmission is exhib- 
ited. A large multiphase dynamo of the five-wire system is also 
among the European exhibits. A 1,500 hoise-power direct current 
dynamo, a 500 horse-power alternating currcDt dynamo, and 
a 1,000 horse-power motor are features of the exhibition of the 
Siemens & Halske company. Anew street-car motor for conduit 
operation, developed by Htrr Hasselwander, of Germany, the Buda- 
Pesth conduit railway of Siemens & Halske, and a number of 
storage battery systems of different European firms are likewise 
exhibited. The electrical display made by Siemens & Hahke, of 
Germany, is probably the most extensive and costly ever witnessed. 

In this connection it might be well to say that the following is 
the arrangementof electric lights Arc lights — Machinery Hall, 600; 
Agricultural, 600; Electricity Building, 4U0; Mines and MiningBuild- 
ing, 400; Transportation Building, 450; Hoi ticuliural Hall, 400; For- 
estry Building, 150; Manufa( tuies Building, 2,( 00. The Fine Arts 
Building is completely lined with incandescent lamps, and one mile 
of wall space, on which pictures are hung, is lighted. The num- 
ber of lamps is 12,000. Tliere are no arc lights in tbis building. 
The Woman's Building is lighted by both systems. It was decided 
to place in it 180 arc lights and 2,700 incandescent lamps. The 
reception and dressing-rooms are furnished with the incandescent 
lamps. The Administration Building is supplied with 1,000 incan- 
descent lamps. The Machinery and Agricultural Annexes are sup- 
plied with arc lights. Each building is furnished with wires for 
incandescent lighting in order to accommodate the exhibitors. In 
case any one wishes to fix up his exhibit with ornamental lights, he 
will have the plant at hand for doing so. The whole portion of the 
northern part of Jackson Park, where are located the various State 
and foreign buildings is supplied with both arc and incandescent 
lights, which are utilized both night and day. Some of the foreign 
countries and also domestic States were contemplating the use of gas, 
as they did not know whether continuous electric light service 
would be available. It was decided, however, that electricity 
should be used instead. 

Tue saw mills are run by electricity. The Manufactures Build- 
ing is supplied with electric power, and the saw mill employed there 



THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 235 

is worked by that force. At the Paris Exposition but three build- 
ings were furnished with electric light. Each structure at the 
World's Columbian Exposition has a plant which may be used night 
and day. 

In all there are used, approximately, 127,000 electric lamps, 
of which 7,000 are arc, of 2,000 candle power each, and 120,000 
incandescent sixteen candle power lamps. To run the plant 22,000 
horse-power is required. By the awarding of separate contracts 
for the lighting of each of the buildings and of different sections of 
the grounds all electric firms, whether large or small, had an 
opportunity to participate and to show what they could do, and at 
the same time a variety in illumination is effected. One of the 
distinctive features of the electrical display is that made in the 
main basin which runs from the lake westward towards the Admin- 
istration Building, a distance of 1,500 feet. Special attention is 
given to the illumination of this basin, and it is encircled by 
1,650 incandescent lamps. The lamps are two feet apart and three 
feet above the surface of the water of the basin. In the great 
Manufactures building alone there are 33,000 lights. The plans 
prepared by the electrical experts called for ten times the capacity 
of all the plants used at the Paris Exposition. The World's Fair 
directors spent $1,000,000 for these electric plants. Exhibitors are 
not required to pay anything for light, except in cases where they 
call for more lamps than are furnished by the construction depart- 
ment. In that event they will be furnished additional lamps at 
actual cost. Electric power is conveyed over the grounds in a 
system of tunnels. Some of the wires are, however, hung from 
the structure of the elevated railroad. 

It was the aim of the management to make the World's Fair site 
and the buildings one grand exemplification of the progress that 
has been made in electricity. The electrical exhibits are confined 
to a few of the buildings, but on every hand there is a display of 
electricity. The grounds, including the water-ways, the wooded 
island, the streets and avenues, and boulevards approaching the 
World's Fair site, are all lighted by electricity, and in harmony with 
the general effect which it is desired to produce. The great struct- 
ures of the Exposition are turned into a panoramic view at night by 
the aid of powerful electric search lights. On the guilded dome of 
the Administration building, on the centre pavilion of the Casino, 
and at other suitable points these search lights are placed. During 
the evenings on which tlie Exposition is open, the lights are turned 
on the several main buildings and water-ways so as to flood them 
with a sudden burst of electric splendor. Glimpses of the outlines 



236 HAND-BOOK OF 

of woods, water, and buildings suddenly flash before the eye. And 
this panoramic view may be had from different points of observation. 

From 33,000 to 24,500 horse-power is required forthe operation of 
the machinery of exhibitors. This is transmitted by electricity 
from the central power station. In relation to this central station 
the chief of the Department in his prospectus said: "To furnish 
and transmit this 24,000 horse -power the Exposition Company will 
construct a plant, which, though a complete station in itself, will be 
composed of a number of smaller complete plants installed by those 
who contract to furnish certain parts of the service. These plants 
will be primarily for the service of the Exposition, but are not for 
that purpose prohibited from becoming competitive exhibits as 
well, provided the usual course is taken by their owners of making 
the proper application of exhibitors through the office of the 
director-general." Electric power is used for the intramural rail- 
way that constitutes a part of the service of the Exposition. Arrange- 
ments for the exhibition of electric-cars in operation arealsomade. 
Displays of electrical mining machinery and electrical metal-working 
machinery constitute an important portion of the exhibits in the 
department. Every possible. field of electrical work was liberally con- 
sidered, and all systems of all countries are placed as favorably as 
. possible to the end that the best results may accrue to the electrical 
people and the public. 

Fisheries. — One of the most interesting exhibits at the World's 
Columbian Exposition is that of Fish and Fisheries. Therein not 
only will visitors of piscatorial inclinations find much to engage 
their attention, but others who have been wont to regard "fishy" 
and "incredible" as synonymous and equally inconsequential terms, 
will undoubtedly have reason to change their minds as to the inter- 
esting features of a fish display after visiting this department of the 
Exposition. The fisheries building is a corner where the public 
will wish to linger, a spot where it will be possible to realize the 
words of John Bunyan when he wrote: 

You see the way the fisherman doth take 
To catch the fish, what engines doth he make! 

Behold how he engageth all his wits, 
Also his snares, lines, angles, hooks and nets. 

Much has been said and written of the magnificence of the 
World's Columbian Exposition, byway of comparison with previous 
expositions, which it is proposed to eclipse. The immense strides 
made in every department of art, science and industry during the 
second half of the present century have been fittingly illustrated at 
the various international expositions held since the late Prince Con- 
sort of England inaugurated the Great London Exposition of 1851 ' 



iJ4 




Anson S. Hopkins, B. E, Sunny, J. G. Sanborn. 

Pres't & Gea'l Manag'er. Vice-Presideat. Sej'y & Treas. 

THeHeiifyDiiee.Goiiiiiaiiy, 




ENGLISH CERAMIC MOSAICS, 

MANTELS. GRATES and TILES, 



FINE SPECIAL FURNITURE! 



MANUFACTORY AND SALESROOMS, 
140 and 150 Michigan Avenue, - CHICAGO. 



INSPECTION INVITED. CORRESPONDENCE SOLICITED, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 237 

Human ingenuity and the ioventive genius of the age have well- 
nigh blotted out the word 'impossible'' from the vocabulary of 
material science. Steam and electricity have been harnessed to 
the will of man until it has become a question how far will human 
science travel, not h )W far can it reacn. But while the seciets of 
earth and air have been explored and their forces bent to do man's 
bidding, the mysteries of the great deep have not been neglected. 
Bat inasmuch as the tieldof exploration, if such a term may be used 
in speaking of the ocean, is three times larger than that wherein 
researches by land are practicable, it follows that the result of sub- 
aqueous research still leaves almost immeasurable possibilities to 
be explored. 

Everything that science has rescued from the depths of ocean, 
sea, lake or river, is displayed at the fisheries exhibit. Inhabitants 
of deep sea grottoes; the coral animal — builder of islands and con- 
tinents; sea anemones, that blossom miles below the surface of the 
ocean ; monstrous devil-fish, sharks, and other terrors of the deep, 
a'^e seen, beside the speckled beauties of stream or lake, the plebian 
catfish, perch and sucker, suggestive of the boyish angler and the 
shallow stream. From ocean depths are brought specimens of sub- 
aqueous life so marvelously delicate and so richly beautiful that the 
microscope will only reveal in part their wondrous beauty and film- 
like tracery. The methods, too, by which the mysteries of the 
deep are penetrated, the paraphernalia of the United States Fish 
Commission, the inventions by which the finny tribe is cultured, 
the wonderful progress made in the art of fish farming, in addition 
to the implements of commercial fishing and the latest tackle for 
angling — all these are displayed to their fullest extent. 

Not the least interesting portion of the exhibit is the Aquarial or 
Live Fish Display. This is contained in a circular building, 135 
feet in diameter, standing near one extremity of the main Fisheries 
building, and in a great curved corridor connecting the two in the 
center of the circular building is a rotunda sixty feet in diameter, 
in the middle of which is a basin or pool about twenty-six feet wide 
from which arises a towering mass of rocks covered with moss and 
lichens. From clefts and crevices in the rocks crystal streams of 
water gush and drop to the masses of reeds, rushes, and ornamental 
semi-aquatic plants in the basin below. In this pool gorgeous gold 
fishes, golden ides, golden tench, and other fishes disport. From 
the rotunda one side of the larger series of aquaria may be viewed. 
These are ten in number and have a capacity of seven thousand to 
twenty-seven thousand gallons of water. Passing out of the rotunda 
by the entrances a great corridor or gallery is reached where on one 
hand may be viewed the opp site side of the series of great tanks 



238 HAND-BOOK OF 

and on the other a line of tanks somewhat smaller, ranging from 
750 to 1,500 gallons each in capacity. The corridor or gallery is 
about fifteen teet wide. The eutire length of the glass fronts of the 
aquaria is about 575 feet or over 3,000 square feet of surface. They 
make a pauorania never before seen in any exhibition, and rival the 
great permanent aquariums of the world not only in size but in all 
other respects. 

The total water capacity of the aquaria, exclusive of reservoirs, is 
18,725 cubic feet, or 140,000gallons. This weighs 1,192,425 pounds, 
or almost 600 tons. Of this amount about 40,000 gaJlons are de- 
voted to the marine exhibit. In the entire salt water circulation, 
including reservoirs, there are about 80,000 gallons. The pumping 
and distributing plant f(>r the marine aquaria is constructed of 
vulcanite. The pumps are in duplicate and each have a capaciiy of 
3,000 gallons per hour. The supply of sea water is secuied by 
evaporating the necessary quantity at the Woods Hall station of the 
United States Fish Commission to about one-fifth its bulk, thus reduc- 
ing both quantity and weight for transportation about 80 per cent. 
The fresh water required to restore it to its proper density is sup- 
plied from Lake Michigan. In transporting the marine fishes to 
Chicago from the coast there was an addition of probably 3,000 
gallons of pure sea water to the supply on each trip. 

It is a matter of importance that provision was made in the 
upper part of the building for an eating saloon in which a specialty 
is made of supplying food composed of fish and other animals taken 
from the water. This is a practicable and most excellent illustra- 
tion of our fisheries, and this special work is so conducted as to give 
those who patronize fish dinners at the Exposition abetter conception 
than the majority of them now have of the value of fish as food. 

Under the direction of Henry Elliott, the only artist who has 
ever drawn and painted the seal and walrus in their native haunts, 
an interesting exhibit for the World's Fair was prepared by the 
Smithsonian Institution. This exhibit consits of models in papier 
mache representing the fur seal and walrus fisheries on the Alaskan 
coast. The animals represented, as well as the men who catch them, 
are modeled in clay. One of the models shows a seal "drive." This 
model includes hundreds of mimic seals which Aleuts are driving 
along to the killing grounds by waving cl'>ths and shouting. Another 
illustrates a " rookery " on which the full grown seals, bellowing 
and pugnacious, have "hauled up" out of the surf upon the islands 
to breed. Another model shows a hauling ground of bachelor 
seals. The killing of seals is also shown, a group of Aleuts being 
represented in the act of smashing their heads with clubs. There is 
also represented a number of hair seals, which are not useful for 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 239 

their fur, but merely for food supply to the natives of that region. 
The walruses, now rapidly becoming extinct, are also reproduced in 
material that gives them a remarkably life like appearance. Hun- 
dreds of models in clay are made of these animals, in order to repre- 
sent the different species and sizes of each. They were cast in 
papier mache and painted. 

Floriculture. — The floral exhibit is to be found in the Horti- 
cultural building also and it passes description. Not only the repub- 
lics and colonies of the American continents, but the nations and 
colonies of the earth, have contributed toward making this the most 
gorgeous display ever beheld by man. All of the State horticultural 
societies, the ro} al and imperial horticultural societies of European 
nations, the associations of nurserymen everywhere, and the owners 
of private conservatories and hot-houses in every part of the world, 
have taken an active interest in this beautiful display. Some of the 
exhibits maybe mentioned: A loan exhibit of 2,000 varieties of 
orchids from Cosf^a Rica, of immense value and wondrous beauty, is 
to be seen. J. H. Lung & Sons, the celebrated London florists, are 
represented by a magnificent display, and have furnished 1,000 
begonias, with men to care for them during the Exposition. Two 
bales and one case of rose plants were sent from Aix la Chapelle, 
Germany. Some magnificent palms and ferns were sent by Cuba; 
a magnificent exhibit from Buda Pesth, Hungary, including a rare 
collection of the finest roses, with 200 standard and 200 half -standard 
roses, were among the early contributions The value of tbe orchids 
exhibited is estimated at $500,000. The Royal Botanical Society of 
Ireland se I. ds the largest and rarest collection of flowers and plants 
that has ever been gathered in that country. Some of the rarest 
specimens from the gardens of plants of Brussels and Paris are here; 
tropical flowers from the valleys of Mexico and from every one of 
the South American republics. A large and beautiful display from 
Japan, comprising some of the celebrated " dwarf" trees, that have 
been created by the extraordinary process pursued in that country, 
and a great variety of evergreens, subjected to the same training; 
rose collections from Belfast, I- eland, and Luxemburg, Germany ; a 
grand collection of the native flora of Colorado, consisting of 
about 120,000 selections; the native flora of each State and Terri- 
tory; contributions from the great private conservatories of New 
York and Pennsylvania; a beautiful exhibit by the American Pomo- 
logical Society; and a splendid assortment of Australia n flowers from 
New South Wales— these, and thousands of other exhibits equally as 
enchanting, are to be seen. It required five acres in addition to the 
original allotment of space to arcoramodate the floral exhibits. The 
space at first intended for the Indianexhibit on the Wooded Island was 



240 HAND-BOOK OP 



1 

l-^7■'^-l■l^^^^■ '-^ 



giveo over to a rose garden ; 20,000 feet of space are given to an exhibit 
of flower seeds alone; five acres are given over to a nursery exhibit; tv^^o 
beautiful greenhouses, one of them 1,000 feet long and 24 wide and 
the other 500 by 600 were added to the space in the summer of 
1892. Half a million pansies, one hundred thousand roses, and mil- 
lions of other flowers, including every known variety and species, are 
seen at the Exposition. The horticultural exhibit is on a scale never 
before attempted in the history of the world. Mr. Thorp, of the 
floricultural division, estimated that the equipment of the horticul- 
tural building, including the purchase price of plants, would be 
$350,0(0, and the total expense of the display $750,000. The flori- 
culturists of the country donated a large share of the plants. Ten of 
the sixteen acres of ground on the wooded island are planted in 
flowers. The shores of the island are left wild for scenic effect, and 
the waters around the margin of the island are bright with water 
lilies and other aquatic vegetation, while the interior of the island is 
planted with roses, rhododendrons, and lilies, besides a vast variety of 
wild flowers, which are at present preserved in a nursery on the 
island. 

In addition to all this the roof of the Woman's building, the inter- 
ior of nearly all the department, state and foreign buildings, the 
grounds surrounding them, the beautiful terraces along the lagoon, 
etc., are all decorated with flowers. 

Forestry.— The forestry display, like the forestry building, is 
one of the most unique of the Exposition. It is likewise compre- 
hensive and instructive. Forestry is rapidly becoming a vital sub- 
ject of study, both for the states of the Union and the nation at 
large. As a science it is perhaps more feebly developed in the Uni- 
ted States than in any other civilized nation. The depletion of our 
natural forests is alarming to those who have made this subject a 
study, and a rational forest management is becoming a necessity in 
our civil governments. The forestry exhibit at the Fair will proba- 
bly give more instruction and arouse more interest in this vital 
question than anything else possibly could. The plan followed out 
in this department is simple. The government makes the exhibit 
which treats of forestry as a science, while the states make exhibits 
which have for their object the illustration of existing forestry con- 
ditions. The plan of the exhibit is the work of Dr. B. E. Fernow. 
Chief of the Forestry Division of the government Department of 
Agriculture, and one of the highest authorities on the question. By 
his plan the states make an exhibit showing the forestry resources 
of the country, the methods of forestry development, wood-work- 
ing, and all industries relying on forest products and the work 
necessary to forest management. The government exhibit is calcu- 



THE world's COLtTNIBIAN EXPOSITION. 241 

lated to give the student of forestry a comprehensive view of the 
subject. The government shows all the trees native to the United 
States — about four hundred and twenty-five species — and the most 
important of these trees — about one hundred species — are elab- 
orately exhibited. This exhibit also shows the nature of 
raw wood materials, the difference of structure and quality 
of woods grown in different sections. There is shown a 
collection of fruits and seeds, planting tools, illustrations 
of planting methods, and statistics of forest management. 

In the construction of the Forestry building, the idea of exhibit 
ing the woods of the different states was beautifully carried out 
The Southern Lumbermen's Manufacturers' Association put in one 
of the grand vestibules of the building, and constructed it entirely 
of yellow pine in a way to show its beauty and susceptibility to 
polish. The National Association of Hard Wood Lumber Manu- 
facturers put in another of these vestibules, constructed of hard 
wood. Tne vestibules are constructed in a most artistic manner, 
and furnish very interesting exhibits of the woods named. About 
twenty-five of the States furnished columns for the Forestry building, 
composed of their most characteristic woods. Arkansas furnished 
trees of pine, white oak, red oak, red gum, black walnut, and sassa- 
fras; California — sugar pine, red wood, and trunks of the young 
sequoia; Delaware — red cedar, white oak, and white ash; Kansas — 
burr oak, hickory, hackberry, sycamore, and walnut; Minnesota — 
white pine, sugar maple, ash, oak, cottonwood, spruce, box elder, 
tamarack, elm; North Dakota — cotton-wood, bass-wood, oak, ash, 
elm, and birch; Tennessee — cotton-wood, hickory, cedar, poplar, 
red oak, white gum, bass-wood, and beech; Wisconsin — pine, white 
oak, bass-wood, elm, spruce, and birch. The columns of the Forestry 
building show specimens of every wood of any commercial im- 
portance in the United States, as well as woods from several foreign 
countries. The States also furnish sticks for the woven rustic work 
between the columns. 

Many foreign nations have contributed to this picturesque exhibit. 
There are trees from Asia, Australia and all parts of SouthAmerica, 
among these specimens of growth of which people read but never 
see. The orange, lemon, banana, fig, rubber, palm, cork, fig, date, 
calisaya, tar, and every species known is represented here. As in 
the Agricultural and Horticultural departments, the exhibits, of the 
different states and countries are grouped. 

Horticulture. — The Horticultural display is greater and grander 
than any thing ever attempted before. The description already given 
of the magnificent Horticultural building indicates in itself the great 
attention which the management has given to this branch of the 



242 HAND-BOOK OF 

Fair. While only portions of buildings or small structures, compar- 
atively, have been devoted to horticultural displays heretofore, the 
World's Columbian Exposition has erected an immense, beautiful 
and costly structure, and dedicated it to this purpose. A fair idea 
of the extent of the exhibit may be obtained from the following, 
which shows the allotment of space to the different States and for- 
eign countries: Alabama, 2,000 feet; Alaska, 400; Arizona, 2,000; 
Arkansas, 4,000; California, 6 000, with space in the open court; 
Colorado, 4,000; Connecticut 2,000; Delaware, 4,000; Florida, 3,000, 
with space in the open court; Georgia, 2,000; Idaho, 2,000; Illinois, 
6,000; Indiana, (5,000; Iowa, 5,000; Kansas, 5,000; Kentucky, 5,000; 
Louisiana, 2,000; Maine, 2,000; Maryland 4,000; Massachusetts, 
4,C00; Michigau,6,000; Minnesota, 4,000; Mississippi, 2,000; Missouri, 
6,000; Montana, 2,000; Nebraska, 4,000; Nevada, 2,000; New Hamp- 
shire, 2,000; New Jersey, 6,000; New Mexico, 2,000; New York, 
8,000; North Carolina, 2,000; North Dakota, 1,000; Ohio, 6,000; 
Oklahoma, 1 000; Oregon, 4,000; Pennsylvania, 8,000; Rhode 
Island, 2,000; South Carolina, 1,000; South Dakota, 1,000; Tennessee, 
3,000; Texas, 3,000; Utah, 1,000; Vermont, 1,000; Virginia, 3,000; 
Washington, 3,000; West Virginia, 2,000; Wisconsin, 5,000; Wy- 
oming,l,000. Foreign countries — Algeria, 200; Argentine Republic, 
200; Austria, 500; Bahama Islands, ^500; Belgium, 3,000; Bolivia, 
200; Brazil, 500, British Guiana, 200; British Honduras. 2,000; 
Cape Colony, 200; Ceylon, 200; Chili, 200; China, 300; Colombia, 
200; Costa Rica, 500; Cuba, 500; Denmark, 500; Dutch Guiana, 200; 
Dutch West Indies, 200; Ecuador, 200; France, 4,000; French 
Guiana, 200; Germany, 4,000; Great Britain and Ireland, 6,000; 
Guatemala, 500; Hawaiian Island, 200; Hayti, 200; Holland, 200; 
Honduras, 200; Japan, 500, Jamaica, 500; Corea, 200; Madagascar, 
200; Mexico, 2,000; New South Wales, 200; Nicaragua, 200; Orange 
Free State, 200; Paraguay, 200, Persia, 200; Peru, 200: Porto Rica, 
200; Russia, 200; San Salvador,200; San Domingo, 200; Siam, 200; 
Spain, 200; Switzerland, 200; Trinidad, 500; Turkey, 200; Uru- 
guay, 200; Venezuela, 200; Zanzibar, 200; Miscellaneous, 5,000; 
Space outside the Horticultural building: For Great Britain and Ire- 
land, 40,000 feet; Holland, 35,000; France, 30,000; Germany, 25,- 
000; Belgium, 30,000; Japan, 25,000; Denmark, 15,000; Spain, 15,- 
000; West Indies, 15,000; Italy, 10,000; Russia, 10,000; other for- 
eign countries, 25,000. 

To the Horticultural department belongs the distinction of the 
first installed exhibit of the Exposition. This consisted of three 
very large trees, an elm, an ash, and a sugar maple, which were 
planted near the Horticultural Hall. The elm is seventy-five feet 
high, two feet in diameter, and weighs ten tons. Mi „ P. S. Peterson, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 243 

the Rose Hill nurseryman, planted these trees as a permanent 
exhibit, the planting and transferring requiring 22 men, 12 horses, 
and the expenditure of |;600; all of which was at Mr. Peterson's 
individual expense. 

The (States of the Union have contributed some wondrous exhib- 
its to the Horticultural display, such a collection of fruit as perhaps 
has never been seen before. The great fruit-bearing states from 
New York to California and from Michigan to Louisiana have 
rivaled each other in the extent and costliness of their exhibits. 
California as was to be expected takes the lead. This great fruit- 
producing commonwealth has never before been able to show the 
world what it is capable of doing, and it has taken advantage of the 
present opportunity toils fullest extent. Missouri, New York, Dela- 
ware, Ohio, Indiana, Iowa, Nebraska, Virginia, Florida, in fact 
every state of the Union, has exhibited its specialties in fruit growing 
magnificently. The immense oranges of Louisiana, Florida and 
southern California are brought into contrast with the beautiful 
grapes of Missouri, the big red apples of Michigan, the mammoth 
watermelons of Mississippi and Georgia, and the luscious strawberries 
of southern Illinois. The Citizens' Association of California alone 
occupies two and a half acres and makes a wonderful exhibit. The 
Southern California World's Fair Association has a space 88 by 270 
feet in which an exhibition of orange trees in full bloom is to be seen. 
Five acres out doors for oranges, lemons, limes, etc. , and 3,000 square 
feet of table space for an exhibition of fruits were also granted this 
association, England, France, G-ermany, Switzerland, Austria, 
Russia, Turkey, Italy, Spain, Portugal, and in fact every country 
in Europe, as well as portions of Asia, Africa, Australia and all the 
Latin-x^merican Republics and the numerous colonies are repre- 
sented here. The Michigan peach orchard in full bearing is not the 
least attractive feature. The exhibits are changed frequently, and 
the odor of the tropics mingles with that of the temperate zones. 

Live Stock. — The Live Stock exhibit will open upon June 1?, 
1893, with tlie kennel show, which will undoubtedly comprise the 
largest and finest collection of dogs ever seen. The rules adopted 
by the Live Stock Department provide only for dogs of unquestioned 
pedigree, and even in such cases applications will be considered 
f>tricTly upon their own merits, by a committee of three experts. 
The kennel clubs and dog fanciers of both Europe and America are 
deeply interested in the exhibition, and those best informed say 
that not less than 3,000 dogs will be exhibited. The various kennel 
c^ubs propose to supplement the already satisfactory premium list 
by a number of very handsome medals. Lord Bute, reputed to be 
the biggest dog in the world and the winner of twenty-six first 



244 HAND-BOOK OP 

prizes in cups at various bench shows, will be placed on exhibition. 
Lord Bute is a pure-blooded St. Bernard and is owned by Knowles 
Croskey, proprietor of the Menthon kennels, Phenixville, Pa. He 
is a noble dog, bred in England, and cost the present owner |3,750. 
He is thirty -six inches high and weighs 247 pounds. 

Members of the Mascoutah Kennel club of Chicago expect to 
play the part of host to the various kennel clubs of the country 
which may visit the Exposition in 1893. The club passed a resolu- 
tion calling upon similar clubs in all parts of the world to make a 
special effort to create an interest in the World's Fair. 

The period devoted to the exhibition of animals for awards is 
as follows: Cattle, Sept. 11 to 27th; horses, jacks and jennets, Aug. 
24 to Sept. 27; sheep and swine, Oct. 2d to Oct. 14th; kennel show 
or dogs, June 12th to 17th; poultry, pigeons, pet stock, etc., Oct. 
18th to 30. Exhibitors of horses and cattle must accompany their 
application with pedigree of the animal offered for entry. This 
written evidence implies a description or pedigree in the standard 
live stock records. Animals unregistered, but which have some 
peculiar value, historical or otherwise, may be exhibited, but may 
not compete for prizes. 

The exhibit of blooded and fat cattle, sheep, swine, horses, etc., 
it is expected, will be the greatest ever held in this country. Cattle 
and horses will be here from England, France and Germany, at 
least. Some magnificent Normans are expected. Every state in 
the Union will send contributions. Prizes will be given, sometimes 
by the state boards and sometimes by private persons for best exhi- 
bits. The great stables of trotting horses in France and many 
famous English racers will be here. England, Ireland and Scotland 
will send over larger exhibits than they have ever made at a foreign 
exposition before. 

Machinery.— The display of machinery is large and more in- 
teresting than any ever made before in an International Exposition. 
The electrical machines are confined, of course, to the electricity 
department, and some of the mining machinery to the mines and 
mining department, but nevertheless every inch of space is taken up 
in the machinery building and the scene is one of the greatest 
animation from one end of the great hall to the other. Every- 
thing from the smallest to themost ponderousmachines of the age 
is to be seen in the building and its annexes, and everything is in 
motion. The visitor will be struck at once with the great diversity 
shown in the construction of engines, some of which exhibit move- 
ments that he little dreamed of. The nations of the earth are in 
competition here. England, Germany, France, Holland, Belgium 
and other European countries have sent the best examples of their 





[Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] 

KANSAS AND NORTH DAKOTA STATE BUILDINGS,— WORLD'S 

COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



WESTERN FENCE CO. 

^ailwa^ Fence dontractor'^. 




The construction includes CROSS and WING 
FENCES and GATES. We have large outfits of 
Experienced Men, Tools and Cars. Managers 
will save money and much of detail by contracting 
with us. Contracts made for loo to i,ooo miles. 

Best of references given. Address 

WESTERN FENCE CO., 

441 Rookery Building, CHICAGO. 



BENTLEY5GERWIG 

(LIMITED) 

I^ope, Ju/ii^e ar>d Qordai^e, 



TENTS, AWNINGS AND FLAGS, 
Waterproof Horse and Wagon Covers, 



No. 69 MARKET STREET, CHICAGO, ILL, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 245 

machinery, and the United States makes an exhibit which, along- 
side of the best any of the other nations has to offer, is creditable. 
This is the land of invention, and the application of steam to all 
sorts of purposes was never beloie so fully illustrated. 
Machinery is doing everything and more than everything that the 
hands of man were employed in doing a century ago. Some of the 
ingenious contrivances one would imagine almost thinK,so thoroughly 
do they perform the tasks assigned them. Here the machinery 
used in every branch of manufacture is in operation. The arrange- 
ment is perfect, and from the trains which move around the 
building above, the visitor can take a splendid observation of 
the eniire exhibit. The enormous extent of the space under roof 
in the buildings devoted to the display of Machinery, in round fig- 
ures nearly eighteen acres, is a proof of the appreciation of the im- 
portance of this branch of the Exposition entertained by the Man- 
agement. 

Manufactures and Liberal Arts. — It is no exaggeration to 
say that one might spend an entire month in the Manufactures and 
Liberal Arts building, giving ten hours a day to the inspection of 
exhibits without seeing all that is displayed here. The term 
"World's Fair" may be appropriately applied to this depa^^ment 
alone, for here are the evidences of the progress of mankind in 
every section of the habitable globe. Whatever machinery or inven- 
tions may have accomplished ; whatever the soil may have produced 
or the produce of the soil nourished, the results are here. Science, 
art and industry have their special departments, steam and elec- 
tricity are represented fully; but these may be denominated causes; 
the effects of all our knowledge in science, art and industry, of the 
inventions in electrical and steam force, in navigation, in transpor- 
tation, in culture, are made manifest in the Manufactures and Lib- 
eral Arts building. Here are the higher products of the age, the 
necessaries and luxuries of the civilized world. If the visitor, after 
passing through the Art, Agricultural, Machinery, Forestry, Horti- 
cultural and all the other departments and sections, is desirous of 
obtaining an insight into the results of man's achievements in all 
these branches of intellectual development and refinement, he will 
find it in the Manufactures and Liberal Arts building. Here mind 
and muscle are united, the forces of the intellect are combined, the 
tangible evidences of progress are made manifest. Every country 
on earth is represented, almost every community. The linens 
and friezes of Ireland, the cottons and cutlery of England; the 
plaids and paisleys of Scotland; the silks and velvets of France; the 
hosiery and gloves of Germany, the watches and clocks of Switzer- 
land; the laces and muslins of Belgium; the shawls of Persia, the 



246 HAND-BOOK OF 

damasks of Turkey, the rugs of Sroyrna, the tapestries of Italy, 
the embroideries of Spain — the fabrics of the continents — from the 
china and glassware of Bavaria to the potteiy of Japan; from the 
musical boxes of Geneva to the panama hats of South America — 
are collected under this the greatest roof evtr raised above an Expo- 
sition buildiDg. Here one finds everything that the fingers ot man 
and woman have been able to fabricate in this and preceding cen- 
turies. 

It would be impossible to name, much more so to describe, the 
exhibits within this structure. Some general notes only as suf- 
ficient to give the visitor an idea of what may be found here are 
appended: One of the most interesting exhibits is that of the rifle 
manufacturers of Ltege, Belgium; another is the exhibit of the 
tobacco manufacturers of Kentucky; others are exhibits of the 
schools, school books, map charts, furniture, etc. ; exhibits of public 
iibraiies; pianos, orgaLs and small musical instruments; the cocoa 
exhibit of the manufacturers of Weesp, Holland; the process of mak- 
ing quinine ; a great display of Atlantic cable instruments ; the process 
of making 50-ton cannon; exhibit of lumber and wood manufactuies; 
a practical working business college; exhibit of the famous Krupp 
guns; domestic silk exhibit of the Silk Association of America; 
exhibit of the National Association of Wool Manufacturers; exhibit 
of the Potters' Association, covering 32,000 square feet of space; 
exhibits of Chinese manufactureis and merchants; exhibit of the 
Maxim Undenfeldt guns; Maryland oyster exhibit; exhibit of gas, 
gas illumination and machinery; newspaper exhibits, showing how 
daily newspapers are edited and printed; display of the wholesale 
saddlery and harness men; display of watches and clocks from 
American and foreign factories; exhibit of the National Association 
of Furniture Manufacturers; display of the Chicago furniture manu- 
facturers; display of the Grand Rapids furniluie manufacturers; 
exhibit of the New York Jewelers' Association, and of jewelry and 
jewels from every country on earth, including ancient and modern 
designs; United American jewelers' exhibit, great special exhibit 
of the German jewelers; display of the National Association of 
Canned Food Packers; exhibits of canned fruit, fish, etc., from all 
parts of the world; magnificent exhibit of the paper trade of the 
United States; exhibits of over 200 firms engaged in the manufact- 
ure of books; display of foreign books, rarebooks, etc.; great special 
display of the watchmakers of Switzerland; special diamond ex- 
hibit; a colony of lace makers and gold and silver workers, perform- 
ing their labor, from Paraguay, exhibit of the c()ffee industry of Bra- 
zil; great exhibits of stationery, sanitary appliances, postage stamps, 
coins, paper money, etc., of all countries; an immense exhibit of 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 247 

confectionery, fancy wool work, fancy glass work, lace making, 
button making, cloth weaving, glass making, chain making, wire 
weaving, etc., all illustrated. The arts of paper making, book 
binding, printing, etc., are shown. The pottery manufacturers, 
dealers and connnisstuis of every country in the world are well rep- 
resented. Gas fittings and plumbers' work are given considerable 
space. In this building are seen the exhibits of the manufacturers 
of every country, some of them making wonderful and surprisingly 
beautiful displays, Japan, China, Siberia, Turkey, Greece, the 
republics of iSouth America; the Sandwich and South Sea Islands — 
hundreds of sections and communities of the globe that have never 
exhibited their manufactures before, are represented here. The 
process of manufacturing all the quaint, beautiful and useful things 
is shown, the manufacturers of the different countries sending their 
native mechanics, artisans and operatives to give practical illustra- 
tions of each particular process. The Liberal Arts department 
alone covers an immense space, and here the educational institutions 
and all that enters into educational systems of the various countries 
are fully represented. 

Mines and Mining. — In no other department of the World's Col- 
umbian Exposition, perhaps, is seen a greaier diversity of exhibits 
than in that of Mines ar.d Mining. Not only is there a dazzling array of 
diamonds, opals, emeraldsand other gems, and of the precious metals, 
but a most extensive collection of iron, copper, lead, and other 
ores, and of their product; of coal, granite, marble, sandstone and 
other building stone; of soils, salt, petroleum, and, indeed, of almost 
everything useful or beautiful, belonging to the mineral kingdom. 
The mineral resources and products, not only of this country as a 
whole, but of each State and section as well as of foreign countries 
is of the most complete and representative description. 

Owing to the fact that what was published early, relating to the 
exhibit in this department, was almost exclusively concerning gold, 
silver and the various precious stones and rare collections of minerals, 
many inferred that the baser metals and minerals were to receive 
scant attention. This was far from being the case. In fact, so im-- 
portant did Chief Skiff consider it that the representation of the 
latter should be fully commensurate with their surpassing industrial 
importance that he determined to organize a sub-department to take 
special charge of the coal and iron exhibit and later of that of copper 
and lead. The exhibit of coal at the Exposition, of course, is quali- 
tative rather than qaantitive. Not only are the different varieties of 
coal, which the different localities produce, shown, but chemical 
analyses of each and the results of tests determining economic value 
and adaptability to various uses. The coal resources of the different 



248 HAND-BOOK OF 

States and sections are shown by geological maps and drawings giving 
configuration, stratification, etc., which render apparent the extent 
and accessibility of the coal beds and veins. For example, it is 
shown that coal measures of varying thickness underlie a great por- 
tion of the State of Texas — some 40 or 50 counties — and that, although 
the coal production of Texas has thus far been comparatively small, 
the supply is practically inexhaustible, and that much of the coal is 
of excellent quality. 

So, too, as regards iron. The most strenuous efforts were 
made to have an exhibit worthy of that great branch of industry. 
This country is now the first nation in the world in iron production, 
having recently forged ahead of Great Britain, its only real compet- 
itor. Our production of pig iron now exceeds 10,000,000 tons 
anually, or nearly f our times what it was ten years ago, and the 
production of steel now aggregates about 5,000,000 tons a year, a 
growth of nearly 300 per cent, in the decade. The development of 
the iron resources of the Southern States has be n especially great 
and rapid. The display at the Exposition was prepared and 
collected under the fullest appreciation of the magnitude and 
importance of the iron industry. There are shown all the many 
varieties of ores, with full data as to the location and extent of 
their beds, the analysis of each ore, and, so far as possible, the 
different processes of treatment in the manufacture of iron and steel. 

Another exhibit which is very extensive and varied is that of 
building stone. Granite, limestone, marble, sandstone and blue- 
stone, in scores of varieties and scores of colors, are shown by the 
finest specimens procurable. Nearly every State has quarries of 
native material of excellent quality. " From one to half a dozen of 
the twenty or more recognized varieties of granite, for example, 
are quarried in twenty-eight states, Massachusetts, Maine, California 
and Connecticut being the largest producers. The value of the 
granite output in 1889 was $14,464,095, an increase of more than 
$9,000,000 over that of 1880. Limestone is quarried in almost every 
State, Pennsylvania and Illinois taking the lead. The value of the 
output in 1889 was $19,095,179. This is exclusive of the output of 
marble, which, as is well known, is a species of limestone, the 
quarrying of which in a number of the States is an important and 
extensive industry. Sandstone, including bluestone, was quarried 
in 1889, to the value of $11,758,081, nearly every State being a 
producer. The exhibit of building stone is given the importance 
it justly demands. Thousands of specimens, many of them highly 
polished and very beautiful, are shown, and accompanying each 
are the results of tests made to determine strength, durability and 
other merits as construction material. The exhibit, made in the 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 249 

Mines and Mining department, mean very much in the matter of 
rapid developmeut of newly discovered mines and quarries, and the 
attraction of capital to many which, through lack of it, have been 
but little worked. 

One of the greatest attractions of the mines department of the 
Exposition is the remarkable collection of minerals owned by Pro- 
fessor A. E. Foote, of Philadelphia. It is the finest private collection 
in the world, a complete history of mineralogy, and is so arranged 
that the mineralogy of the States is shown. This collection was 
shown at the Centennial, at London, and at Paris, and in each in- 
stance received the highest award. It comprises about one hundred 
and fifty tons of rare minerals, and the exhibit occupies 6,000 square 
feet of space. At the Chicago Exposition one of the pavilions for 
this exhibit is made of glittering mica, procured in South Dakota. 
Among the additions to the collection is a mass of meteoric iron, 
weighing 230 pounds, which the professor found in Arizona recently. 
He sent a specimen of this to Professor George A. Koenig, of the 
University of Pennsylvania, who discovered in it black diamonds 
visible to the naked eye. This dis30very i?? new to mineralogists and 
of great interest. In 1888 a meteor fell in Russia, in which the scien- 
tists discovered microscopic evidence of diamonds, but this Arizona 
meteor is the first to show the diamond formation to the eye. Pro- 
fessor Foote will also show some entirely new copper specimens 
from Arizona, and a stalagmite tree formed by limestone drippings 
from a mine in New Mexico; the big garnets which he collected in 
Colorado, some of which are perfect specimens, aad above six pounds 
in weight, and the finest specimens of celemanite ever found. In the 
professor's collection are all of the gems — rough and cut diamonds, 
rubies, topazes, opals, etc. His collection from the Pacific coast of 
America shows the wulfenite, a lare species of orange-red crystals; 
the brilliantly red vanadinites, and bright crystal of azurite, associ- 
ated with velvet tufts of malachite. Alaska shows the deep-red 
garnets, in their dull coats of mica schist. There is silver ore from 
the faaaous Bridal Chamber in New Mexico. It is said that a space 
the size of a bed room, in this mine, produced $500,000 worth of sil- 
ver. There is a precious turquoise from Los Cerrillez, New Mexico, 
where Montezuma got his precious chalchuhutils, which he valued 
above gold. _ There are blendes and galenas from the zinc region of 
Lake Superior. From the North Atlantic coast region is shown 
rhodonite, in fine crystals which is much used by the Russians in 
ornamental work. From the New Jersey mines come minerals 
found nowhere else in the world — f ranklinite— named after the 
philosopher — anomolite, trooslite. blood red zincite, etc. The South 
Atlantic coast region shows amethysts, sapphires, aquamarines, 



250 HAND-BOOK O^ 

uranolite, etc. The Canadian Copper Company, of Sudbury, Canada, 
makes a mineral exhibit which includes the Canadian Company's 
exhibit. 

In its exhibit the government geological survey places on view a 
sort of synoptic picture of the mineral resources of this country. 
Big chunks of native gold and silver are shown just as they were 
dugout of the earth, together with remarkable ores of all sorts, 
particularly those of what are called "economic minerals," such as 
iron, copper and tin. Accompanying these are maps drawn for 
the purpose of assisting the illustration. Professor Clarke, the 
distinguished chemist and mineralogist, was given charge of the 
whole matter, and he collected a wonderfully fine assemblage of 
precious and semi-precious stones also, which form part of the dis- 
play. This collection, although it is largely composed of gems 
found in the United States, is not limited to those. Dozens of big 
boxes and trays full of such jewels of all sorts were sent from the 
national museum. There are topazes, emeralds, rubies, diamonds, 
opals and every other kind of beautiful sparkler. Also there are 
ever so many curiosities, such as metals compounded in rare fash- 
ions in nature's laboratory — for example, bromide of silver and 
crystallized carbonate of copper. Examples are shown illustrating 
the strange rules by which crystallization takes place, one metal or 
mineral assuming a certain geometrical shape, another some dif- 
ferent one, and so on. In addition to all this there are relief maps, 
transparencies and photographs of American scenery. These in- 
clude most important views in mountainous regions, great deserts 
and other remarkable localities of interest from a geological point 
of view. Photography in this line has been made a specialty by 
the survey, which possesses a great collection of such works of art. 
Henry A. Ward, of Rochester, N. Y., whose display of minerals 
was one of the features of the Louisville exposition, consumes 
5,000 square feet of space for his mineral cases, and sends enough 
to fill 10,000 feet in a geological display. The exhibit of coal, iron 
ore, building stone and clays from Indiana is very extensive. There 
is also a special cabinet exhibit of what may be called commercial 
minerals. Gov. J. V. Aycardi, of Panama, tendered for exhibition at 
the World's Fair a beautiful piece of carved marble, a bas relief 
representing the landing of Columbus, which was presented to the 
state of Panama, nearly ninety years ago, by the Empress Josephine, 
who, at the same time, gave the colossal bronze statue of Columbus 
which now stands in Aspinwall. Pueblo, Col., makes a special 
exhibit. The celebrated Westerman and Briggle collection of gold 
specimens is seen, among other things. 
The Spaniards, under Columbus, setting sail from the Port of 




[Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] 

WYOMING AND NEBRASKA STATE BUILDINGS.— WORLD'S 

COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 



I. A. HARTMAN & CO. 

Real Estate and Loans, 

lEooms SIT a*n.d. BIS 

(opera house building.) 

Harvey, Thornton 

and. Bloom Aore« 



WE HAVE TWO SUB-DIVISIONS: 

One at) Harm . . 
Ottier ai) SoutH Harveu. 

SELUINO LOTS FROiW $150.00 TO $400.00. 

$25 Cash. Balance $5 Monthly. 



Also, Large List of Improved and Unimproved City Property. 
Free Tickets to parties desiring to visit property. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 251 

Pales, started on a prospecting tour to tbe mineral regions on the 
other shore of a vast ocean. Like the lone miner who mounts his 
borro and crosses tlie waste plains to explore for hidden wealth in 
the distant and mountainous "new" country the expedition of these 
hardy voyagers was for the gold, the silver, aad the precious gems 
of the fabulously rich lands of the mythical Cathy. When America 
crossed their track its possibiliti^s for future greatness excited them 
less than the prospect for an immediate realization of its wealth — 
for filling their returning galleons with the abundant precious 
stones. 

Considering this fact the Columbian Exposition appropriately 
and properly yields a conspicuous place to the mining display. 
Interest centers in the Mining building as a museum of those 
metals and minerals that were such an incentive to the enterprise of 
the great Spanish voyager. More especially because here is placed 
an historical exhibit, illustrating by means of models, drawings, or 
original tools and appliances themselves, the successive advances 
made in the metallurgical art from the primitive methods in vogue 
among the natives of the new world at the time Columbus landed. 

The Incas of South America are among the most ancient of gold 
miners. The amount of gold and silver produced by them is amaz- 
ing. Atahnalpa, the last of their Chiefs, bribed Pizarro for release 
from prison by offering to till with gold, as high as he could reach, a 
room 22x17 feet. These Indians were very successful mining 
engineers. Many of the canals and sluices constructed by them for 
use in hydraulic mining still exist in Peru and show surprising in- 
genuity. Many of their copper mining tools have also been dis- 
covered. For washing the metalliferous dirt they employed a so- 
called "Batea," or wooden pan, differing from the miner's "pan" of 
California only in having a conical bottom, at the apex of which 
the gold was collected by dexterous handling. These Indians were 
also acquainted with the process of collecting gold by quicksilver 
riffles. The Amazon Indians used a dugout canoe, its bottom 
fluted with transverse grooves. This they tipped on end, turned 
on some water, and then rocked it to and fro, gathering the gold in 
the grooves and the bow of the boat. These antique tools and 
mining works will be presented in the South American sections or 
in the archseological division of the main mining display. 

The rich veins of gold and silver of the mountains of Mexico 
have been worked since prehistoric times by the ancient Montezu- 
mas. Their processes of treating the ores survive to the present 
day. The ore is packed to the reducing establishment, called 
"hacienda," is assorted, and then pulverized in the "arrastra." This 
consists of a large round vat, like a mortar, with a peculiar grind- 



252 HAND-BOOK OF 

ing arrao^ement consisting of three granite stones of an oblong 
shape. These are tied to a long pole, connected with an axle, and 
turned by a mule walking around in a circle blindfolded. An 
"arrastra" will be on exhibition in the Mining department. 

The somewhat famous "patio process" for the reduction of silver 
ores is another historical attraction. This was invented by Bar- 
tholome de Medina, a Mexican miner, about 1551. Within two 
centuries it was generally used throughout Mexico and was then 
adopted in Europe only to be replaced by more modern methods. 
The process derives its name from the patio, ox yard, at the mouth 
of the mine where the operation is usually conducted. The pasty 
mud taken from the arrastra mills is here thrown upon a hard stone 
floor, and, after being fixed with liquid silver and salt, is called 
"soup," After undergoing evaporation for several days the mass is 
stirred up by the feet of horses or men until the mass is well mixed, 
when it is called "cake of mud." The amalgamated silver is washed 
and then placed in canvas bags. The mercury is squeezed out by 
pressure and the residual silver is purified in a furnace and then run 
off into molds. 

The evolution of the metallurgical industry is illustrated by 
other relics of early days. Mexico furnishes some of the old- 
fashioned Catalan forges for ironmaking with their crude hammers 
and water blasts. Catalonia was a province in Spain where this 
antique implement was first employed and from which skilled iron- 
mongers were exported to the new world. This primitive affair 
will make a strong contrast with the modern improved forging 
press of 4,000 tons worked by 2,000 horse-power engines and com- 
manded by traveling cranes capable of lifting 150 tons. 

The iron industry of the United Stales has much to show for its 
development since the days of Columbus. It was as early as 1619 
that a London Company sent over to Virginia 100 persons skilled in 
the manufacture of iron. On the banks of the jaraes River they 
established the first works for the smelting of ores in America, and 
erected one of the Catalan forges. Unfortunately the coloi y was, 
within a few years, annihilated by Indians and the works de- 
molished. The first blast furnace in Maryland dates back to 1724 
and was christened the "Principio." Some years ago two pigs of 
iron bearing the lettering "Principio, 1751," were raised by fisher- 
men from the Patapsco river. One of the pigs is exhibited at the 
Fair. 

The growth of Bessemer steel operations is the most stupendous 
fact in the development of the metallurgical industries. In 1865 
two Bessemer converters combined gave a total annual product of 
500 tons. In 1890 there were eighty-two and the product over 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 253 

4,000,000 tons. This great expansion is to be accounted for largely 
through the perfection of the machinery used in these processes. 
The most striking illustration of this is seen in the iron and steel sec- 
tion of the Mining building. In a conspicuous place is exhibited the 
original steel converter, upon which in 1857 Mr. Kelly of Kentucky 
obtained his patent. In comparison with this relic is placed the pon- 
derous equipment of a steel plant, presented either by a model or by 
a working apparatus. There are blast and puddling furnaces, open- 
hearth furnaces, rolls, steel trains, and every conceivable process of 
manufacture together, flanked by artistically arranged stacks of the 
product in its various forms of bars, rods, sheets, wire, etc 

The development of the American metallurgical industries typified 
in all its rapidity and magnitude by the iron and steel industry seems 
about to take a start In a new direction. Electricity is standing on 
the threshold ready to inaugurate a revolution in this as it has in 
almost all other industrial provinces. It has already taken great 
strides in its application to mining machinery, and has more lately 
been employed in the extraction on a large scale of the commercial 
metals. 

The "electrolytic process," as it is called, as applied to the pro- 
duction of commercial copper is demonstrated by a large American 
copper firm which signified its desire to make such an installation. 

From hand-washing to electrical reduction constitutes the evolu- 
tion consummated in the Ia8t4()0 years and the successive stages are 
illustrated so completely as to make the exhibit in the Mining build- 
ing an instructive compendium of m'ning archaeology and a concrete 
demonstration of progress in metallurgical science. 

The gasoline assaying outfit, a process for determining the char- 
acter and value of ores, is here in operation. While not requiring 
much space nor being a very conspicuous exhibit, it is an attraction 
of great interest, and a valuable instruction to all visitors of the 
Exposition who are concerned in mining affairs. 

The mineral exhibit from Michigan is sure to attract much atten- 
tion. This includes, besides extensive collections from museums, 
etc., granites, marble, and other building material of rare and beau- 
tiful qualities, but which have not yet been marketed to any great 
extent ; raw material from the iron mines, in plates 69 to 
70 per cent, pure, as taken from the mines ; and especially, speci- 
mens of copper, which, in its pure state, is found only in the Michi- 
gan mines. A copper exhibit, the " largest and most extensive ever 
attempted," is made by the Calumet and Hecla mines. It includes 
"obelisks of pure copper ranging in weight from fifty to five hun- 
dred pounds, also quantities of wire and sheet copper that has been 
drawn and rolled from the native metal just as it was taken fr^m 



254 HAND-BOOK OF 

the mines ; rods of copper, bent into different shapes and even tied 
into knots, as one would tie a cravat, without breaKlng or splinter- 
iug, as would be the result of such an operation on the copper pro- 
duced by other mines and containing an alloy which renders 
it less ductile. A curious fact concerning the silver deposits some- 
times found in the copper, is, tbat nature has welded the silver and 
copper together without mixing them, whereas no process has ever 
been discovered by mineralogists by which the same thing can be 
done artificially. Examples of this phenomena are included in the 
exhibit." 

Nearly all the mineral-producing states of the Union make large 
exhibits. Geological societies at home and abroad are well repre- 
sented. 

Transportation. — For the first time in the history of world's 
fairs it was decided to give ^he science of transportation, in its broad- 
est meaning, that attention to which its importance entitles it. 
Every method of transportation, except the back of the mule and 
the foot of man, is shown. The development of modern transpor- 
tation has been so recent and so rapid that its significance has hardly 
been understood. Already its early history is, in many instances, 
fading away or utterly lost. Judged by their relations to the every- 
day life of the world, no other industry surpasses it in utility or 
equals it as a power in the progress of civilization. Considered 
from the standpoint of the amount of capital invested, it overshad- 
ows every other industry. Prof. Arthur T. Hadley, of Yale Col- 
lege, says: 

The railroads of to-day are wortti from $25,0C0,n0(),000 to S30,C00,000,000. 
This probably represents one-tenth of the total wealth of civlJized nations, 
and one-quarter, if not one-thiid, of their invtsted capital. It is doubtful 
whether the aggregate plant used in all manufacturing- industries can equal 
it in value. The capital engaged in baniiing is a trifle beside it. The world's 
whole stock of money of every kind— gold, silver and paper— would pur- 
chase only a third of its railroads. 

If to the railroads be added the shipping of the world and all 
means of conveyance on common roads, the magnitude of the inter- 
ests represented in this department of the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition may be fairly estimated. 

It was the intent of this department that it should fully and fairly 
present the origin, growth, and development of the various methods 
of transportation used in all ages and in all parts of the world. As 
far as possible the means and appliances of barbarous and semi-civil- 
ized tribes are shown by specimen vehicles, trappings, and craft. 
Past history is illustrated by relics of the earlier da}s. The develop- 
ment of water craft, from the crudest forms of the modern ocean 
steamship; of wheeled vehicles fiom. the first inception of the idea 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 255 

of the wheel to their present seemiag perfection; and of that greatest 
of all means of transportation— the railway — is also further illus- 
trated by accurats models, drawings, plans, and designs, in cases 
where the actual apparatus, appliance or machine itself could not be 
exhibited. It was tlie aim of tais department to keep the historical 
feature clearly in view, and even to magnify it. By so doing the 
greatest exhibition of the actual means of transportation employed 
throughout the world to-day stands out in high relief by contrast, 
and the wonderful achievements of recent years bear more weighty 
testimony to the genius of the age in which we live. 

The classification may seem to include some things which it is 
difficult to show in an exhibition of this kind, but the object kept 
in view is to make so complete an exposition of the method and 
means employed in every branch of the business of transportation 
that the earnest student of science may here find everything at his 
hand without encountering the difficulties which now beset and 
environ such study and investigation, A grand object-lesson is 
presented so clearly and impressively that a child may learn in 
hours and days what would otherwise require months and years. 
But in addition to the object-lesson there is a gathering of plans, 
designs, blanks, reports, monograms, literature, and everything 
appertainiQg in any way to methods of abridging distance, such as 
has never been made before, and which must have an appreciable 
effect upon future growth and development. The tendency of such 
collections, and the inevitable comparisons resulting, is to bring the 
lowest up to the level of the best, and to stimulate to an extraor- 
diniry degree both the adoption of the most approved methods and 
the invention of new means. 

Exhibits in this department are divided into six general classes 
— railways, intramural transit, carriages and other vehicles for 
common roads, bicycles, aerial and pneumatic machines, and 
marine transportation. Of these the railways, as most important, 
demand most space. A space of over eight acres is devoted to this 
interest. The plan adopted provides for the best possible utiliza- 
tion of space. Exhibitors have every opportunity for showing 
their appliances and devices to the best advantage. As far ns 
possible, arrangements were made by joint agreement for showing 
everything in its proper place and relations. Locomotive applianrcs 
are best shown on locomotives and the appurtenances and furnish- 
ings of cars on cars. 

Specimens of standard permanent way affords opportunity for 
showing track materials, tools, and all that appertains thereto in 
the best possible manner. It is believed that nearly all of the es^afi- 
lishments engaged in locomotive, car and bridge building are 



256 HAND BOOK OP 

represented. A large number of the leading railways of the world 
also make exhibits of their standard roadbed, track, and equipment. 
The opportunity thus offered for joint action is almost unlimited, 
and by proper placarding where necessary every exhibit is given 
proper prominence. 

European railway appliances and machinery have never been 
exhibited on any large scale alongside those used in America. It is 
hoped that the undoubted influence of this Exposition upon railway 
development in the future great markets of the world for railway 
material will be sufHciently appreciated to bring out the desired 
comparison on a large scale. Abundant and choice space was desig- 
nated and reserved for foreign countries, and every possible facility 
has been afforded foreign exhibitors. 

Street railways — surface, underground, and elevated — are shown 
very completely in this department. Everything relating to their 
permanent way and equipment is here included, with the single ex- 
ception that electric motors must be shown in the department of 
electricity. Cars and other supplies for electric roads belong in 
this department, a division which, while seeming to be arbitrary, is 
evidently necessary. That question of so much moment in all great 
cities, how best the public can be transferred to and from distant 
sections, is here pretty thoroughly and practically answered. The 
whole public has an opportunity to judge for itself of the relative 
merits of the several systems which are being offered forits use. 

A large portion of the floor space of the Transportation building 
proper is devoted to the display of carriages and vehicles for com- 
mon roads. Included in it are all of the characteristic forms and 
types of wheeled vehicles, except those used on railways. The 
classification is closely maintained, and exhibits of this nature from 
all countries are shown together, so that the most interesting and in- 
structive comparisons may be made. Harness, saddlery and horse 
trappings of all kinds are here exhibited. Other vehicles and con- 
veyances, such as those used on snow and those employing human 
muscle as the motive power, are also included in this classifica- 
tion. 

Bicycles, the most recent of all road vehicles, receive the atten- 
tion to which their popularity and rapidly increasing use entitle 
them. No maker of cycles of any importance in the world has 
missed the greatest opportunity ever offered to place his wares advan- 
tageously before millions of possible purchasers. The earliest form 
of machine, whereon the rider maintained his position by keeping 
both feet in touch with the ground, is shown alongside of the latest 
cycle, which is provided with everything from a cafe attachment to 
seats for the entire family. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 257 

Transportation through the air and by means of air is yet in a 
conaparatively undeveloped condifoD. Whatever is worthy in past 
achievements is seen here, and whatever there is of present success 
or future promise. Whether or not this realm is ever conquered by 
human ingenuity the subject will ever be a fascinating one. Mont- 
golfier's early attempts in this field are exemplified, acd the modern 
schools for the training of aeronauts have space allotted to them. 

Every known method of transportation on water is shown in this 
division. Small craft of all kinds are exhibited in full size; vessels, 
from the nature of the case, must be shown by models. For fuller 
illustration drawings, plans and paintings are shown. Much 
attention is given to the merchant marine. The navigation of 
the ioland waters of the world, especially the great lakes aLd rivers, 
is illustrated more fully than in any previous exposition. The 
classification provided also for everything of interest coEnectfd in 
any way with the subject of navigation. The government of the 
United States makes its naval display in connection with its own 
building. Foreign governments, builders of vessels of war and 
defense throughout the world, and manufacturers of naval supplies 
were invited to exhibit in this department. The separate exl.ibit of 
the United States government does not prevent a representation of 
its naval history and its present plans by means of models, etc., in 
this department. 

Among the attractions of special interest are models of the rig of 
the old frigate Constitution, the flagship of Nelson, a caravel from 
Spain, the exact copy of the Santa Maria, in which Columbus made 
his first voyage, canoes of the native traders of the West Indies, 
hewn from a single tre3 and propelled by twenty-five paddles. There 
are models of such modern racing schooners as the Ameiica, May- 
flower, Puritan, and Volunteer. All sorts of stern-wheel passenger 
and freight steamers for river navigation, steel-screw ferryboats, 
electric pinnances, naphtha launches, etc., are shown. Then there 
appears in their natural order ketches and brigantines, sloops and 
barques of the Atlantic coast in 1714, rafts, arks, barges, keel- 
boats, and other craft. On one side of the wide transept in the 
annex continued from the main building is shown an entire ' 'limited" 
train of Pullman cars of the latest design, and in close proximity, a 
model in miniature of the town of Pullman (where these cars are 
turned out) perfect in every part of the smallest detail. On the 
opposite side of the transept, the London & Northwestern and other 
English railways show superb specimens of their equipment. The 
Baltimore & Ohio tells by a series of object lessons the story of that 
road from the date of the first stage coach drawn by horses oyer 
strap rails to its present management, perfeciion of track, rolling 



258 HAND-BOOK OP 

slock and motive power. Bulk the Philadelphia & Reading and 
Pennsylvania railroad companies have made elabora-te exhibits. 
The coal display is presented on a magnificent scale, giving 
representations of the manner of handling the productions 
of Pennsylvania's vast coal fields from the mine to ihe market. 
Kealisiic scenes are set, displaying models of mines, the breakers, 
coal-yards, and shipping wharves. Port Richmond, the largest cnal- 
shipping plant in tiie counlry, is vividly depicted in miniature. The 
display includes the rolling stock and reproductions of some of the 
finist stretches of roadbed. The auihoiititsat Altoona have charge 
of the principal features representing the mechanical part. This 
includes exhibitions of speed appliances, the block system, air brakes, 
safety platforms, etc. An interesting exhibit is that of a vestibule 
train, containing all the modern conveniences of the Chicago 
limited. The Pennsylvania's exhibit also c impriscs rolling stock in 
thestiapg of the newest locomotives, models of some of the hand- 
somer stations, bridges, and roadway. 

Here are seen stately rows of powerful locf motives with their ap- 
pliances from the establishments of the leading builders of the 
world, and all devices pertaining to practical railroad operation. 
The carefully preserved relics of early railroading, such as the 
" Rachfct " of Stephenson, the "Pete Cooper" engine, sections of 
the tramway on which Truitheck's first locomotive made its trial 
trip, specimens of the old ' ' grasshopper " and ' ' camelback " engines 
n nv out of use — contrast strangely with the 'huge leviathan" 
products of modern ingenuiiy and skill. The arrangement of these 
and similar relics in historical sequence, ap ly demonstrates the 
wonderful development of the railway and its kindred industries, 
T?*ithin t lie nineteenth century. Space was early engaged for over 
six'y l)c.)motives of various types, some of which are jacked up, 
and the wheels kept in mot'on by means of compressed air. The 
aggregate display is the largest ever brought together. Very 
elaborate and costly models of the best transatlantic steamers are 
here shown. Some in half model indicate their exterior build 
Ojly; others reproduce the interior arrangements of staterooms, 
dining saloons and other apartments. The ship-builders and owners 
of the great lakes of the Northwest have made an important display. 
The classification of "vessels" not only includes the merchant 
marine and all means of water conveyance of every description, but 
in general, everything appertaining to the great navies of the world, 
ard past and present forn s of construction. In addition, it com- 
prises whatever relates to the science ( f navigation, and to docks, 
harbor works, wrecking and life-saving apparatus, etc. An enter- 
taining and instructive histoiical series consists, of course, of boat? 



!' ^^j'.^vf^r''^\.-r^T 




[Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] 



As a 

Matter of 

Busioess and Pleasure 

Visit 

The Chicago Herald 

Btailding. 

It is the palatial home 

of the greatest newspaper 
of the great West, and 

without an equal in 
the world. You can- 
not afford to decline 

TThis I nvitation. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSlTIOK. 259 

and sailing craft grouped in chronological order, which illustrates 
the course of evoluiion in the design and construction of vessels 
through centuries of progress. The quaint and curious water craft 
still in use among many civilized nations and barbarian tribes 
imparts, by contrast, additional zest to the main exhibit. 

The process of boat-building is shown with skilled hand labor, 
no machinery at all being used, and full sized boats are turned out 
for the edification of visitors. One large model occupies a case 
10x20 feet put up by one of the big carriage-making concerns in the 
United State s. The model shows carriage-making in all its branches. 
The G-reat Western railway of England exhibits among other things 
the famous locomotive, "The Lord of the Isles," which wasbuiltat 
the company's works at Swindon in 1851 from the designs of the 
late Sir Daniel Gooch. It was one of the most important exhibits at 
the first World's Fair, which was held in London in 1851. One of the 
exhibits at the Fair is a full sized model of a 125-ton steam hammer. 
It is, to allappeirances, a perfect duplicate of an original turned out 
by the Bethlehem Iron Company, of Pennsylvania. In addition the 
same firm exhibits a battleship shafting 135 feet in length and speci- 
mens of armor-plate, guns, projectiles, and various naval appliances. 
Horses and saddles from Morocco are shown here. Harper Bros., 
Scribner & Sons and the Century Company exhibit illustrations 
showing the history of tran'sportalicn of all countries. Similar 
exhibits from foreign countries and from other publishers in this 
country are also shown. The exhibit includes reproductions of 
lithographs, original drawings and photographs. 

Viticulture. — The wine growers of the world are represented- 
The California wine growers in particular have made a splendid di'?- 
play. Many of the states of the Union and several foreign coun 
tries have attractive exhibits. 



260 HAND-BOOK OF 



PAKT IX. 



WOMEN AND THE FAIR-THE SCOPE GIVEN TO THEIR WORK- 
EXHIBIT IN THE WOMAN'S BUILDING— MARVELLOUS INTEREST 
CREATED THROUGHOUT THE WORLD IN THIS DEPARTMENT- 
THE CURIOUS THINGS OF THE EXPOSITION-SPECIAL EXHIBITS 
—MIDWAY PLAISANCE, ETC. 



For the first time iu history woman is recognized in a great Inter- 
national Exposition, except in a passing or perfunctory way. She 
has been given free scope in the Columbian Exposition of 1893, and 
the manner in which her department has been handled from the 
beginning shows that the sex so long neglected or relegated to a 
minor or obscure position in the affairs of mankind is fully capable 
cf maintaining the position attained. The Board of Lady Managers 
was not created without some misgivings, nor encouraged ■\Aithout 
some fears. Established prejudices had to be overcome, numerous 
barriers removed and countless obstructions swept away before the 
necessary recognition was secured. The election of Mrs. Potter 
Palmer, of Chicago, a beautiful, an intellectual and, above all, an 
energetic woman, has contributed from the outset to establish the 
character of the undertaking and to insure its success. Mrs. Palmer 
infused life into the movement, inspired the women of the world 
with her own enthusiasm, planned a systematic campaign, and con- 
ducted the executive department of the board with a degree of judg- 
ment that marked her as a person of wonderful administrative 
ability. The woman of fashion, the leader of society, the devoted 
wife of one of the most prominent and wealthiest citizens of Chicago, 
her conduct of the great responsibility which was placed upon 
her shoulders not only surprised but amazed those who were 
actively employed in other departments of the Exposition, and who 
for that reason could understand and appreciate the magnitude of 
the task which she was called upon to perform. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 261 

The women of every country on earth were invited to take part 
in this exhibit; Mrs. Palmer communicated with the female sover- 
eigns and with the consorts of sovereigns in foreign countries, ask- 
ing for their assistance; the women of every state and territory in 
the North American republic were organized into Boards; the women 
of Canada, of Mexico, and of the South American Republics were 
brought into correspondence; not a moment nor an opportunity was 
lost in creating an interest in the Woman's department everywhere, 
and the result is before us now. The Woman's building, described 
elsewhere, is one of the noblest buildings of the Exposition, and 
pronounced one of the finest specimens of modern architecture. 
Its architect and superintendent of construction was a Boston 
woman. The sculpture of the building ranks with any on the 
ground. The sculptor was a California girl. The interior is 
decorated beautifully, even magnificently. The decorators were 
women of the different states of the Union and of foreign countries, 
who not only furnished suggestions and plans, but even the material. 
Finally the exhibits were confined to woman's brain and handiwork, 
in every branch of intellectual and physical activity, and they rank 
among the most beautiful, the most interesting, the most useful, 
instructive and creditable in the Exposition buildings. Some gen- 
eral rules were followed, and these rules, of themselves, exhibited 
the good sense, the good judgment and good taste of the Woman's 
Board. All applications for space in the Woman's building had to 
be made through the Board of Lady Managers, which was declared 
by the national commission, "the official channel of communica- 
tion through which all women or organizations of women may be 
brought into relation with the Exposition. " It was therefore nec- 
essary for all women to make application through the Woman's 
Department in order that their names might be entered upon the 
official records of the board. In the cases of industrial A^omen, those 
desiring to exhibit for competition with the idea of selling their 
wares, the applications, of course, had to come under the general 
classification for competitive exhibits, and were referred by the Board 
of Lady Managers to the Director-General. The board of Lady 



262 HAND- BOOK OF 

Managers had no control of the assignment of space in the main 
buildings, no power of this sort, indeed, beyond the Woman's 
building, and could only refer applications for space for competitive 
exhibits to those having authority. But the Board had representa- 
tives upon all juries of awards for exhibits, produced in whole or 
in part by female labor, this privilege a far greater one than appears 
on the surface, being conferred by act of Congress, and it therefore 
became necessary that the Board should know who the Women 
requesting space were and what they proposed to exhibit. In rec- 
ognition of this, and at the request of the President of the Board of 
Lady Managers, the installation blanks asked that the exhibitors 
state in filling out the application what proportion of female labor 
entered into the production of the exhibit. 

Regarding application for space in the Woman's building, exhibits 
could only be entered there by invitation from the Board of Lady 
Managers. The space at its disposal was comparatively small and 
the Board wished to reserve it for the most select and distinguished 
things. The general design of the Women's exhibit, as outlined by 
Mrs, Palmer, was as follows: The Board wished to mark the first 
participation of women in an important national enterprise by pre- 
paring an object lesson to show their progress made in every country 
of the world during the century in which educational and other 
privileges have been granted them and to show the increased useful, 
ness that has resulted from the enlargement of their opportunities. 

It was of the first importance that such a representative collec- 
tion be secured from every country as would give an adequate idea 
of the extent and value of what was being done by women in the 
arts, sciences, and industries. They should thus aim to show to the 
breadwinners, who are fighting unaided the battle of life, the new 
avenues of employment that are constantly being opened to women, 
and in which of these their work would be of the most distinct 
value by reason of their natural adaptability, sensitive and artistic 
temperaments, and individual tastes; what education would best en- 
able them to enjoy the wider opportunities awaiting them and make 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 263 

their work of the greatest worth, not only to themselves, but to the 
world. 

The Board of Lady Managers, therefore, invited the women of 
all countries to participate in this great exhibit of woman's work 
to the end that it might be made not only national, but universal, 
and that all might profit by a free comparison of methods, agencies, 
and results. 

The Board decided that in the general Exposition buildings, 
where the competitive exhibits were placed, it would not separate 
the exhibit of women's work from that of men, for the reason that 
as women are working side by side with men io all the factories of 
the world it would be practically impossible, in most cases, to divide 
the finished result of their combined work; nor would women be 
satisfied with prizes unless they were awarded without distinction 
as to sex and as the result of fair competition with the best work 
shown. They are striving for excellence, and desire recognition 
only for demonstrated merit. In order, however, that the enormous 
amount of work being done by women might be appreciated, a 
tabulated statement was procured and shown with every exhibit, 
stating the proportion of woman'g work that enters into it. The 
application blanks sent out to manufacturers contained this inquiry. 

Besides the foregoing extensive exhibit women had another op- 
portunity of displaying work of superior excellence in an advan- 
tageous way in the Woman's building, over which the Board of 
Lidy Managers exercised complete control. In its central gallery 
is grouped the most brilliant achievements of women from every 
country and in every line of work. Exhibits here were admitted 
only by iavitation, which was considered the equivalent of a prize. 
No sentimental sympathy for women caused the admission of 
second-rate objects, for the highest standard of excellence was here 
strictly maintained. Commissions of women organized in all 
countries as auxiliaries to the Board of Lady Managers were asked 
to recommend objects of special excellence produced by women, 
and producers of such successful work were invited to place speci- 
mens in the gallery of the Woman's Building. 



264 HAND-BOOK OF 

The Woman's Building contains ample social headquarters, 
parlors, balconies, roof-gardens; reading, writing, and committee 
rooms; a great Congress Hall in which great organizations and clubs 
of women meet for the interchange of ideas and to hear addresses 
by distinguished visitors. These, with many other features of in- 
terest, are offered free to all women. There is a library of books 
by women, and a model hospital with women physicians and trained 
nurses. Kindergarten associations are assigned a particular room 
in which to show their work. In the model kitchen in the building 
the hills of fare are put in the hands of scientists, and their cost, 
nutriment, etc., fairly discussed. 

The platform for the guidance of commissions and organizations 
throughout the world who desired to co-operate with the Board of 
Lady Managers was laid down as follows: 

1. To procure, for competition in the main buildings, a representative 
exhibit showing- the work of women in all the varied occupations in which 
they engage. 

3. To procure as far as possible statistics as to the amount of woman's 
work that enters into every exhibit, and interesting data connected with 
the same. 

3. To recommend to the Board work of such supreme excellence as to 
be worthy of admission to the gallery of the Woman's Buildicg. 

4. To recommend to the Board such women as have the requisite ex- 
pert knowledge to serve on various juries of award. 

5. To see that the educational work being carried on by women, from 
the primary to the highest branches of education, is exhibitea when pos- * 
sible, and when not possible that it be illustrated by means of maps, charts, 
photographs, monographs, relief models, etc. 

6. To see that the charitable and philanthropic work, as well as that to 
promote recreation, healthfulne s, reform, etc., inaugurated by women, is 
either exhibited or made matter of record as above. 

7. To aid in giving suitable publicity to the plans of the Board of Lady 
Managers in all the leading papers, through the agency of press women 
when possible. 

8. To aid in the collection of a loan exhibit of old lace, embroideries, 
fans, etc. 

9. To secure books written by women for the woman's library, especi- 
ally such as relate to the exact sciences, philosophy, art, etc. 

10. To secure from every country a chronological exhibit, showing the 
evolution and progress of woman's industries from the earliest time to the 
present. 

Every plank in the above platform was carried out. The women of this 
country and of foreign nations went to work with a will. No department of 
the Exposition was advertised more fully. The Board of Lady Managers 
adopted a badge. Distinctive badges were also adopted by the boards of the 
different States and Territories. Interest centered for some time in the inte- 
rior decorations of the building, and the ladies of the different states vied 
With each other in making suggestions and forwarding contributions of 
material. This took the form of woods, marbles, rare stones, panel work, 



THE WOKLD's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 285 

inlaid flooring, pillars, busts, casts, stained glass and everything of a conceiv- 
able nature that could add to the beauty of the structure. Entire rooms were 
decorated at the expense of individual women or of the State Boards. The 
visitor will And the interior work of the building as charm ngly interesting 
as the exhibits themselves. As an instance of the work dona Miss Frances 
Wait, of San Francisco, undertook the furnishing of the south roum adjoia- 
ing the main reception room, on the east side ot the second floor. The 
entire room is furnished in the Jamous redwood of California, which is 
found nowhere else, and Avhich Avas so beautiful when polished, that no 
carving was deemed necessary, except on the mantel. This was incorporated 
in the architecture <^f the room, risiag to the ceiling. The red-wood 
lumbermen of San Francisco contributed the finishing of the room, which 
comprised the imposing mantel, wainscoting, doors anl window casings. 
Miss Wait also sent columns of pure fine white marble, and a single column, 
gracefully carved, of California's tran-lucent onyx . West Virginia lumber 
dealers, through Miss Lily Jackson, Lady Manager, finished the opposite 
room— the one facing California's, on the north side of the great reception 
room, throughout, in the finest native woods of the State. The doners pre- 
fered to combine all their native woods, in the furnishings rf the room, 
rather than only one variety. This ■ nly serves to illustrate what was done 
by the women of«the several Stat s and Territories. They offered more than 
the Board of Ladj^ Managers could accept. Every one of the states and Ter- 
ritories is represented by an exhibit in th ^ Women's building. Illinois, as 
was to be expected, takes the most prominent part, but she is closely fol- 
lowed by her sisters. All of the great States East, West and South have 
beautiful exhibits of women's ingenuity, women's skill and women's handi- 
work . 

Foreign countries are represented to an extent little to be expected. 
England, Ireland, Scotland, Wales, France, Germany, Switzerland, Belgium, 
Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Italy, Spain, Portug.i, Kussia, Turkey, Greece, 
Japan, China, the Lat n American Republics, Canada— in fact the women of 
all parts of t le world are represented here. Queen Victoria, the Empress 
of Russia, the Empress of Germany, the Empress of Austria-Hungary, the 
Queen Regent of c*pain, the Queen of Italj , Madame Carnot, wife of the 
Piesident of Franc , and i ther distinguished women of Europe all took a 
lively interest in the Women's department, and all assi ted in bringing 
about the magnificent exhiDition of women's work we now behold. 

The exhibits show women's work in every branch of science, art and 
industry, in painting, sculpture, architecture, invention, mechanics, dis- 
covery, physics, lithography, photogra jhy, wood-work, music, musical 
composition, literature— in factiu every department where man has hereto- 
fore been cj; sidered alone. The women in charge of the Women's exhioits 
of Great Britain a e all distinguished ladies. They are Prncess Christian, 
of Schleswig-Hol tein,thiid daughter of Queen Victoria, president of the 
commission; the Marchioness of Salisbury, Baroness Burdett-Coutts, Coun- 
tess of Aberdeen, LaJy Alfred Churchil', Lady Agnes Buren, Lady Brassy, 
Lady Jeune Mr.^. Faw.-ett, Mrs. Priestly, Lady Knutsf rd, Lady Galton, 
Lady Roberst, Mrs. Carraichael, Mrs. Redford FeuAvick, Mrs. Forcyth, Mrs. 
Roberts Austen and Mrs. Tyson Amherst. The Countess of Aberdeen took 
a special interest in the exhibits of Irish women. She succeeded in enlisting 
the sympathy cf friends in America, and th^ result is a splendid shoAving 
from the Emerald Isle. Many distinguished ladies of F' ance and Germany 
have taken a very active part in the Women's exhir it. The visitor, male or 
female, will find the Women's building one of the most interesting of the 
gi'oup. 

Some of the attractive and striking exhibits are : A portrait of Poca- 
hontas, taken from life, when she was ni England ; a complete showing of 
the process of china making, from a kiln of a woman's invention ; exhibit 



366 HAND-BOOK OP 

of chinaware made by women ; a complete collection of Indian relics, 
showing the work of Indian women; an exhibit, under the auspices of the 
Emma Willard Memorial Association, which includes a bust of Emma Wil- 
lard by Palmer, portraits of Alexander and others, and many interesting 
documents; an immense exhibit from the women ceramic painters and 
clu -s of this and other countries; exhibits showing that women were the 
originators of the industrial arts ; books illustrated by women ; books writ- 
ten by women; engravings, etchings, etc., by women; a co-operative 
exhibit of all the women's exchanges of the country ; a colonial exhibit ; 
the exhibit of the Ladies Fine Art Association of New York; exhibit of the 
Woman's Chri-tian Temperance Union and Young Woman's Cbristian Asso- 
ciation ; exhioits from charities, kindergartens, etc., conducted by women ; 
exhibits of women's work in convents; exhibit of the New York City 
Sch /ol of Industrial Art and Technical D -sign for women; exhibits from 
ail the female schools and academies of note in this country and Europe ; 
exhibits of fine lace work and other results of skilled female labor in all 
countiies. It would be impossible to enumerate the exhibits, but their 
exteiit will be understood whtnit is stated that all the available space in 
the magolficent building was consumed long before the opening. 

ARCH^OLOGy AND ETHNOLOGY.— All possiblc phascs of pre-historic 
man in America and the life of the aborigines at the time of the landing of 
Columbus are illustrated at the World's Columbian Exposition by the 
department of Archaeology and Ethnology. Prof. F. W. Putnam, of Har- 
vard University, is the chief of this department and is pronounced the most 
competent man in America for the position. He arranged with the Perry 
expedition to Greenland to get models of Eskimos and their huts and equip- 
ments. A similar collection is made Irom atribe of Aleuts. He reproduces 
portions of the celebrated stone ruins in Yucatan. For several weeks, under 
Prof. Putnam's direction, excavations were carried on in the vicinity of 
Fort Ancient, Ohio, the greatest known earth-works of the mound-builders. 
A large number of SKeletons, some of them in a good state of preservation, 
were exhumed, and numerous stone utensils and various ornaments found. 
The graves and skeletons within themareshownatthe Exposition in exactly 
the same state, except for the earth covering them, in which they have 
eAlsted for thousands of years. 

The conditions under which man was living when his existence in 
America is first traced, are shown in diagramatic paintings representing the 
terminal portions of the ice-sheet, with the clay and gravel deposits and 
boulders at the edge, the flora and fauna of the time, and man associated 
with animals since extinct. This series contains the skeletons of the mam- 
moth and the mastodon, with mounted specimens of Northern animals 
living at that early period far South of their present abode . With portions 
of skehtons of man are objects of handiwork and other representations 
pertaining to the. life of that time. In connection with the habitations of 
the Eskimo, models of men, women and children are shown, made from 
casts taken and colored from life and dressed in native costumes. These 
figures are made in extended number to illustrate all types of mankind. 
The work in part is in papier mache, with the figures draped in actual gar- 
ments. 

One of the most interesting and striking representations illustrates the 
architecture of Yucatan in casts taJsen from some of the ruins. To make 
the moulds for a complete cast of any single building was not only a 
gigantic * peration, but co t several thousand dollars. The great portal from 
the court at Labna is one of thesubjects of the series. Others are the Temple 
of the Sun at Chichen-Itza, the House of the Nuns at Uxmal, and an old 
house at Merida (1549), with richly carved ornamentation. The entire col- 
lection of casts received at the Peabody Museum from Paris, which were 
made from moulds taken by M. Desire Chamay during the Lorillard expedi- 



A GOOD CREED. 

"Do not keep the alabaster boxes of your love and tenderness 
sealed up until your friends are dead. Fill their lives with sweet- 
ness. Speak approving, cheering words while their ears can hear 
them, and while their hearts can be thrilled and made happier by 
them. The kind things you mean to say when they are gone, say 
before they go; the flowers you mean to send for their coffins, send 
to brighten and sweeten their homes before they leave them, 

"If my friends have alabaster boxes laid away, full of fragrant 
perfumes of sympathy and affection, which they intend to break 
over my dead body, I would rather they would bring them out in my 
weary and troubled hours and open them, that I may be refreshed 
and cheered by them while I need them. 

" I would rather have a plain coffin without a flower, a funeral 
without a eulogy, than a life without the sweetness of love and 
sympathy. Let us learn to anoint our friends beforehand for their 
burial. Post-mortem kindness does not cheer the burdened spirit. 
Flowers on the coffin cast no fragrance backward over the weary 
way." 

Invest in apparel as furnished by The Edward Ely Co., and 
your life will be brighter, happier and more comfortable. 



GOOD BUSINESS RULES. 
" Attend only to business matters in business hours. Social calls 
are best adapted to the social circle. Make your business known in 
few words, without loss of time. Let your dealings with a stranger 
be most carefully considered, and tried friendship duly appreciated. 
A mean act will soon recoil, and a man of honor will be esteemed. 
Leave ' tricks of trade' to those whose education was never com- 
pleted. Be never afraid to say no, and always prompt to acknowl- 
edge and rectify a wrong. Leave nothing for to-morrow that 
should be done to-day. Because a friend is polite, do not think that 
his time is valueless. To preserve long friendship, keep a short 
credit; the way to get credit is to be punctual; the way to preserve 
it is not to use it much. Settle often; have short accounts. Be well 
satisfied before you give a credit that those to whom you give it are 
safe men to be trusted," 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 267 

tion to Yucatan and other Southwestern parts of the continent, are also 
exhibited. 

In another group is shown the origin and development of the primitive 
arts, and the progress of nations during the historic arch{3eological period. 
This representation contains such important objects as m idels of ancient 
vessels and models to illustrate ancient buildings, particularly the various 
habitations in the form of huts, etc., built in this country. A third group is 
in illustration of navigation and cartography. A complete series of maps 
of the world is collected, both of those anterior to Columbus and of others 
illustrating discoveries down to the present time. In the case of the most 
rare maps only reproductions are presented, although the loan of many 
originals was made. A fourth group exhibits inventions, arranged to illus- 
trate progress, with amelioration of life and labor. In this are shown 
originals, copies and models of notable inventions, supplemented by a 
collection of portraits of distinguished inventors. 

Other collections of similar completeness represent all the principal 
tribes of the N rthern part of the contineat, the Indian races of the interior, 
the inhabitants of the West Indies and the Eastern tribes of North America 
at the time of Columbus, the native tribes of the Southwest, those of Mexico, 
Central America, and South America, in all cases with their habitations and 
costumes and arts and industries extensively shown with the addition of 
the previously mentioned models of the varied types made from life. 

The various material required for these exhibits was largely secured by 
new explorations, though much was secuT-ed from private collections; and 
much furnished from the Peabody Museum. 

Government Exhibit.— The Government Exhibit has been treated in 
this volume in connection with the several departments, under the head of 
"Fi h and Fisheries," "Battle Ship," "Naval Exhibit," "Post OflBce," 
"Indian Exhibit," (tc. The main exnibit will consist of the treasures 
which for years have ben accumulating in the Smithsonian Institute and 
National Museum at Washington, an exh bit practically compr si g every- 
thing representative of the history, customs, manners, progre s, art, science 
and industry of the nation. Amonar the mo^t interesting of the Govern- 
ment's Exhibits are : The Battl i Ship ; Exhibit of the Fish Commision ; the 
Marine Hospital Exhibit; the Signal Service Exhibit; the Life-Saving 
Exhibit ; The Indian Exhibit; th >, Model Post Office ; the Exhibit of Or- 
dinance and Arms ; the Patent Office Exhibit, and the Historical Exhibit. 
Many of these exhibit i are to be seen ia the Government Building ; others 
have independent lo ations. The Ma-ineHos ital is particularly interesting. 
So is the Life Saving Station. This is a cottage of a rus? t hue with a hipped 
roof Mud gables, surmounted by a look-out tower and deck stucture cover- 
in? a site 60x35 feet, and being one an i a half stries high. Inside the 
building there are accommolations for a crew of e'ght i ersons in the living 
rooms, and in the boat room adjacent there are stowed three life boats, 
which can be readily launched at a moment's notice. Outside there is addi- 
tional apparatus, including a beach w agon a d additional boats, the object 
being to make this statio \ a thoroughly equipped one in every respect. 
Two projecting gables and dormer windows are attractive features of the 
cottage, the style of architect ire being of the eclectic order and a gabled 
entrance marks the piazza which faces the lagoon near which the station is 
located. 

Indian Exhibit.— This exhibit is partly under the direction of the 
United States' government, and partly under th<3 direction of Prof. Put- 
nam, chief of the Archeological and Ethnological department. At the 
north end of the lagoon the visitor will find the Esquimaux and Canadian 
Indians, with their houses and tents pitched amid pines and firs. Going fur- 
ther south there are hardy plants of the temperate zone, and still further 
the palms of the tropics, amidst which the American and South Americaij 



268 HAND-BOOK OF 

Indians may be seen. The Indians are placed in tlie order of sequence from 
the south. A space 1,000 feet long- and averaging 175 feet in width long the 
border of the lagoon is occupied by representatives of the existing tribes of 
Indians, living- in villages and following their nat ve customs. The encamp- 
ment is quite an extensive one and will be very interesting to foreigners 
The American Indians insisted upon representation, and petitioned the gov 
ernment to this effect. In quite pathetic language they set forth the 
despairing condition of the Indians, and protested against the celtbra- 
tion of the discovery of America— an event so momentous and d'?astrous to 
them— without being accorded proper recognition and a chance to malie an 
exhibit Avhich would not only serve as a most appropriate background upon 
which to illustrate the progress of 400yeais, but would show that the Indians 
themsehes have made greater advancement than is generally supposed. 

Si ux and Pueblosareonthegroundsintheir peculiar wigwams, making 
all the articles of merchandise that they now make. The Zun s, who are 
classed with the Pueblos, make blankets, stone bottles and a peculiar kind 
of pottery, while the Navajoes weave blankets so tlrm that they will hold 
water. '» he peculiar huts of the Peublos, Avhich are entered from the roof, 
are also shown. 

To make the display natural Chief Putnam arranged with the Chief of 
Construction and the Landscape Department to have planted on the side of 
the exhibit representative trees from the various sections of the Western 
world. 

An Indian school is one of the features of this exhibit. Another is a 
group of the Carib Indians, descendents of the natives discovered by Colum- 
bus. In the Women's building is a complete collection of the work of 
Indian women. 

Novel, Quaint and Curious Things. — There are many novel, 
quaint and curious things exhibited. These include exhibits — 
sometimes in the department buildings, sometimes in the state and 
foreign buildings, and sometimes in tbe special exhibits made by 
private individuals, firms and corporations. The following com- 
prise the most conspicuous of these exhibits, and include sucli fea- 
tures as "A Street in Cairo," " Baz-dar of All Nations," " Esqui- 
maux Village," strange things from foreign lands, antiquities, etc. 

^Jicicjit ^/ic^ors.— Two anchors that Columbus carried in his ships are 
exhib ted. The anchors were found by Columbian Commissioner Obev near 
two old Aveils at San Salvador. He had photographs and accurate modelf. 
made. These reproductions were sent to Paris, where expert antiquarians 
pronounced them to be fifteenth cCiitury anchors and undoubtedly thos ; 
lost \ y Colum ms in his wre-^k off San Salvador. One of these has been pre- 
sented to the United States and the other is loaned to the Fair. 

Ancient Bell.— A be 1 790 years old, from Carthagena, Colombia, Souih 
America, is on exhibition. The bell has no particular value, oeyond its 
antiquity. It bears around its rim the inscription, " Mary Conceived With- 
out Sin." 

Andrews, the Lone Voyager.— Capt. William A. Andrews, known as 
"the Lone Voyager." from his tripsin his Avonderful little boats. Nautilus, 
keel fifteen feet, and Dark Secret, keel twelve feet, makes an exhibit in the 
Marine department of the World's Fair. He occupies space of about 
twenty feet long by fifteen feet, and exhibits one of what he calls his " ocean 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 269 

cockle shells." He has made three voyages in small boats— one In the Nau- 
tilus, nineteen feet Jong-, to the Paris Exposition in 1878. 

American Antiquities . — The Very Rev. Doctor Peralta, Bishop of Pan- 
ama, tendered for exhibition at the World's Fair his very remarlvable his- 
torical and ethnological collection, which has been for some years in a 
museum connected with the bishop's palace. It is one of the most superb 
private collections of antiquities in the world, including ancient gold and 
silver ornaments, vess Is and objects of worship exhumed from the tombs 
of the extinct race that once inhabited Colombia; rare vases, pottei-y and 
earthenware ; rare ornaments, vessels and missals that date back to the time 
of the conqu st ; papers and manuscripts, and various other articles of his- 
torical interest. This collection is on exhibition. 

Astronomical Cioc?c.— Australia contributes the most wonderful astro- 
nomical Clock that has ever been exhibited. It was constructed in New South 
Wales. This clock is in many respects similar to the celebrated time piece 
at Strassburg, showing numerous figures during the hour and performing 
many marvelous mechanical feats. The case is forty feet high, by twenty- 
five feet square and is made of colonial cedar. The following description 
sent on in advance will give the visitor an idea of the wonderful contriv- 
ance: The leading feature in the first alcove in the mechanical portion is 
the Federation convention. Ea h figure is to be faithfully modeled, being 
twenty inches high. Each one is to rise from hi:? seat and deliver his speech 
on federation. The Council chamber will be shown with each figure as 
nearly in its proper place as possible. In the opposite alcove will be all the 
leading members of the New South Wales Assembly who delivered s eeches 
of importance on federation. In the astronomical portion will be a come- 
tariam never shown in clockwork before, showing the motion of some of 
the well-known comets, how they disappear and reappear in a number of 
years. An orrery will show the motions of the sun. Mercury, Venus, and 
the earth, with the moo t revolving in its proper period. The sun will be 
r presented by an 'electric light, which will light up at a given hour and 
throw its rays of light out on the plains as th 3 sun does. A planetorium will 
show the sun, with Mercury, the Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranu-?, and 
Neptune revolving in their proper periods from eighty-seven days twenty- 
two hours to 164 years. The sun in this dial will also be represented by an 
electric light to light at night. Two satellite dials will show Saturn and 
Jupiter with their satellites revolvinyr around them in their proper periods. 
A tidal dial with a water scene will illustriite the rise and fall of tides, and 
also the state of the tides throughout the day and night. A dial will show 
the solar time, so as to tell in how many minutes the sun passes the merid 
ian before noon or after. A large dial will show the month of the year. 
Eight panels with fifteen dials in each (120 in all) will show the time in all the 
principal cities of the world. An astronomical dial ab'tut six feet in diam- 
eter will show a'l the fixed stars in the heavens from the first to the fiftieth 
magnitude and their apparent motions around the earth. Every hour a 
powerful organ will play a popular tune inside the clock. Provision will be 
made so that visitors can go inside the clock and hear the organ play, and 
also ascend the tower. In two alcoves on either side of the clock will be 
shown two large globes ; one a terres'^rial (revolving in twenty-four hours 
and showing the motion of the earth), and the celestial globe (to revolve in 
asideral day). Bronze statues will represent spring, summer, autumn, and 
winter, and also science, astronomy, architecture, etc., and some of Austra- 
lia's leading statesmen. 

Balloon Ascensions. -^Ci'ptive Balloon Ascensions may be made from the 
grounds or from grounds in the vicinity daily. 

Bazaar of Nations.— The " Bazaar of all Nations" is established near 
Midway Plaisance. Persons having a concession to sell goods in the bazaar 



270 HAND-BOOK OF 

were allotted space in which to erect buildings suitable for the purpose. 
These buildings were expected to be erected in the style of architecture 
that prevails in the country in which the articles are produced. All nlans 
for buildings were submitted to the management for approval. A limited 
amount of space was furnish^^d to small dealers in a building erected by the 
Exposition management on the grounds of the bazaar. No articles placed in 
any of the huildings of the bazaar are considered as an exhibit. Parties 
who secured permission to sell goods in the bazaar are governed by the rules 
and regulations applying to other concessions, f nd such other rules as cir- 
cumstances might develop for their proper protection. 

Bible of 1615.— H. W. Young, of Augusta, 111., sends a Bible printed in 
1615, the ownership of which in this country he has traced back to 1660. 

Big and Rare Trees.— Some novelties in forestry may be seen around the 
California and other buildings. The Monterey Cypress, a yellow fir tr.^e 111 
feet high, a California "Big Tree" and others, are visible outside of the for- 
estry exhibit. 

Clam Bake.— A continuous clam-bake is one of the attractions which 
epicurean visitor -t will find at the Exposition. 

Lake George Wreck.— One of the two old sunken vessels in Lake George 
is on exhibition as a relic. 

Cocoa Exhibit.— Van Houten & Zoon, the manufacturers of cocoa at 
Weesp, Holland, set apart $100,000 with which to ma e an exhibit. They 
have erected a large building in the style of old Holland architecture of the 
fifteenth century, and have placed in it, besides an exhibit in their own 1 ne 
of business, paintings, views, bric-a-br'C, etc., illustrative of the Nether- 
lands and tlie life and characteristics of the Dutch people. They have there 
a " cocoa school," where Dutch maidens, clad in picturesque nafive attire, 
make delicious cocoa beverages according to the most approved methods, 
and serve it to visitors. 

Cold Storage Warehouse.— The Hercules Iron Company was granted the 
privilege of constructing and operating a cold storage warehouse on the 
Exposition grounds. It has a capacity of 600,000 cubic feet, and cost 
$150,00 ». 

Columbus Bell. — The congregation of the little colored church at 
Haley ville, in Cumberland county, N. J., contributes an iiit cresting histor- 
ical relic. It is the bell that has for years called them to church. In the 
year 144 i the bell, it is said, hung in one of the towers of the famous mosque 
at the Alhambra. After the siege of Granada the bell was taken away by 
the Spanish so diers and presented to Queen Isabella, who in turn presented 
it to Columbus, who brought it to America on his fourth voyage and p"e- 
sented it to a community of Spanish monks who placed it in the Cathedral 
of Carthagena, on the island of New Granada. In 1697 buccaneers looted 
Carthagena and carried the bell on board the French pirate ship. La 
Rochelle, but the ship was wrecked on the island of St. Andreas shortly 
afterward and the wreckers secured the bell as part of their salvage. Cap- 
tain Newell, of Bridgeton, purchased it, brought it to this country, and 
presented it the colered congregation of the Haleyvil e church. The bell 
weighs sixty-four pounds and is of fine metal. 

Columbus OoJlectton.— Rudolph Cronau, the eminent author and scientist 
of Leipsic, Germany, has contributed his extensive collection of paintings, 
sketches, and photographs, representing scenes in the life of Columbus, and 
places visited by Columbus during his voyages to the new world. Doctor 
Cronau has spent a good part of his life in the study of early American his- 
tory, and has published a work on the subject, based entirely upon his per- 
sonal investigations. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION, 271 

Cut Glass Factory.— W. L. Libby & Son CompT;.ny, of Toledo, Ohio, were 
granted a concession for the operation of a big cut-glass factory. The 
Company invested between $50,0 and $75,' 00 on its plant, which is located 
at 59th street, in the Midway Piaisance, on a plat of land 150 by 250 feet. 

Cyclists'' Parade.— Ouo of the events of the Exposition will be a Cyclist's 
parade, in which many of the 24,010 members of the League of American 
Wheelman will take part. The date will be announced in due season. 

Diamond Exhibits.— A very complete, and an eye-opening diamond 
exhibit, is made by C ipe Colony, South Africa. The exhibit includes 10,000 
carats of uncut stones, a large quantity of very tine cut and polished ones, 
together with all that is necessary to show the process of mining and wash- 
ing. For this it has been necessary to transport to Chicago 100 tons of pul- 
veriz^'d blue earth, 50 tons of unpulverized earth and a complete washing 
machine, which is operated by natives, i he exhibit also incluc'es a unique 
collection of crocidolite, special diamondiferous products, ostrich feathers, 
fleeces, etc. A Bushman and Hottentot in native dress accompany the 
exhibit. 

Early Railroad Architecture.— Among the transportation exhibits a e 
coaches used in the early days of railroading, formed after the style of stage 
coaches, and many other curiosities, sent by the Old Colony railroad 
company. 

East Indian Village.— An East I idian Village and Exhibit occupies 
300,f 00 square feet of space on midway PlaisaLce. It is conducted by the 
East Indian Exhibit Co. 

Eddystone Lighthouse.— A reproduction of the famous Eddystone Light- 
house may be found by the visitor on the lake shore, used as an exhibit and 
a beacon light. 

Esquimaux Village.— John W. Stiles & Co., of Spokane, Wash., was 
granted a concession for the reproduction of an Esquimaux Village on the 
Exposition grounds. 

Exhibit of Fire Arms.—M. O. Jaensch, of Wahoo, Neb., sends a valuable 
collection of arms. The collection includes 100 pieces, including svvords, 
pistols, guns, etc., being a complete showing of all the different swords and 
firearms made from the time of the invention of gunpowder down to the 
Franco-Prussian war. The collection was left him by will. 

Fast Flight of Carrier Pigeons.— T^iot tne least interesting feature of the 
government exhibit at the Fair is the fast flight of carrier pigeons . Captain 
R. E. Thompson, of the signal service, has this feature of the display in 
charge, and at frequent intervals he will liberate birds for flights to within 
200 miles of Chicago. Geor e W. Childs, the Philadelphia philanthropist, 
has taken a great interest in this feature of the government display, and 
offers a prize valued at $100, which will be on exhibition at ti.e Fair, to the 
owner of the bird making the greatest distance in one day. 

First Cotton Gin.— The first cotton gin made by Eli Whitney is exhibited 
by the New Orleans Machinery Company, which also makes an extensive 
exhibit of cotton gins, sugar mills and other machinery. 

First Foreign Exhibit.— Dr. West, a collector of curios at Antigonish, 
Nova Scotia, is entitled to the credit of having shipped to the Columbian 
Exposition the first exhibit from a foreign country. It consists of useful 
and ornamental articles purchased from the Antigonish Mountain Indians. 
There is a stone hatchet, a stone pipe, two wig- warns, a porcupine quill box, 
an iron spear, an Indian game plate, two pairs of moccasins, an Indian jacket 
and head-dress, several knives, a moss book and a wooden fan. 



272 HAND-BOOK OF 

First Locomotive.— The first locomotive ever used is exhibited in the 
Transportation Department. Other curiosities connected with the early 
days of steam transportation are also to be found there. 

First Map of the Wo7id.~The first map of the world ever made is 
exhibited. Pope Leo consented to its loan from the Vatican library. It 
is known as the Diege Ribere map and was begun in 1494 and finished in lo29. 
It is accompanied by a contemporary copy of the same map containing the 
famous bisecting line which Pope Alexander VI. drew across it to settle the 
cla'ms of Spain and Poitugal to American territory. It was bequeathed by 
Cardinal Borgia to the Vatican Library, and is the same which Pope Pius IX 
refused to allow the American Government to have even a copy of. It is 
threefeetby seven, and is in an excellent state of preservation. It begins 
with the Molucca gronp and ends with the other half. The Nile is traced to 
three lakes. Russia and Siberia are put down as barren and unknown 
coiintries, America makes a showy appearance with Yucatan, Brazil el: d 
New Spain distinctly indicated, the north tet minaling with Labrador. 

Fire Proof Construction.— -W . A . Alexander and Louis Gelder, represent- 
ing the insurance associations of Chicago, were granted space, 50 by 100 feet 
to construct a building to constitute an exhibit of the most improved 
methods of fireproof construction and the appliances used in saving goods 
from burning buildings. The building may be occupied by a salvage corps 
during the Fair. 

First TelegraphMe'iSioe. —Th-". Western Union Telegraph Company exhibit 
handsomely framed, the first telegraph message ever sent, which was in May, 
1844. The message was received by Prof. Morse at t le Capitol in Washington, 
from an assistant in Annapolis. It is seen ia the Electricity Department. 

First Telegraph Wire.— One of the Exhibits that the Baltimore & Ohio 
road makes in the Electricity Building is a model of the first telegraph wire 
strung along that line by Morse. The line was nine miles long and Citended 
from Baltimore to Relay Station. The line was laid in a lead pipe. 

Great Eagle —An eagle measuring almost 20 feet between wing tips 
perches above the main entrance of the Manufacturer's Building. 

Gunboat Niagai^a.-The old gunboat " Niagara ■' which was sunk in Mas- 
sasauga Bay, Erie Harbor, in '813, is exhibited. The Niagara and Lawrence 
were sunk soon after the eagagement on Lake Erie, eighty years ago ; the 
Lawrence was raised and taken to Philadelphia in 1876, but was burned 
there. The guns with which the Nias-ara was originally manned w ere se- 
cured, and are upon the decks at the Fair. 

Headquarters For Manufacturers.— The Manufacturer's Club of Phila- 
delphia, has a building constructed entirely of material made by members 
of the club, as headquarters for manufacturers. 

Iceberg- Shaped Buildina:—A building in the form of an iceberg in 
which to make a polar exhibit is projected. A group of Esquimaux with 
reindeer8,furs and all the paraphernUia of inhabitants of tae polar regions, 
will be installed in the building if the concession is granted. 

Ice Skatmg Rink.— One of the novelties of the fair is a building 200 feet 
square used as a skating rink. This rink is to be supplied with a 16-inch 
layer of ice summer and winter by artificaial means. 

Life Saving Station.— This belongs to th3 government exhibit. The 
building is 84 by 45 feet in dimensions, three stories high, has wide vera'^das 
on three sides. The fir t floor is arranged for offices and the upper portion 
for the living apartments of the keeper and crew. At the rear is the boat 
house for the life-boats. A pavilion 50 by 100 feet is provided for life-saving 
apparatus. It is thought probable that the government will allow the station 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 273 

to remain pe manently at Jackson Park. Here there are daily exhibitions 
by the life-saving crew. 

Mag)iiticent Microscope.—A magnificent microscope was made by the 
Munich Poeller Physical and Optical Institute for the Chicago Exposition, 
at a cost of S^,750. It possesses a magnifying power of 11,000 diameters. As 
might be expected, electricity plays an important part In the working of 
this gig ntic instrument, which, after inspection by American citizens, is 
expected to give impetus to the Munich mart for scientific apparatus. 

Marine Device.— John McAdsims & Co., of Brooklyn, exhibits on Lake 
Michigan a device to prevent boats from coming in collision. It is a marine 
brake, powerful enough to stop boats running at a high rate of speed. 

Marvelous Clock.— A genius at Muhlenberg, Pa., completed a marvelous 
clock for exhibition at the Fair. Around the dial is a railway track, on 
which a miniature locomotive makes the round ev ry five minutes. It 
requires a magnifying glass to see the delicate machinery. The oil cups at 
the journals are so small that nothing larger than a hair can be Inserted. 
There is a headlight and bell, flag-holders on the pilot, whistle, and every- 
thing connected with a locomotive. It has a link motion under the engine 
to reverse it. The weight of the locomotive is 1^4 pounds, and it has been 
named the " Gem." 

Maori Curiosities. — Sir Walker Bullard, contributes the finest col- 
leclionof native Maori curiosities and paintings in the world. Maj. Jjohn 
Wilson of Auckland, has brought a colony of Mao is to the Exposition. 

Maya House.— The United States Consul to Merida, Yucatan, sent to the 
Exposition a Maya house, with its native inmates and their belongings, and 
a Maya potter who makes native vessels in public. 

Meteoric Stones. —Meteoric Stones of various sizes are exhibited. One of 
the finest specimens was sent from Marengo, 111. 

Model Home.— Charles P. Southard, < f New Jersey, has erected a model 
home, valued at $2,000, built through the medium of a co-operative builuing 
loan association. The grounds surrounding the home constitute an exhibit 
of model house-gardening. The whole exhibit practically illustrates an 
American home that may be owned by a wage-earner capitalizing $10 a 
month, with interest. 

Models of TFars/iips.— Models of all the warships of the United States 
Navy are shown in the battleship Illinois, in which is made the naval 
exhibit of the government at the World's Fair. These models are housed 
In glass cases, and are an exact reproduction on a small scale, with all the 
ship fittings and armament made in metal. The Illinois is furnished with a 
gi-and electrical display, including dynamos, search-lights, motors for work- 
ing the guns and turrets, running lights as well as lights for the Illumination 
of the ship. There are 160 marines and seamen in the exhibit, and a small 
government vessel is provided for the purpose of berthing and messing the 
officers and sailors during the Fair. 

Moorish Palace.— A concession was granted to M. Stepanni to erect the 
Moorish Palace. One of the many attractions which are exhibited in this 
palace is $1,000,000 in gold coin Ir. one pile. Of course great precautions are 
taken for the safety of such great treasure. It is in a strong cage; just 
under the gold is constructed a fire and burglar proof vault. To the doors of 
this vault are connected electric wires. In the event of an attempt to rob 
the palace the guards would press an electric button, the entire pile would 
fall into the vaults and the doors would spring shut. A space 200 by 250 is 
used for the Moorish palace, which cost $400,000. 



274 HAND-BOOK OF 

Natatorium.— There is a $60,000 natatorium in operation on the Exposi- 
tion grounds. It includes batli-rooms, a swimming pool, a cafe, and a stand 
for the sale of cigars and flowers. This concession was granted to L. J. 
Kadish of Chicago. 

National Prison Association Exhibit.— The most gruesome exhibit at the 
Exposition is that made by the National Association. The exhibit is a com" 
prehensive expose of the devices and methods employed for inflicting pun- 
ishment from the beginning of history to the present time, and shows the 
progress which humanity has made in the quality of mercy. A special 
building is used for the exhibit, and in it is arranged cells of every descrip- 
tion, many of them reproductions of places which have detained persons 
famous in history. The cells of the Mamertine prison, where St. Paul was 
confined ; the dungecns of the Inquisition ; the tomb of the Bastile, and the 
torture chambers of Oriental barbarism, are all pictured with an unpleasant 
reality. The Nuremburg collection embraces a wonderful ai ray of old-time 
Instruments of torture. The revolving prison is a wooden device, and it is 
claimed for it that it absolutely protects prison ofiicers from dHnger of 
assault by the inmates while as surely preveniingthe remotest possibility of 
escape. Ten cells are formed in a circular prison, somewhat as if they were 
slices cut symmetrically from a cheese. The dividing walls and the floors are of 
iron. The outside wall is built around the whole affair. Within it the cir- 
cular, cellular contrivance revolves slowly, the idea being that no convict 
can work for a^y length of time on any one part of the wall which divides 
him from liberty. The revolution goes on only at night, and is so slow as to 
cause no discomfort, it is claimed. There is a mechanism by which the 
jailer can t"Yn the cell-! around Avhen he washes to release or incarcerate a 
prisoner. There is a very interesting collection of pictures, dealing with 
methods of punishment in Chinese prisons. They show some methods of 
tying up the offe ders which are original and remarkable. The milder pun- 
ishments used in modern prisons are shown with perfect fidelity to the facts. 
The appliances of capital punishment— the rope, the axe and the electric 
chair— are there for the contemplation of the visitor. There are also shown 
in wax the effigies of some of the men who ai'e famous in the history of 
prison work. The exhibit i-5 very complete and interesting. 

Newspaper Exhibit. —Mv. Sell, the London advertising agent, exhibits 
specimens of all the leading newspapers of the world which have been 
printed during the last two centviries. 

Ocean Currents.— The Clayden model of the ocean currents is exhibited 
by the Navy department. This is a kind of huge scientific tank show. The 
sui'face of the earth is spread out on an area about thirty feet squai^e, the 
oceans and seas being shown by actual water. Pipes under the model keep 
pumping in little streams of water so that the whole body of Avater moves 
exactly as the ocean currents move. A white powder on the surface of the 
water shows distinctly the directions of the currents. The flow is so nicely 
graduated that a geographer cannot discover a deviation from the actual 
flow of the ocean currents. 

Ol(% Cotton Exhibits.— Mrs. Lou Barnes, of Vicksbiirg, grand-daughter of 
the late Col. J. W. Nailor, sends the samples of cotton which her grand- 
father exhibited at the World's Fair in London in 18.51, and at the New York 
Crystal Palace in 1853, Avith the medals awarded him at each. The cotton is 
still well preserved. 

Panorama of a Volcano —A panorama of the Volcano Killean,of Hawaii, 
is exhibited on the ground. The original volcano has a crater one-half 
mile in diameter, in which there is constant volcanic action. The exhibit is 
under the auspices of the Hawaiian Gov^ernment. 




u < 
(/3 I 

li 

go 




fl STRIGTUy FIRST-CLflSS 

EUROPEAN HOTEL. 



At the head of the Grand Boulevard system, and still within six 
blocks of the Custom House, Post Office, Board of Trade, 
Wholesale and Retail Centers. Opened to the Public 
in September, 1890. Electric Light and every Mod- 
ern Improvement throughout the House. 



GAGE HOTEL COMPANY 

PROPRIETORS. 

ALBERT S. GAGE, Pres. 

Wabash ftvenue, Corner Jackson Street, 

CHICAGO. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 275 

Parthenon of Athens.— A full-sized model of the Parthenon of Athens is 
one of the most interesting- of the Exposition buildings. It contains the 
World's Fair in miniature. The exterior covering- of the structure is of 
staff, and in the plastic material are faithfully reproduced all the known 
figures and drawings of the Parthenon, the greater portion of which are now 
in the British Museum. 

Permanent Circus.— A company embracing- several very wealthy men 
will operate a permanent circus after the stjle of the Hippodrome in Paris. 
A building, with seating capacity of 5,000, and having a garden on the roof, 
has been erected, and the attraction will be in operation to entertain World's 
Fair crowds. 

Petrified Log.— Among the wonderful things to be seen is a petrified log 
from Oregon. This is probably the largest petrification ever exhibited. 

Physicians^ Bureau of Service.— A business house in Chicago has estab- 
-lished a phj^sicians' bureau of sei'vice and information, which it proposes to 
make of'great value to all members of the medical profession who may visit 
the Exposition. The firm has fitted up spacious rooms at which visiting 
physicians may make their headquarters, and where they are provided with 
the facilities for reading, writing and sending and receiving mail and tele- 
grams ; can avail themselves of telephone, messenger, livery and express 
service; can purchase Exposition, theater and raihvay tickets; can have 
banking conveniences and the service of German, French or Spanish inter- 
preters, and can receive information generally about the sights of the city, 
as well as the location and rates of desirable hotels and boarding houses. All 
of these accommodations the firm provides free. 

Pigmies From Africa.— A tribe o£ African Pigmies may be seen by the 
ATisitor at the midway plaisance. 

Pizarru's Chronometer.— A chronometer, supposed to have been the 
property of one of Pizarro's men, recently found in Ecuador, is exhibited. 

Pompeii Reproiuced.— A perfect reproduction of a street in Pompeii, the 
pavement of which is made of lava from A^esuvius, showing several houses 
as they appeared before the eruption which destroyed the place,tog-ether with 
relics, etc., is among the attractions. 

Post-Q/^ce.— The visitor to the Exposition will have an opportunity of 
learning among other things, just how a first rate post-office is managed. 
A working model of such an office is a part of the U. S . Government exhibit . 
It is a branch of the central Chicago Post-office so far as mails are concerned, 
but entirely independent in its exhibition features. It handles all mails of 
oflBcials, exhibitors and others to and from the Exposition grounds, and 
has a special delivery service of its own. The clerks and other employes 
are taken from the Chicago office, and are experts in their respective 
duties. Gen. A. D. Hazen, second assistant Postmaster-General, has charge 
of this model office during the Exposition. The distribution of mail under 
the present perfected system and under the primitive system of long ago 
are shown in contrast. In an exhibit hall adjoining this Ex^. ^sition postal 
station are shown many historic relics of the post-office and railway mail 
service. 

Postal Museum.— In the model post-office building heretofore referred to 
is located the Government postal museum. Among the most interesting 
foreign exhibits are models of German mail wagons, showing the arrange- 
ments for carrying mail and passengers alike. From Austria came letter 
boxes of uniqvie patterns, photographs of public buildings, and portfolios 
showing the blanks, books, and forms of the Austrian postal savings bank 
system and of the Austrian collection service. There are an Austrian post- 
horn and Hungarian mail boxes. From Australia is contributed a hand- 



276 HAND-BOOK OF 

somely framed photograph of the public buildiDgs in Victoria, bordered 
by a complete set of genuine Victoria postag-e stamps uncanceled. FromEng- 
land there are post-marking instruments, photographs of parcel post wag- 
ons, wagons used in the Royal mail, and tandem tricycles. Canada con- 
tributes specimens of its letter boxes; a box for the cunveyance under sea 
of valentine mail matter; a complete set of letter carrier's uniforms, the 
carrier's helmet for summer and his cap for winter, his heavy clothing for 
one season and lighter for another, the Astrakhan cap acd collar, leather 
legg;ings, chamois vest and storm coat. From India there are models which 
exhibit in a most lifelike way, even to the reproduction of the features and 
forms, the Calcutta letter carrier, the stamper in the post-office, the mail- 
wagon driver, and the native mail runner, who also carries with him a spear 
as a Aveapon of offense and defense. One of these spears has been sent, con- 
taining around the shank a string of sleighbells which jingle as the runner 
goes, the purpose being to frighten off poisonous reptiles. There is also a 
model of the Camel post and of the native runner crossing a stream with his 
mail bag, on a raft of earthenware pots, and the model of the tonga, a wagon 
used on hill roads From our own country have been received scores of relics 
of the postal service. Hundreds of photographs of post-offices and post- 
masters, ancient books, a ball of twine made from waste scraps which a 
postmaster was years in putting together, a specimen of a mail chute for 
high office buildings in cities, and other curios. 

"■PucW"' Building.— The building erected on the grounds by the pub- 
lishers of Puck is one of the most interesting attractions of the Fair. It 
shows fully every detail of the process of editing and publishing a humor- 
ous paper. 

Pullman in Miniature.— A miniature model of the town of Pullman, 
30 X 80 feet, is a part of the exhibit made by the Pullman Palace Car Com- 
pany. 

Belies nf the Mound Bu'lders.— The State of Ohio sends a number of 
valuable and interesting relics of the Mound Builders. These are from 100 
mounds in Ohio and area >,000 in number. Most of these specimens com- 
prise human SKeletons, beads, implements of warfare, unique jewelry, and 
pipes. The skeletons do not materially differ from those of the present 
race. The only striking variations are small bones called the 'inca ' within 
the skull and a peculiar perforation in the humerus. The only place where 
any similar bones in the human family are found is along the skeletons of 
the primitive inhabitants of Peru, South America. Almost all of the 
skeletons found were in a horizontal position. Bracelets, anklets, beads and 
pipes compr.se almost all the relics found with the skeletons. 

Salt Plant.— Ssiginaw, Mich., has a miniature reproduction of a Salt 
plant. 

Soeietii of Friends.— The cottage in which George Fox, the founder of 
the Society of Friends or Quakers, was born, in Leicestershire, England, 
was brought over and appears on the Fair grounds. 

Sam Hnuston''s Capture.— A cast-iron slack trough which was captured 
by General Sam Houston from Santa Anna, at the battle of San Jacinto, 
has been sent from Texas. . 

"Sam,so?i" the Locomotive.— The old locomotive "Samson," built in 
England in ''the thirties" by the celebi-ated Timothy Hackworth and 
brought to this country in 1838, is shown in the Transportation Building. 
Accompanying it is a quaint old passenger car built in imitation of a stage 
coach, both standing on s -me of the old scolloped or fish-belly rails. The 
engineer who first ran the locomotive may accompany the venerablQ 
engine. » 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 277 

San Domingoan Cannon.— When Columbus was made a prisoner in San 
Domingo, the governor Avho arrested him feared there might be an attempt 
at rescue. So he trained a big gun on the entrance of the citadel, or castle, 
in which Columbus was confined. That cannon laid in the same place until 
Mr Uuer, a World's Fair representative, recovered it, and with the permis- 
sion of the Governor of San Domingo, brought it to the United States. It 
is on exhibition. 

" Santa Maria.'"— A very novel feature of the Historical Exhibit at the 
Exposition is a fac-simile reproduction of the little shij>, '■ Santa Maria," in 
which Columbus sailed. Lieut. McCarty Little, of the United States Navy, 
was detailed to go to Spain to superintend the construction of the j^hip. It 
is manned by Spanish ■ ailcjrs in the custume of the time of Columbus, and is 
rigged as Columbus rigged his ship. There are on board copies of the charts 
that Colurabusused and fac-similes of his nautical instruments. The crew 
are of the same number, and included in it are an Englishman and an 
Irishman, for it is a we 1-founded historical fact that William Harris, an 
Englishman, and Arthur L^ke, an Irishman, were i oth members of Colum- 
bus' crew. In fa t, the repi'ociuction is as exact as possible in every detail. 
The littl i ship made its first appearance at thenavai review in New York, 
where it was saluted by the great cruisers and Avar ships of modern inven- 
tion from all of the navies of the world. It was then presented by the gov- 
ernment <'f Soain to the President of the United Stat s, and was towed 
through the Lakes to Chicago. It is proposed that the vessel Avill betaken 
t-) Washington after the Exposition and there anchored in the park south of 
the White Houte. 

Shaks]jearc''s Jfo?nc.— Shakspeare's historic home a!t Stratford-on-Avon as 
reproduced at the World's Fair and is located on the space set ai*ait for the 
British Government exhibit. The proposition to reproduce the building 
came frora the Illustrated London NewA, and the project was indorsed by 
the British commission. The newspaper company thought it would be 
doing something uniq .e and offered to bear the whole expense. It also put 
in a complete newspaper plant and publishes its jo una! there during the 
time of the Fair. 

Side Shows . —No side shows are permitted within the Exposition grounds. 
The Directory decided th it the entrance fee shall entitle the visitor to see 
everythin^i Avithin the inclosure. There are, hoAvever, scA'eral theatres 
built and kept running, at Avhich the finest talent in the Avorld appears, and 
visitors who choose to attend the performances have to pay an admission 
fee. S ich sigh s as " A Street in Cairo " is free, but natives of oriental 
countries in a few cases are allowed to charge a small fee to special per- 
formances of a theatrical nature. 

Silver BuihUnu-—A. silversmith of Monterey, Mexico, sends a piece of 
sih^er Avhich is an exact reproduction of the Agricultural building. It is 
eight feet Avide, contains a quantity of silver A^alued as bullion at $10,000, and 
is valued at §20,000. 

Stamp Mill— A $10,0^0 model of a stamp mill for reducing copper, the 
property of the State Museum of Michigan, is shown at the Fair. This 
model Avas made and presented by the Calumet and Hecla Copper Company. 

Statuary.— Some magnificent statues adorn the grounds. Notable 
among the.se is the statue of Franklin, at the main entrance to the Elec- 
tricity building: the statue of Columbus, belonging to the city of Balti- 
more ; and the statue of Columbus, by St. Gaudens, at the entrance to the 
Administration building. A colossal statue of the Republic rises from the 
basin in front of the Administration building. This is by Daniel C. French, 
of New York. 



278 HAND-BOOK OF 

Steam Engine Centuries Old.— An immense wooden box, bound in iron 
was recently found at Helsinfors, in Finland, by workmen engageuin exca- 
vating in the cellar of an old house. Upon opening the box the men found 
that it contained a large parchment and a quantity of pieces of iron of odd 
shapes. Being unable to make out the contents of the parchment, they car- 
ried it to Mr. Rizetf , the nearest magistrate, Avho found that it was written 
by Father Suger, one time minister to Louis the Seventh, of France. It was 
an elaborately written treatise upon the use of steam as a motive power, 
and further i xamination revealed that the bits of iron were numbered parts 
of a rudimental but complete steam engine. The pioneer steam engine, has 
been put together, and is exhibited. 

Street in Cairo— The concession for the reproduction of "A Street in 
Cairo," was granted to George Panyolo, of Egypt. The space occupied is 
600 by 3G0 feet. The location is the Midway Plaisance. The exhibition is 
open to visitors, free of cost, except upon occasions of a special street spec- 
tacle, as, for example, du iug the passing of the wedding procession, which 
will form one of the features of the display. The buildings of the street are 
faithful reproductions of the structures found in the most picturesque quar- 
ter of the ancient city In every other respect the s.reet is actually trans- 
planted. Natives, of all classes and avocations, in native dress, have been 
brought from Cairo, to live, move and have their being just as at homt,. The 
street includes a museum, a mosque— with people to pray in it ; a theatre, 
private residences, hotels, shops— with native wares and Egyptian vendors- 
just as in Cairo. 

Tea Hnuse.— One of the most novel buildings at the Paris Exposition was 
the tea house erected by the Palais Indian Tea House Company of London. 
This same concei-n has constructed on the Exposition grounds a series of 
tea houses which are finer than anything seen at Paris. The exhibit com- 
prises a building occupying space 100 feet long on the lake shore, in front of 
the Manufactures building, a kiosk on the pier, a booth in the British sec- 
tion of the Manufactures building, in which afternoon teas are served, and 
two other pavilions. The cost of the undertaking was S30,C00. 

Uieatrical Exhibit.— The leading theatrical managers of the country will 
probably erect a building in which theatrical and musical entertainments 
may be given during the progress of the Fair. 

Tower of London.— An exact reproduction of the Tower of London, 
costing $250,0 lO, will probably be one of the attractions. An English com- 
pany has asked for space, and has the matter in hand. Thousands of 
antiquities, relics, historical scenes, etc., will be comprised in the Exhibit. 

Turner''s Gymnastic Exhibition.— The North American Turner Bund dis- 
plays gymnastic apparatus, literature on the subject of physical exercises 
and development, and representations of gymnastic organizations. Eight 
days during each month of the Exposition the Turners give gj^mnastic 
exhibitions. 

Washington Park Races.— The Washington Park Club perfected arrange- 
ments for a most i otable race meeting during the Fair. The stakes in the 
American Derby are $50,00"; in the "Queen Isabella" one mile for three- 
year-old fillies, $25,000; in the "Columbus Handicap" for three-year-olds 
upwards, $25,000; in a ra^e for two-year-olds, $25,000; and large stakes are 
provided for a number of other races. The racing track is close by the 
World's Fair grounds. 

WauUesha IFater.— Waukesha mineral water is furnished to consumers 
on the Exposition grounds at 1 cent per glass. 

White Star Steamshiji iJir^iMt.— Space of 8,000 square feet was granted 
the White Star Steamship Co., for an exhibition of models of the "Grey- 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 279 

hounds" of its line. Similar exhibits are made by other ocean steamship 
lines. 

Wild WestShoiv.—A Wild West Show will be given near the Exposition 
grounds dailj', but it will have no connection with the Exposition. The 
location of the show is south of the Exposition grounds. 

WdHcVs Fair Autograph Alhun}.— One million signatures of people 
directly or indirectly connected with the Exposition are being collected 
by the World's Fair Mammoth Autograph Album Co. Copies of these 
collections of autograph? will be bound in three volumes of 2,.'i00 pages 
each, to be presented, respectively, to the President of the United States for 
the Smithsonian Instiiution, to the Governor of Illinois for the State 
Library, and to the Mayor of Chicago for the City Public Library. The 
names Avill be collected from all parts of the world. 

Woods and Petrifactions.— Mr. S. J. Hunter, of Nevada, Mo., sends a 
collection of over 11,000 varieties of woods, petrifications, etc. 




280 HAND-BOOK OF 



PAET X. 



THE EDUCATIONAL EXHTBIT-HOW THE SCHOOLS OF THE 
COUNTRY ARE REPRESENTED-ARRANGEMENTS FOR MUSIC- 
BAND STANDS AND CHORAL HALLS-WORLD'S CONGRESSES- 
MILITARY DISPLAY ELECTRIC EFFECTS- THE MEDUSALINE 

WALKS-GENERAL NOTES AND INFORMATION. 

Mention has been made of the educational exhibit in connection 
with the Department of Manufactures and Liberal Arts. The edu- 
cational exhibit, however, is so great and so important, that it de- 
serves to be treated in relief. The educational exhibit is installed 
chiefly upon the ground floorof the Main Building, assigned to man- 
ufactures aad Liberal Arts. It occupies the entire south end of the 
building and may be approached through the lofty entrances open- 
ing upon the grand avenue that connects the principal marine and 
railway entrances to Jackson Park. The space given to the educa- 
tional exhibit is between lour and five acres. Adjacent to this are 
arranged the exhibits of music, literature, physical apparatus, hy- 
giene and sanitation, medicine and surgery, etc. The educational 
exhibit has been organized both by States and by grades. Each 
State occupies a definite area, which is assigned with reference to 
the elements which the several States represent as nearly as that 
could be ascertained. These areas are side by side in parallel subdi- 
visions extending north and south. The parochial schools have a 
definite place in the scheme, conformably to the same system. Each 
State exhibit includes: A presentation of its school system; in 
academies, normal schools, colleges and universities; its special 
technical, and professional schools, except in cases where a specialty 
in education can be better illustrated by a collective exhibit, inde- 
pendent of State lines. Thus there is a single collective exhibit, 
showing library organization and management; one of commercial 
schools; of manual training schools; of trade schools, etc. This 




[Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] 
SEE NEXT PAGE. 



TO MANUFACTURERS. 



The Standard Oil Company's Town 

OK 



WHITINB. INDIANA 



Two Miles from the Eastern Limits 
of the City of Chicago. 

The undersigned will make unusually liberal terms with manu- 
facturers at this remarkably favored place. Splendid sites 
for manfacturing purposes on the banks of Lake Michigan. 
Three of the leading Eastern lines of railroads from 
Chicago pass through it; and the Chicago and Calu- 
met Terminal Railway connects there with them. 
For cheap fuel and railway connection it 
stands unrivaled. Commands a never- 
failing supply of water from Lake 
Michigan. Fine sites on the lines 
of the four leading railroads 
for manufacturing pur- 
poses at and near 
the rapidly grow- 
ing town of 
Whiting. 

TWO SUBDIVISIONS LAID OUT IN LOTS. 



-A-I=I=Xj"2- to 



JacOD ForsutH, ^osRookero GHIGftGO. 



THE WOKLD^S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 281 

method was adopted with exhibits of schools for the blind, the deaf, 
etc. 

In the presentation of public school systems, the several States 
and Territories are the smallest units for which separate provision 
could be made by the chief of the department; cities, villages and 
rural schools find such recognition and representation as could 
be allowed within the limits assigned to the States which include 
them. The educational exhibit from each State is under the im 
mediate supervision of a duly authorized executive oflQcer or com- 
mittee who have been selected by the State Commission for the 
World's Columbian Exposition, or the State Superintendent of pub- 
lic instruction, or a committee representing the State Association of 
Teachers. In every case the exhibit is subject to the ultimate super- 
vision of the chief of the department, acting under the Director-Gen- 
eral of the Exposition. 

The State Executive officer naturally extends to each collegiate 
inscitution the largest liberty in arranging its own affairs. The as- 
signment of space to the several States and Territories was deter- 
mined by the information secured as to the character of the respec- 
tive State exhibits. The several State exhibits show some or all of 
the elements enumerated in the following order of arrangements: 

1. Organization and Administration —A me.p of the State upon a grener- 
ous scale, readable at a distance of fifteen or twenty feet, showing- by suit- 
able conventions of color the location of every educational institution, 
from the common school up, proving- in many instances that the school 
house crowns every hill top and nestles in every valley. That the colors 
mig-htbe uniform, special directions and scale were furnished by the chief 
of the department. Diagrams show, by the graphic methods so well under- 
stood, the progress of education, by years or by decades, in the history of 
the Stat ; as to the kinds and values of school buildings; the numbers of 
pupils by ages, sexes, colors, and grades; the numbers of teachers, actual 
and related to number of pupils, and their ratios by sexes; the cost of 
schools, actual, and in ratio to other taxes and to the wealth of the State; 
illiteracy; statistics of public and of school libraries, etc. The authorized 
or approved courses of study for rural, citj', and village schools. Qualifi- 
cations for admission to various grades and for graduation. Qualifications 
of teachers; length of service; opportunities for improvement by institutes 
and normal schools. The school law; division of territory into districts. 
County, township, or district organization. Manner of election, term of 
office, and duties of school oflicers, trustees, Boards of Education, city and 
county superintendents, etc. 

2. Selected Specimens of the Actual Work of Pupils -Concrete results, 
drawings, maps, essays, examinations, apparatus, shop products, etc. The 
evident danger here was that there might be gathered a wilderness of ma- 



282 HAND-BOOK OP 

terial which would appal the visitor by the magnitude of the exhibit and 
the endless repetition of similar things. It was not necessary, when show- 
ing the splendid agricultural resources of the State of Illinois, that a sheaf 
of wheat and a shock of corn should be offered from every farm or every 
township or even from every county. The teacher as well as the farmer 
must content himself by showing in a limited way that which is character- 
istic and that which is best. For this reason it is evident that complete 
exhibits from organic units less than the State, as cities, counties, etc , 
such as might be appropriate in an exposition representing a territory of 
smaller extent, could not be provided for in this. It was not possible to 
assume that every city or county could have a distinct representation. 
But whatever is shown is carefully credited to its source. The method of 
obtaining pupiis' work was intrusted largely to the discretion of the State 
executive authorities. Each State exhibit includes: 

1. A presentation of its public school system. 

3. Its academies, normal schools, colleges and univerfities. 

3. Its special, technical, and professional schools, except in cases where 
a specialty in education can be better illustrated by a collective exhibit, 
independent of State lines. Thus there will be a single collective exhibit 
showing library organization and management, one of commercial schools, 
of manual training schools, of trade schools, etc. This method should 
probably be adopted, with exhibits of schools for the blind, the deaf, etc. 

Music— Great attention has been paid to Music and the Musical feat- 
ures of the Exposition by the management. All tastes have been provided 
for, from the severely critical to the passive J overs of the divine art. Theo- 
dore Thomas, the celebrated leader, is Mu'^ical Director of the Exposition. 
There are no less than fifteen band pavilions on the grounds, and these 
will be occupied during the Fair by the great band organizations, military 
and civic, of the United States and foreign countries. There are besides 
frequent great popular concerts and choral exhibits and classical reherasals. 
Two Music halls are provided, one on the Avooded islai d with a S' ating 
capacity of from 5 000 to 7,000 people, and another in the south end of 
Jackson Park for popular band and choral entertainments. The first is 
intended for hiahly artistic music and musical entertainments. The small 
music hall is intended for the highest representations of art. Such per- 
formances would fail of the r object if thrown open to general and indis- 
criminate audiences. Instead of select and appreciative listeners, so neces- 
sary in an artistic performance, the seats would be filled early with curiosity- 
seekers with lunch bags, etc., free to come in and go out regardless of 
proprieties. 

The \^ocal forces organized and trained in Chicago for the Exposition are 
as follows : The Apollo club, 500 voices ; Festival Chorus, 700 ; Columbian 
club ( male voices, ) 150 voices; Children's Choir, 1,500 voices; German 
Chorus ( children and adults,) 3,000 voices ; Swedish Chorus, 1,000 voices, and 
We'sh, 500 voices. Forces ready for organization : Primary schools, 5,L00 
children; grammar schools, 5,000 children; high schools, 3,000 children. 
Total, 13,000 children. Associate choruses and choirs within a radius 
of 100 miles estimate 500 voices. It should be remembered that these forces 
may be utilized from time to time. They are all amateurs, enthusiastic to 
render service, and quite effective if guided with skill and tactfully treated. 
A great feature is made of the evening promenade concerts. A music 
barge is anchored in the center of the central basin 300 feet east of the 
fountain below the Grand Plaza. In this barge place may be heard on 
one night a large orchestra and an American mannerchor; another 
night the orchestra with a German mannerchor, or with Swedish voices, 
or with mixed voices, or a military band in place of the orchestra, or the 
latter with a ball-room program in place of the vocal music ; any or all of 
these in alternation or rotation, and on a gala night all of them together or 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 283 

stationed apart, singing in generous rivalry. "With the water and the soft 
light reflected in the water and nearly a mile of promenades around the 
basin— in front of the Administration Building- beneath the shades of the 
Manufa tures Building and Agricultural Hall, and around the columns of 
the thirteen States— there is an almost unlimited capacity for listeners 
and spectators. 

The Government Military band of Chili, many German military bands, 
including the Imperial of Berlin; the Scot's Fusiher Guards band; the Cold- 
strean Guards band; the Mexican band; the Austrian Imperial band; several 
bands from France; a Spanish band, and bands from many European and 
South American countries will visit the Fair during its progress and give 
performances. 

At the Eisteddfod, which "Welsh societies will hold at the Exposition, the 
finest choruses of Wales will be present and prizes amounting to $30,000 have 
been offered in connection with the contest. For the finest "Welsh chorus a 
prize of $5,000 is to be given. Another of $4,00J is offered, and so on in 
smaller amounts until the limit of $30,000 shall have been reached. The 
famous Dowlais Harmonic Society, 250 voices strong, will be among the 
contestants. It has won many prizes in Europe. Its trip to the Exposition 
will cost about $25,000, which sum it hopes to regain by giving a series 
of concerts in the United States. The festival is to last five days and be 
held la the Music Hall of the Exposition. One concert is to be given free 
of charge to the general public. 

The Scandinavian Musical Society of Chicago will have a chorus of per- 
haps 1,000 voices for participat on in the musical festivals at the Exposition. 

The entire organization of the Imperial Opera Company of Berlin, 
German5% will come to Chicago in 1893, to give operatic performances in the 
Music Hall at the Exposition grounds. 

George "W. Chadwick of Boston wrote the music for the dedicatory ode 
written by Harriet Monroe. Mr. Chadwick is one of the foremost of native 
composers. He has written choral and orchestra work, and is the conductor 
of the Hampden County Musical Association of Springfield, Mass. He 
received a fine musical education in this country, and subsequently spent a 
number of years at Munich. 

"World's Congresses.— "Cnder the auspices of the World's Congress 
Auxiliary of The World's Fair numerous and important conventions will 
be held during the progress of the Exposition. These conventions or 
conferences will discuss almost every question of interest to mankind. Chris- 
tian Missions.— There will be a great gathering of persons interested in Chris- 
tian Missions from all parts of the world. Religious Congresses.— One of the 
remarkable features of the Columbian Exposition will be a series of relig- 
ious congresses from Aug. ^5 through the month of September, 1893. The 
chairman of the general committee. Rev. John Henry Barrows, of Chicago, 
has associated with him members of sixteen different religious organiza- 
tions. They have invited the representatives of all the great hi-toric relig- 
ions to confer together and to show what light religion has to throw on the 
great problems of the age. Their plan has met the approval of Mr. Glad- 
stone, Cardinal Gibbons, the poets Holmes and Whittier, Archbishops Ire- 
land and Ryan, Professor Drummond, Professor Godet, of Switzerland ; 
Rabbi Maybaum, of Berlin; Justice Ameer Ali, of Calcutta; President 
"Washburn, of Robert College, Constantinople; Bunyia Nanjie, a learned 
Buddhist of Japan, and scores of the leading scholars of America and 
Great Britain. Comrnerical Travelers.~The "World's Fair Association of 
Commercial Travelers will hold a two weeks' congress at the World's Fair. 
All organized bodies of traveling men in the United States, and foreign 
drummers as well, are invited to participate. It was decided that a Com- 
mittee of Control composed of one member from each association be selected 
to govern the affairs of the body and that $50,0C0 be raised to defray the 



^84 SAl^D-SOOK Of 

expenses of the congress. Congress of Architects.— A Coneress of Archi- 
tects will be held during the Fair. Lawyers, Judges, Statesmen, etc.— 
Conventions of Lawyers, Judges, Statesmen, etc., Avill be held 
for the consideration of the living questions of law and govern- 
ment and to provide for public congresses in connection with the World's 
Columbian Exposition. Among the sul jectsto be considered are law reform, 
international law, political and economic reform, executive administra- 
tion, arbitration, and peace, and the reforms required to meet new 
conditions and needs. Columbian Catholic Congr ess.— The "Columl ian 
Catholic Congress" will begin on September 5th, and continue five days. 
It is expected that fully 5,000 delegates from dioceses in the United States 
alone will be present, and that the number from European countries will 
be very large and will include many noted dignit iries of the Church. It is 
hoped that Pope Leo XIII himself will accept the invitation to be present, 
and to open the Congress. It is believed that the gathering will be the 
greatest and most representative in the history of the Church. The 
progress and standing of the Catholic Church in America and throughout 
the world, and the social and economic questions embraced in the 
■^ope's recent encyclical will be presented and discussed. Labor 
Congress.— A general labor congress has been arranged with the co- 
operation of the most distinguished students of labor problems, and the 
recognized leaders of the industrial world. Particular attention will be 
given to women's labor. Liternational Congress of Engineers.— Atthe Inter- 
national Congress of Engineers, papers will be read on the chief questions 
involved in civil, mining, mechanical, marine, military and electrical 
engineering by the ablest representatives of those several branches, and the 
papers will be collected and bound afterward. At a meeting in Chicago of 
representatives of all the engineering societies in the United States and 
Canada a general committee was a' pointed to arrange the programme and 
take charge of the enterprise, and to provide commodious headquarters for 
all members of engineering societies who may visit Chicago during the 
Exposition. Med icai Congress.— It is expected that the great physicians of 
the world will attend the Medical Congress. The following themes will be 
discussed: The leading characteristics of the successive eras of medical 
and surgical development; The living questions of the time in the depart- 
ment of health and medicine; Standards of excellence in medical education 
and practice; Medical statistics— their application and value; The history 
and utility of public health authorities, and what improvements should be 
recommended in the administration of their powers, or in the legislation 
relating thereto; Sanitary science as applied to the prev^ention and the 
removal of disease, and herein of food, clothing, drainage, ventilation, 
exercise, rest, and the like; The relations of morals, education, culture, 
literature, music, and socral life to health and disease; The prevention and 
control of epidemics and contagions, and herein of the necessity for gov- 
ernmental authority to insure decisive and speedy action; Medical bacteriol- 
ogy—its origin, wonders, condition, and pr spects; The education of the 
people in the rudiments of anatomy, physiology, hygiene, and simple reme- 
dies, and herein of the value of intelligent co-operation on the part of the 
patient. Congress of Trained Nurses.— A Congress of Trained Nurses, one 
of the most interesting and important of all, w^ill be held during the Expo- 
sition. Sanitary Congress.— There will be a great conference of sanitarians, 
health oflBcers, physicians, plumbers, etc. during the Fair to discus's sani- 
tary questions. Ministers'' Conference.— The ministers of the different 
Protestant denominations will meet in conference. Arbitration Congress.— 
The following resolution was adopted by Congress: "Resolved, That the 
Committee on Foreign Relations be and is hereby instructed to inquire into 
the advisability of appropriate action looking to the invitation of the 
governments of the world to a conference to be held in connection with 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 285 

the "World's Columbian Exposition at Chicago Tor the purpose of discussing- 
and recommending- measures by which the principles of arbitration may- 
be mcorporated )n treaties, contlicting- internationaJ laws harmonized, and 
an international court establishtd, having^ jurisdiction incases which gov- 
ernments shall fail to seLtle by negotiation, and to report by bill or other- 
wise." Agricultural C'»j)/y/css.— This congress includes representatives of 
farmers, organization s, agricultural colleges and State buards of agricul- 
ture. The subjects to be considered embrace every branch of farm life. 
The local committee will be assisted in its work by a large advisory board 
to be select -d from various countries. Methodist Camp Meetings.— The 
Methodists have decided to hold an international camp meeting- of a month's 
duration at the time of the Exposition. It will be held half the time at 
Desplaines and the other half at Lake Bluff. Both places are afew miles 
out from Chicago. Spelling Schonl.—A bill has been Introduced in Congress 
providing- ten- a reform or phonetic spelling school at the Fair. Place of 
Meeting.— All ot the great congresses, only a few of which are menti med 
here, will assemMe in the permanent Art Palace on the Lake Front. Aote.— 
See Appendix for general plan of the World's Fair Congress Auxiliary. 

Columbian Museum.— The project of establishing- a Columbian Memorial 
Museum, which shbll be a permanent attraction and which, it is e.\pected 
will be givtn many thousands of curios and other objects exhibited a*^^ the 
Expositi(m, Is being- AvarmJy supported by a numberof ExpositionoflSciais 
a d others. The maseum is certain to be established. In brief the plan is 
to bui d a museum building an grounds secured for the purpose, one that 
woutf be lire-proof and best adapted for the purposeit is designed to fill, 
and to have it complete before the close of the World's Fair. Into this 
could be gathered, and it is claimed without expense, such a collectinn of 
antiquities and articles of historical and scientific interest as could not be 
secured in anj^ other waj' or at any other time. 

Electric Ejects.— Electricity is given full swing at the Columbian Exposi- 
tion. Its various ramifications, so far as encouragement and space are con- 
cerned, are tre-ated liberally. Electricity and its manitestationsare not con- 
fined to one or more buildings, but the 60U or 700 acres of Jackson Park, the 
Midway plaisance, and a portion of Washington Park are one grand display 
at night. One of the novel effects is secured by the use of pow erful search 
lights which are so employed as to light up certain portions of the grounds, 
for specified periods, and give panoramic glimpses of the buildings, grounds, 
and lagoons. The Administration Buildmg, with its gilded dome rising nearly 
3u0 feet high in the center of a spacious plaza 70U feet square, is one of the 
central points for tlie radiation of powerful electric light. From the lofty 
dome of the Administration Building will be shot a constantly broidening 
band of liiihtnurthwestover the lagoon and striking the Horticultural and 
Woman's Buildings. This is to be a view of several minutes' duration, dur- 
ing which the "golden door" of the Transportation Building, the water 
lilies and marble corridors of Horticulturdl Hall, and the aerial gardens of 
the Woman's Building will be flooded with light. On the right of the Land 
of light will be seen glimpses of the wooded island and aquatic plants. 

Another and pei-haps more beautiful view will be along the line of light 
extending from the Tower l,500feet out in the lake to the Administration 
Building. In this str am of illumination will appear all the novel craft sail- 
ing about in the outer harbor. Along the broad basin, 800 feet wide, the 
light will speed to the east front rf the Administration Building and illumi- 
nate the outline of its Grecian architecture. 

These are but bits of the general effect. The waters of the outer ha bor, 
the basin.the canal,the lagoons, are all lighted by the sof t,incandescent glow 
of electric lamps. Along the borders of the Avaterways, amid the foliage, are 
concealed electric lights. Grand and Drexel, Stony Island and other streets, 



286 HAND-BOOK OF 

avenues and boulevards on the South Side, and more particularly in the 
vicinity of Jackson Park will be illuminated every night by electricity dur- 
ing the progress of the Exposition. 

Jackson Park and Midway PZaisa/ice.— Jackson Park and Midway 
Plaisance— the Exposition site— are in the southeastern part of Ch.cago. 
Forty-flve miles of boulevai'd connect the site with the general park 
system of Chicago, which embraces fifteen or more parl\s, aggregating 
3,000 acres. Midway Plaisance, connecting Jackson Park with Washington 
Park, is occupied throughout its entire length by special Exposition features 
largely of a foreign charactersuch asthe"13azaar of All Nations," '"Street in 
Cairo," Street in Constantmopie," ''Moorish Palace," "Maori Village," etc., 
which, in their production, represent the expenditu' e of hundreds of thou- 
ands of dollars. Panoramas, cyloramas, the sliding railway, etc., are also 
located there. 

Medusaline Walks, etc.— One of the grandest features of the Exposition 
is the broad terraces, Medusaline walks and miles of tlowers and shrubbery 
which rise on both sides of the system of canals. The canals run from one end 
of the park to the other. The main basin, extending from the 
lake to the Administration Building, is 3^0 feet wide. The others are 
150 feet wide. About these ply launches. Rising six feet 
from either side from the water's edge is a retaining wa'l. At 
the summit of this wall is the fu^st terrace. It is sixty feet wide. Occupy- 
ing a space twenty feet wide in the middle are beautiful flowering plants 
and shrubs. On either side of this stretch of green are medusaline walks, 
each twenty feet wide. Medusaline is a nf wly invented building material 
which is harder than stone, can be molded into any shape, and is susceptible 
of polish as smooth and brilliant as jiranite. Rising another six feet is a 
second wall. This is covered with staff, giving it the appearance of solid 
masonry. From its top, extending outward, is another walk, also of 
medusaline, sixty feet wide. Along the inner edge a highly ornamental 
balusti'ade two feet high with staff-covered posts, extends the entii-e length 
of the terrace. There are sixteen boat landings along the canals, and 
broad stairways from twenty-four to sixty feet wide lead from the water's 
edge to the second terrace. The steps are of medusaline. At intervals 
of twenty or thirty feet along the balustrade are arc and incandescent elec- 
tric lamps. Aquatic fowls of all climes swim about in the lagoons. These 
include widgeons, sea gulls, swans, brown pelicans, storks, sand-hill crane, 
wood ducks of rare plumage, American wild geese, blue geese, ibises, etc. 

Military Displays.— One hundred thousand armed and uniformed 
American soldiers will be massed in Chicago during the World's Fair. 
Thi-i military gathering will occur in August, 1S93. Militia organizations 
from every State in the Union will be present, besides a large representation 
of troops from the regular army. To these must be added military 
companies and perhaps regiments from foreign countries. The military 
display in August, 1893, will probably bethe grandest overseen inthis country. 
The Director-General will have a magnificent body guard during the Exposi- 
tion. Two companies, of forty cavalrymen each, are to be formed into 
organizations known as the Chicago Columbian Hussars. They will act as a 
special military escort upon the Director-General whenever such services 
may be required, The "Independent New York Scheutzen," considered 
the elite corps of German- American sharpshooters, will attend the Exposi- 
tion in a body. The organization has in its membership many prominent 
businessmen. It has made two or more shooting tours in Europe, on one 
of which it was entertained by Prince Bismarck. 

Restaurants.— The World's Columbian Exposition is far better provided 
with restaurants than was the last Paris Exposition. Besides the cafes in 
all of the great buildings there are numerous pavilions throughout the 



THE WORLD S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 287 

grounds where refreshments may be had. There will be found no lack of 
accommodations of this kind. Immediately outside the grounds are im- 
mense "World's Fair Hotels." Here refreshments may also be procured or 
visitors may obtain rooms in which to rest, by the hour, or by the day. 

Scope of the Exioosition.— The exhibits at the Exposition cover a wider 
range and "are far more numerous than were ever before gathered together 
They present a picture of the condition and industrial progress of mankind 
in every quarter of the world, and of its achievements in every branch of 
the sciences and arts. The Exposition classification embraces V-i depart- 
ments, 176 groups, and 967 classes. The application for space by intending 
exhibitors in the United States alone, numbered J^,083 on January 1, 1893. 
The number at the Philadelphia Centennial on corresponding date was 864. 
Applications from foreign exhibitors were very numerous and raoidly 
increasing. It seemed assured iong before the opening that the exhibitors 
would outnumber those at any previous World's Fair. The reception of 
exhibits began November 1, 1892, and continued until sipril 10, 1893. No 
charges was made for space exhibits. 

r7-a».spo?'faf'o??. -The methods of access are ample in every way, and 
far more comfortable than is usual in such cases. At the southern end of 
the site is a pier 1.^00 feet in length into Lake Michigan, at which passenger 
steamers can land, and at a point directly back of this, on the inland side of 
the site, railway tracks terminate, bringing visitors over all the great rail- 
way lines of the country. An elevated, railroa-i, electric railroad, cable 
lines and other means of communication, land passengers directly at 
the gates of the Exposition from all points to the South, West and North. 
Transportation inside the park include every known device from electric 
railways and moving side- walks to the vehicles of foreign countries. In 
fact the transit arrangements are part of the general exhibit, and are in 
themselves among the most interesting things to the visitor. 




HAND-BOOK OP 



PAET XL 



WHAT CHICAGO HAS TO OFFER FOR THE ENTERTAINMENT OR 
INSTRUCTION OF HER VISITORS BESIDES THE EXPOSITION- 
WHERE ONE MAY SPEND AN HOUR OR DAY COMFORTABLY OR 
PROFITABLY-INFORMATION OF ALL KINDS ALPHABETICALLY 
ARRANGED. 



Part III. of this Hand Book contains information concerning 
Chicago, its public and private institutions, and specific facts 
under such heads as: Amusements, Area, Architecture, Art Interests, 
Banks, Banking business. Board of Trade, Breweries, Bridges and 
Viaducts, Buildings, Cemeteries, Charities, Christian Organizations, 
City Railway Service, Climate, Clubs, Commercial Exchanges, 
County Institutions, Courts, Court Hou^e, Educational Institu- 
tions, Fire Department, the Fire of 1871, the Fiie of 1874, 
Foreign born residents, Grain Elevators, Great Industries, Hay- 
market Massacre, Historical facts. Hotels, Inebriate Asylums, Iron 
and Steel Manufacture, Jobbing and Wholesale business. Lake 
and River Frontage, Lakes and Rivers in Chicago, Length and 
Width of Chicago, Libraries, Life Saving Stations, Lighthouses, 
L'lmber trade, Manufactures, Marriages, Meat Packing, Military 
Organizations, Monuments, Municipal Government, Newspapers, 
Park and Boulevard System, Police Department, Postal information. 
Post Office Building, Public Library, Railroads and Depots, Ship- 
ping, Suburbs, Taxation, Tributary Cities and Towns, Waterworks, 
Yerkes' Electric Fountain, etc., etc. This part of the Hand Book is 
practically a condensed Guide to the city. Bat it is necessary, in 
order that the visitor shall miss nothing of interest, to give the fol- 
lowing information of a miscellaneous character. It is arranged 
alphabetically with a view to convenience, 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 289 

A. H. Andrews & Company.— Located at 215-aCl Wabash avenue, in the 
heart of the business center. One of the largest commercial outfitting 
establishments in the world. Also the leading school furnishing house of 
Chicago. Here may be seen every possible design in commercial office fix- 
tures of the better class in desks and in furnishings. The sales rooms of the 
house are elegantly arranged. The designs in desks are in many cases novel 
as well as beautiful. This firm has furnished the fittings for some ol the 
leading banking rooms of the city. The beautiful interior of the Union 
National Bank Avas designed and executed by A. H. Andrews & Co. They 
will furnish the bank fittings of the Chemical Bank of Chicago on the 
World's Fairgrounds, which is to be locatedin the Administration building. 
It is to be the most elegantly furnished bank in America. Aside from desk 
and outfitting departments of this establishment, here are also to be 
found Andrews' celebrated folding-beds, the most p >pular In America. 
Among some of the more recent contracts carried out successfully and sat- 
isfactorily by this house was the furnishing of $50,000 worth of chairs for 
the great Auditorium, the largest single order, perhaps, of this character 
ever given. The company also furnished and finished during 1892 the beau- 
tiful interiors of the Bank (;f Montreal and the American Exchange National 
Bank, which cost about $10,0CO each. A. H. Andrews & Co. are owners of 
the patents of the Andrews' metal chairs, that are bound to revolutionize 
chair manufacture, because they are comfortable, elegant and indestruct- 
ible. These chairs are particularly adapted to Chicago use during 18^3. 
Visitors should not fail totakj the salesrooms of this establishment in. 

Academy of iWt/ .sic— West Side, Halsted, near Madison street. Sensa- 
tional, drama and Variety. Performances nightly, Wednesday, Saturday 
and Sunday afternoons. 

u.^tna Chemical Fire Engine Co. — The factory and main offices, Colum- 
bus, Ohio, with branch offices at 265 Dearborn street, Chicago; Endicott 
Arcade St. I'aul, Minn ; New York and St. Louis and Boston. Too much can 
not be said for the ^Etna Chemical Fire Extinguisher. It is without 
doubt the most effective and durable apparatus on the market. Its prin- 
ciple is foreign to other makes of machines, overcoming all objections here- 
tofore found in other chemical fire extinguishers. Its elements are effect- 
iveness, simplicity and durability. It is absolutely impossible for the ^tna 
to get out of order by long standing. 

Alhamhra Theatix.— State st. and Archer ave. First-class attractions. 
Peformances nightly and Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. 

Armour & Company. -This firm does a business amounting to }66,COO,000 
during an average ye^r. The hogs killed bj' the house in one year num- 
bered 1,714.000; cattle, 7I2,GOO; sheep, 413,(00. Armour & Co.'s employes 
number 7.9 0, and the aggregate wages paid is $3,8 0,000. The firm has 
2.25" ref rifierator cars. The total area covered by the buildings of the firm 
is fifty acres; total floor area of buildings, 140 acres; chill room and cold 
storage area, forty acres; storage capacity of buildings, 130,0.. tons. The 
Armour Glue Works made 7,000,000 pounds of glue within the same period, 
9,600 tons of fertilizers, grease, etc. The ground covered by the buildmgs of 
this department cover fifteen acres, and the number of employes is 600. 

Architecturcd Iron Works.— See " Vierling, McDowell & Co." 

Art Institttte.— Old building, Michigan ave. and Van Burenst., new build- 
ing, "Art Palace, " Lake front, sight of old Exposition building ; cost $600,- 
000. Art Institute art galleries and schools should be vieited. 

Athenoeum.—'PoTyuVeivly known as "Thfi People's College," one of the 
most pro . inent, useful and liberal e'uca ional establishments in Chicago. 
Open daily throughout the year and five evenings each week. Instruction 



290 HAND-BOOK OF 

to all classes of education seekers at moderate cost. Ferd W. Peck, presi- 
dent; W. R. Page, l8t vice-president; Harry G. Self ridge, M vice-president; 
John Wilkinson, secretary and treasurer; Edward I. Galvin, superinten- 
dent in charge.— [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago for full particulars.] 

Auditorium Building.— Michigan avenue. Congress street and Wabash 
avenue. Greatest building in Chicago; hotel, oflBce building and theatre 
combined. [See page 73.] 

Auditorium Hotel. —One of the leading hotels of the country. Magnifi- 
cently arranged and furnished ; views of lake ; fashionable resort. 

Auditorium Theatre. — Italian opera ; great concerts, instrumental and 
vocal; productions of spectacular attractions. See amusement advertise- 
ments. 

Auditorium Tower. — Entrance Congress street, near Wabash. Take ele- 
vator to top, eighteen stories high. Magnificent view of city at lake. Three 
States visible on clear days. Fare, 25 cents. 

Belden F. CwZt;er.— Located 59 Dearborn street. Real Estate Board Build- 
ing. An old established real estate agency. General real estate trans- 
actions ; choice North Shore res'dence property a particular specialty. Mr. 
Culver's personal attention is given to the best interests of his clients. 
Strangers and residents seeking investments in Chicago or Chicago suburban 
realty will find it to their interest to confer with him. As to the reliability, 
conscientious devotion of his time and efforts to the interest of those Avho 
see fit to employ his services, one has only to refer to the leading bankers of 
Chicago, or to those who have done or are doing business with him. See Mr. 
Culver's ad-vertisement in this volume, page 124. 

Berivyn.—lt is perhaps safe to say that no suburb of equal age is attract- 
ingso much attention as Berwyn (28 minutes ride on the C. B. & Q. R. R.) 
It was platted less than two years ago . Over ten miles of street frontage are 
controlled by the promoters of the place whose conservative management 
has placed uniform building restrictions on the whole property. This policy 
has resulted in the erection of good improvements only, the cost of res- 
idences (exclusive of the land) being from $2,500 to $10,000. Sewers, water 
works and electric light plant are now in process of construction. Berwyn 
has two churches, an Epworth League Chapter, a Chautauquan circle; 
bicycle, tennis and whist clubs and other social organizations. It is essenti- 
ally a home suburb, the surroundings being all clean and healthful, posses- 
sing the advantages afforded by the city, without being subject to its disad- 
vantages. 

B. F. CZarfee.— The advertisement of Mr. B. F. Clarke appears in this 
issue. He is one of the oldest and best known real estate dealers in the 
city, who is handling exclusively Morgan Park property . Any one desiring 
a suburban home Avill find it to his advantage to consult him in regard to this 
property. [See the Standard Guide to Chicago for description of Morgan 
Park . Also notice of the subur . in this Hand Book . ] 

Boating.— Boa.ts maybe hired at any of the great parks by the hour. 
Boats for lake sailing may be hired along the lake front. Small yachts and 
sail boats carry passengers to the government pier and other points from the 
foot of Van Buren street. These are manned by skilled sailors. Sailing by 
inexpei'ienced persons on the lake is full of risk. Steamboat excursions to 
the crib, government piers. South Chicago, the Exposition grounds, etc., are 
made continuallv through summer days ; fare low. 

Bunco Steerc/'s.— Accidental acquaintances who can tell you where there 
is a "quiet little game going on," or who know of "a party of gentlemen 
who Avould like to have one more person join them in a game of cards ; " or 
who are full of suggestions as to where you " might spend a pleasant even- 
ing," etc., are to be avoided. They may not be " bunco steerers," but it is 
safe to assume that they are until you are satisfied that they are not. 




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EGGLESTON, MALLETTE X BROWNELL, 

REftL ESTftTE AND 

MORTGftGE 5flNKERS. 

OWNERS OF EGGLESTON AND AUBURN PARK REALTY. 
CHOICE SUBURBAN PROPERTY A SPECIALTY. 

ALSO 

STREET CONTRACTORS, 



MANUFACTURERS AND DEALERS IN 



CRUSHED STONE, CONCRETE STONE, ETC, 



Particular attention given to building Macadam Roads, Drives and 

Boulevards. Will take the entire contract for Platting and 

putting in all Improvements in New Subdivision. 

OFFICES: Room 207 Tacoma Building, Telephone Main 44. 

Rpom 600 Royal Insurance Building. Telephone Main 1602. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 291 

Calumet Iron and Steel Company. -~^VorKs located at Cummings near 
South Chicago, about twelve miles from the Court House. Take train at 
Van Buren Street dep .t, Van Buren and therman streets, or at Dearborn 
Station, Fourth avenue and Polk streets, or at Union Depot, Canal and 
Adams streets. The blast furnace is eighty feet high, with a 17}4 foot bosh; 
It is equipped with oneMassick & Crookes and three Siemens Cowper-Coch- 
rane stoves, and two blowing engines. These works have about five miles 
of railroad track with ro.ling st ck for carrying raw materials; also have a 
good slip with facilities for loading and unloading vessels on the Calumet 
river, emptying into Lake Michigan. They employ outside of nail factory, 
about 1,200 men. 

Casino.— Wax works exhibition and theatre or minstrel show com- 
bined. A place to spend an hour or so with children. 

Ceyneteries.— The leading cemeteries are pointed out in Part Til. These 
are worthy of a visit. 

Central Music Hall.— Stette and Randolph streets; lectures, high class 
concerts, etc. See amusement advertisements in daily papers. 

Chamhers, J. B. & Co.— The firm of J. B. Chambers & Co. was established 
in 1857 by Mr. Jerome Bonaparte Chambers, a native of Connecticut; coming 
to Chicago, however, from Ithaca, N. Y., where, and in Elmira, N. Y., he 
had resided for several years with his f amilj'. Mr. Chambers was possessed 
of great versatilitj' of talent, having a fine and imposing figure, an unusually 
musical voice, which he could use to good effect either in "'talking " on the 
stump or in singing popular and, especially, patriotic songs, in both of which 
capacities he was much sought for during his res dence in New York State. 
A man " whose word was is good as his bond," he became very successful 
as an auctioneer, in which business he embarked in Chicago, and laid the 
foundation for the fortune which he subsequently acquired. Abandon- 
ing the auction business, however, some twelve yeai's ago, the regular retail 
business of their house having reached such a volume as to occupy all their 
time and space. As an auctioneer he was unrivaled. Mr. Chambers, motto 
was "Pay as you go," and that is stJll followed by the firm, who buj' all goods 
for spot cash, and consequemly offer to their patrons such bargains as cash 
purchases always afford. Mr. John A. Farwell, now manager of the house, 
is a son-in-law ofMr. Chambers, and was at one time comptroller of the city 
of Chicago. Mr. Charles E. Graves, who has grown up from boyhood with 
this house, aud is an excellent judge of all goods in the jewelry line, does 
mostof the buying, and is considered a "diamond expei-t." Col. Wm. B. 
Keeler has been withthe firm for some eisrhteen years as salesman, coming 
to Chicago from Iowa, an old friend of Mr. Chambers, and a salesman with 
whom it is a pleasure to deal, as his large list of customers proves. His army 
record presents no flaw and his patriotism has no bounds. Purchasers from 
this firm can always rely upon statements made as to quality of goods, as 
satisfaction is guai anteed. 

Chamber of Commerce Bu'7fli7ig.— Southeast corner of La Salle and 
Washington streets. Visitors can spend a half hour on the galleries of the 
rotunda very pleasantlj% [See page 73.] 

Chai'les Currjy.— Strangers should visit the news stands conducted by 
Charles Curry. One may find everything in the nature of first-class current 
literature, works of fiction, guide books, the illustrated weeklies, etc., that 
he may want. Mr. Curry's place on Jladison street, near Fifth avenue, as 
well as his magnificent store in the Central Music Hall building, are well 
patronized. The Standakd Guide to Chicago and Hand Book of the 
World's Columbia.n Exposition are always to be found here. 

Chirles Kcestner dl- Co.— Established 1863; general machinists, founders, 
mill furnishers. Office of works 3U3 and 311 South Canal street, West Side. 
Department A— the manufaccurint' of special machinery for brewtries,malt 



292 HAND-BOOK OP 

houses, elevators, distilleries, starch and glucose works. Department B— 
the building" of general and special machinery for arranging designs. De- 
partment C— grinding mills and pulverizers, for wet and dry grinding and 
pulv- rizing of any mater als. Department D— painting, grinding and mix- 
ing of colors, makers of machinery and equipments. Department E— 
desgning of and erecting manufacturing buildings. Their new works are 
located at2tl to 349 South Jefferson street and 3 to 50 Law Avenue. This 
building is six stories and a basement and has a floor area of thirty-six 
thousa Lid square feet. The works contain freight fcnd passeng r elevators 
and are heated by steam and lighted by electricity. The power plant is the 
mo^t mod rn. These new works of Charles Kaestner & Co. are deserving of 
a visit from the stranger.. 

Charles McDonald's News Store . —Located at 55 Washington street . This 
is one of the most popular resorts for lovers of current literature and books 
of the latest issue. Mr. McDonald's establishment is familiar to nearly every 
Chicagoan. Latest publications of every description may be found here. 
These include foreign as well as home publications . The stranger is partic- 
ularly directed to tnis establishment. 

Chicaqo Copper R''Jimng C'^mpany —The Chicago Copper Refining Co., 
whose offices are at 188 Jackson St., a. e one of the largest smelt ng and )e- 
fining concerns in the Uni ed States, and one of the pioneers in the treat- 
ment of copper ote carrying- pi ecio us metals, by the elecrolytic process; 
they are large purchasers of both argentiferous and non-argenti erous oies 
and mattes in the cjpper district from Montana to Arizona. During the 
list ten years their electrolytic copper and " C. C. R." brand of casting cop- 
per have become recognized as standard brands, and we understand that 
they enjoy a large export trade. The electrolytic copper, whichis practically 
chemically pure, is pu*: into wire bars for the wire mills, and int • cakes lor 
the rolling mills. Many of the leading railroads and bronze manufacturers 
are now using this grade of cot)per for their journal oeari gs and tine bronze 
castings instead of Lake Superior copper, on account of its purity and other 
excellent qualities. Last year this company shipped nearly five thousand 
tonsof copper, and over S800,00J in gold and silver bullion, and they now 
have under consideration plans for extensive improvements and additional 
capacity. 

Chicago Opera House.— One of the lai-gest and handsomest theatres in 
the country. First-class attractions. Performances nightly, Sundays in- 
cluded. Matinees Wednesdays and Saturdays. 

Chicago Rawhide Manufacturing Compa?iy.— Established in 1878, an 1 was 
incorporated in March following. Its business is the manufacture of rawhide 
belting, lace-leather, rope and other rawhide goods of all kinds. The pro- 
cess by which it manufactures its leather is known as the Kruger patent, 
of which the company is the sole owner. They also control a large num- 
ber of other patents, necessary to the business. The company first com- 
menced the manufacture of its goods at 38 and 40 West Monroe street. 
Their goods immediately found favor in the market, and in a short time 
the business outgrew the space occupied at the above location. In Novem- 
ber, 1883, it removed to its present location, 75 and 77 East Ohio street, into 
into a building 50x1(0 feet, five stories, prepared especially for their use. 
Two years ago an addition of two stories was made to the building. They 
now employ a large number of workmen, and business is constantly on the 
increase. All goods manufactu'-ed are of the best quality, and their reputa- 
tion is known all over the world. The present officers of the company are 
W. H. Emery, president. W. H. Preble, secretary and treasurer, and A B. 
Spurling, vice-president These gentlemen are all well known of business 
ability, and thoroughly understand their business. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 293 

ClarTi Street T/ieat^'c— North Side, near Clark st. bridge. Sensational 
and variet}'. Performances nightly, Y^ednesday, Saturday and Sunday 
afternoons . 

Clay, Robinson & Co.— Located in the new bank building at the Union 
Stock Yards, and also have well equipped offices at the stock yards, 
South Omaha. They are also represented by agents in Kansas City, where, 
with a full and able equipment of capable men, they can make the best pos- 
sible sales for their patrons. They are prepared to handle all classes of live 
stock at any of the above points. During the past year they have sold 
up- wards of 35U,000 het.d of cattle, in addition to a very large number of 
hogs and sheep. This firm, realizing the necessity of some specially pre- 
pared report on the live stock markets, commenced a )Out one year ago the 
issuing weekly of The Live Stock Report, which they send to their patrons 
and customers free of co t— a paper which every feeder, breeder and shipper 
should not be without, its columns being devo ed entirely to. the live sock 
industry and containing much valuable information not otherwise obtaina- 
ble. This enables them to keep a complete run of the market, and to know 
when to ship to be t advantage and get the best prices. To others they will 
send their paper for the small charge of 50 cents per annum, w*"ich can be 
remitted in postage stamps or money order. In addition to The Report, they 
will also send to each subscriber one of two beautifully colored lithographs 
of English hunting scenes, espec ally prep-red for the holidays. Address 
Clay, Robinson & Co., Union Stock Yards, Chicago, 111. 

C7U&S.— There a-e hundreds of clubs, social, literary, sporting, gentle- 
men''s,family, professional, etc. See Part III. \_]^ov full descriptions see 
Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] Many of these will entertain visitors 
during the Fair, 

Columfna Steel Car Co mprtny.— Organized tor the purpose of building 
steel railroad cars; shops located In the township of Maine, on a tract of 601) 
acres, recently pu' chased. It lies on both sides of the Desplaines river, be- 
tween Despla nes and Park Riuge. The company manufactures railroad 
cars of all descriptions— postal, baggage, passenger coaches and freight- 
entirely out of steel, and is already doing a large b siness. Its postal cars 
have been running for over a year on different railroads. The offices of the 
comp ny are at room 14 Rialto building. 

Columhia Theatre.—Monroe street, near Dearborn. First-class attrac- 
tions always. Performances nightly and Wednesday and Saturday after- 
noons. 

Concert Salooji^.— Concert saloons and dancehallsare numerous. Strangers 
must be guided by their own taste aud assnme responsibihty in visiting 
these places. As a rule, they should be avoided. 

Confidence Men.— The city will swarm with confidence men doring the 
Exposition. These it would be diflBcult to describe. The weil-worn advi.e, 
"Lend no money to strangers," should be followed by visitors. 

"'Ci'oum'''' Pianos and Organs.— The "Crown" pianos and organs manu- 
factured by George P. Bent, 323 to a33 South Canal Street, Chicago, have 
won their way into popularity rapidly and are regarded among the higher 
class of performers and experts as being superior instruments in tone, 
touch and general high quality of woi'kmanship throughout. The factory 
is one of the largest among the great industries of Chicago, employing over 
25 ) skilled mechanics and artisans. The annual production amounts to 7,000 
organs and upwards of l,iJ0O pianos, which find a ready market throughout 
the Avhole country, many of the goods going into the extreme East. Mr. 
Bent produces sixty-four distinct stj^les cf the "• Crown " organs and thirty- 
two distinct stjles of pianos. Three new styles of ortran cases have just 
been put on the market and four new styles and scales of pianos. In the 
pianos the verj' heaviest full iron plates are used in all the various styles. 



294 HAND-BOOK OF 

The new scales are of recent design, and embody all recent improvements. 
In the manufacture of these organs and pianos the tiist object sought to 
be attained is the very best quality of tone and touch possible to produce. 
The second object is to provide (nmamental and tasteful cases which will 
please the eye and which will find a ready sale to a discriminating puDlic. The 
very best materials, as well as the most handsome that money Avill buv^, 
ai-e used in their construction throughout. They are built with the Idea 
that " the best is the cheapest, " and i hat "the best is none too good ! " Mr. 
Bent's business was established in 1870, and its steady and constant growth is 
a substantial evidence that his goods meet with the approval of trade and 
public. 

CycloTam.as . -The permanent cycloramas are: "The Battle of Gettys- 
burg," "calls of Niagara,'' Michigan avenue and Panorama Place; "Burning 
of Chicago," Michigan avenue, opposite Art Palace. They are all worthy 
of a visit. 

Dale & SempilVs Corner— Drug Store, Clark and Madison st., waiting and 
meeting place. One of the most popular establishments in the city. 

Demiey Tag Co., T/ie.— Located at 125 and 127 E. Indiana St.; manufac- 
turers of shipping tags, printed envelopes, packers' tag, fasteners and bag- 
gage checks. [See Index to advertisers ] 

Dime Museums.— There are a number of these places in the city, Some 
of them offer theatrical and variety attractions in addition for one price of 
admission— 10 cents. 

Dodge Manufacturing Co., TJie.—The Dodge Manufacturing Company, 
properly is a Cnicago concern, with factory situated at Mishawaka, Indiana. 
Their ground plant covers a space of eighty acres and a floorage capacity of 
twenty acres. This concern is the largest manufacturer of pulleys in the 
world, the r daily output being about •; 50 pul eys. This factory was entirely 
destroyed by fire and rebuilt in a modest way the same year. Success 
crowned their efforts, and now the plant is one of the representative estab- 
lishments of the country. Over seven million bricks have been used in the 
construction of this plant, and of these over five million have been laid 
during the past four years. About 500 men are employed in the lai'ge works 
of this company. Their works are equipped throughout with new and 
special machinery fur the manufacture of pulleys. Their product is popu- 
larly known as the Dodge Patent Independence Wood Split Pu ley, and the 
increasing demand f< r this pulley is considered ample evidence as to their 
merit over any other pulley ii the market. By their patent bushing every 
pulley is capable of being adjusted to from twenty-five to forty different 
sizesof shaft, making their daily output equal to 30,000 iron pulleys. This 
company is als ) originatorof the Dodge patent system of power transmission 
by m inila rope. This system has been copied by numerous manufacturers 
throughout the country, but the honor of oinsination belongs only to the 
Dodge pe iple. They have built and erected rope drives rangingin capacity 
from 2,000 horse-power down, and covering distances as far as 4,000 feet. A 
fully-equipped foundry with a melting capacity of eighty tons per day, also 
an extensive machine shop, represents part of this company's plant. A new 
line of power-transmitting appliances, including bangers, pillow blocks, 
couplings, friction clutches, etc , has been added to their list of products. 
They also enjoy the reputation of having the finest engine-room in this 
country. The Chicago office of this concern is located at 63 and 65 South 
Canal street, where a large stock of their several specialties is carried for 
imm diate delivery. 

Douglas Instantaneous Water Heater.— A most convenient and essential 
device for the household manufactured by the Instantaneous Water Heat- 
ing Company, 141 and J43 Ontario street. The value of an apparatus that 
Avill heat water instantly any minute of the day or night, and in unlimited 
quantities, cannot be overestimated when the convenience, and so often 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 295 

the necessity, of getting- hot water instantly is considered. The Douglas 
Water Heater has t)eenin use in other countries for a number of years, while 
its introduction in the United States was in 1886, since which time the Heater 
has met with a good and increasing demand. The Douglas Heater can be 
used any place where gas and water can be obtained, and can be set at the 
foot of bath tub, or on a shelf in the most convenient place for it. Parties 
building Avill find it to their advantage to specif y for this Heater. It is a 
convenience that should not be overlooked, and one that tenants highly 
appreciate . 

Dunning, Andreu;.— Location, 93 La Salle street, makes acre and income 
properties specialties in his real estate business. Mr. Dunning has 
lived in Chicago since his childhood days, and few, if any, men 
are better or more favorably known than he. His judgment as 
to values is based upon a personal knowledge of the events, past 
and present, which govern ttiose values, and his opinions are con- 
servative. Mr. Dunning has recommended investments in property 
in what is known as the northwest portion of Chicago, and the great 
improvements and rapid enhancement of values in that section, during the 
past year, gn e proof of his good judgment. He believes now that the north- 
west sections offer far greater inducements to the investor in acres than any 
other in or around Chicago, and he will give reasons for so thinking to any 
one who writes him. 

Economist, T/ie.— Location of publication office, 59 Dearborn street. Clin- 
ton B. Evans, editor. A weekly financial, commercial and real estate news- 
paper, with intermediate issues whenever any great event in its field 
demands. It is the only newspaper in Cnicago making a specialty of the 
mo ey and security markets, grain and provisions and real estate, and has 
had an exceptionally successful career. It is the authority on the subjects 
of which it treats, and has a large circulation in Chicago and elsewhere. 
The bankers, brokers, capitalists, real estate owners and dealers, intelligent 
merchants and students of fin mce in Chicago are, almost without excep- 
tion, among its readeis, and it has a good and rapidly growing circulation 
at other points in this country, as well as in London, England, whose finan- 
cier s look to it for a considerable part of their information on such Ameri- 
can business affairs as they are interested in. The Economist, employing 
recognized experts for its various classes of wor<^, and spending money 
freely, is pretty sure to get the best there is in the line of news and com- 
ment. The financial and commercial interests of Chicago are growing so 
rapidly that an abundance of capital and enterprise are required to keep a 
newspaper a' reast of the times. The Economist Publishing Company, 
which owns the Economist, seems to possess both of these requisites. 

EggJeston, Mallette & Bi ownelL— It is exceedingly gratifying to the pub- 
lishers to point to a real estate firm that has won its way to the front ranks 
by the most honorable methods. Possessed of large means they started 
into the real estate business in a practical way, creating the confidence of 
the public in their ability and judgment by the investment of their own 
money on their judgment. Recognizing the value of the location, they 
bought the ground upon which Eggleston now stands, and began to improve 
it. Soon afterward Mr. George M. Pullman and Mr. C. M. Henderson, at 
their suggestion, laid out Auburn Park, and well understanding that no 
locality can be uniformly improved except und-r one control, Eggleston, 
Mallette & BroAvnel', bought Auburn Park. This gave them control of 
property one mile long by three quarters of a mile wide, extending from 
71st to 79th streets, and between State street on the east and Wallace street 
on the webt. They then expended over one-half million dollars in the im- 
provement of this property alone, making their investment in this locality 
upward of one million of dollars before a house was built, and making of 



296 HAND-BOOK OF 

Eggleston and Auburn Park what is now an ideal aristocratic residence 
place, and the visitor is led to wonder why capitalists do not lay out other 
subdivisions in iilse manner. The masterly manner in which they took hold of 
and handled this property drew the attention of real estate men and capital- 
ists to them, and they have handled successfully millions of dollars of Eastern 
and Southern capital, and number among their clients some of the wealth- 
iest of our citizens, as well as investors residing in other parts of the United 
States. We certainly commend them to our readers. Their offices are at 
No. Ji07 Tacoma Sldg., ana No, 600 Koyal Insurance Bldg. [See the Standard 
Guide to Chicago for description's of Auburn Park aud Eggleston.] 

Ely, The Edward E. Company.— Few establishments in mercantile life 
occupy more general attention in these days of tasteful attire than those 
devoted to the manufacture and sale of male garments, for at no period 
during its entire history has the tailor's art been so highly appreciated or 
better understood than at the present day. Among the many popular and 
prosperous houses devoted to this important branch of industry in Chicago, 
and well worthy of more than passing notice, is the concern of the Edward 
Ely Company, whose well-ordered establishment is most centrally located 
in the Ely Building, at the corner of Wabash avenue and Monroe srreet, and 
which has for many years enjoyed a wide-spread reputation lor the super- 
ior quality of its productions, and fair, square and liberal business methods. 
Mr. Ely, the founder of this enterprise, was born in Huntington, Conn., 
and settled in Chicago in 1852. Being a thorough master of the merchant 
tailoring trade, he embarked in business on his own account in 1853, and, 
after amassing a competence in a comparatively brief period, lost almost 
his all, in common with so many of his brother business men, during the con- 
flagration in 1871. With characteristic energy, he at once began the attempt 
to rebuild his fallen fortunes, and with such success that in 1886 he inaugu- 
rated the present company under the laws of the state of Illinois, with a paid- 
up capital of $100,000. His present quarters constitute one of the finest ap- 
pointed merchant tailoring emporiums in Chicago, and are fully equipped 
with every convenience for the comfort of patrons, and the advamageous 
display of the fine stock of French, English and German broadcloths, cassi- 
meres,woolens,worsteds, tweeds, meltons, cheviots, diagonals, etc., in all the 
latest and most fashion ible styles. Some idea may be formed of the extent of 
the operations of this company when it is stated that five cutters andseventy- 
flve journeymen are provided with constant employment. Mr. Ely, in 
point of fact, ranks as the leading merchant tailor of the Metropolis of the 
West, his trading connection being broadly distributed over the entire 
Union. He is a prominent member of both social and commercial circles, 
actively identified with the Merchant Tailors' Association, and a heavy 
holder of Chicago realty. 

E. S. &W. S. Fowler— liocated at 38 Madison street. Familiarly known 
as Power's. The leading manufacturing opticians of Chicago. This house 
makes a suecialty of scientific testing of the eye and grinding glasses to cor- 
rect any defect < f visi<m. They employ experts and solicit the most com- 
plicated cases. The stranger visiting Chicago, if troubled with any disease 
of the eye or in search of the best glasses obtainable, will find it to his ad- 
vantage to visit this establishment. 

E.W. BlatchfordSc Co.— Located at the intci-section of Clinton and Ful- 
ton streets and Milwaukee avenue, in the centre of the West Side manu- 
facturing district, well worth a visit by all strangers coming to Chicago, 
are the works of E. W. Blatchford & Company and the Chicago Shot Tower. 
The former was established at this point forty and the latter twenty-five 
years ago. The business has been enlarged and extended to meet the growth 
of our city and the Northwest, and has always been the leading manufac- 
turing concern in the West for lead and lead producis. This includes lead 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 297 

pipe, sheet le. id, bar and pig- 1 ad, glaziers' lead, fash weights, etc., etc. 
During the past tsventy ye rs this house has given special attention to mixed 
metals, electrotype and stereotype metals. Finding it necessary to have on 
hand at all times for their own uses pig tin and c( pptr. ingot, sheet and bar 
antimony of all grades, spelt r, antimonial lead, in large quantities, they 
are in the best possible position to tiilthe requiiements of the trade gener- 
ally on particularly advantageous terms. During the past few years the 
Bla' chf o I d Cartridge Works have been incorporated with the other business, 
and their leaded shells have rapi Ij' taken the first position in the estimation 
of the shooting community. A visit to their works can not fail t y be very 
interesting to all those concerned in this line of business. There are many 
objects of interest among tne large manufacturing concerns in this ne gh- 
borhood, and a visit to the Shot Tower and its vicinity will amply repay the 
time devoted to this purpose. 

Fred S. James <& Co.— Chicago is to be congratulated upon the high 
standard of enterprise, ability and in'egrity displayed by its leadins- fire 
underAvriters, prominent among whom is the responsible firm of JfredS. 
James & Co. This extensive business was established in 1863 by Alfred and 
Fred S. James, and continued in that name until 1871,when the business wag 
transferred to Fjcd S. James & Co. Associated with Fred S. James at 
the present time are Wm. D. Marsh and George W. Blossom. The firm was 
one of tne few to go through the great conflagi'ation of ]871 with compara- 
tively few failures in their line of companies, so conservative and prudent 
had they been in the selection of risks-their offices are located at 174 La 
Salle street, and are commodiously and handsomely fitted up and furnished 
with great taste. This firm is the agent for a number of the leading corpora- 
tions in their line. Among the many represented are the following: Lan- 
cashire of England, cash assets S-,010,"^19; Firemen's Fire Insurance Co., 
Boston, Mass., cash capital S400,0(0; Eliot Insurance Co., Boston, Mass , 
cash capital, S200.()U0: Connecticut Fire Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn., 
cash capital, |l,000,0(X); National Fire Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn , 
cash capital Sl,000,ObO; Broadway Insurance Co., New York, cash capital 
$2,000,00'; The Delaware Mutual Safety Insurance Co., Philadelphia, Pa., 
cash capital $702,875. 

GanibZingrifoi/ses.— Notwithstanding the frequent attempts to crush out 
gambling houses in Chicago, there are many such places. Strangers visit 
them at their own risk. 

Geo. B. Carpenter & Co.— Location, 202 and 208 S . Water street. The busi- 
ness of this house was established by George A. Robb, in 1840, only three 
years after the incorporation of Chicago as a city. In 1845 Mr. Pays -n was 
admitted to the firm, and the name was changed to Payson & Robb. Mr. 
Payson retired in 1850, when Mr. Gilbert Hubbard entered the firm, the 
style of which was then made Hubbard & Robb. After the death of Mr. 
Robb in 1857, George B. Carpenter became a partner in tho firm. Gilbert 
Hubbard & Co. succeeded, and during twenty-four years, to tbe time of Mr, 
Hubbard's death, in 1881, the house advanced to its present position in the 
trade, and the name became a familiar one throughout the West. In Jan- 
uary, i?82, following thedeath of Mr. Hubbard, th ^ business pas ed into the 
hands of the present fii m, who had been his associate for a quarter of a cen- 
tury , and Geo. B. Carpenter & Co. have since cared for the ti-ade upon the 
same principles as char, cteiized the management of the old house. From 
1859, until the great fire of 1^71, the concern occupied the larae iron front 
building at No. 205 and 207 South Water street, immediately opposite their 
present location. That was burned to the ground on the night of O tober 
9th O'f that memorat le year, but befoi-e the ruins were cold a tent was set 
up, and Gilbert Hubbard & Co. resumed business. Of course the great fire 
of 1871 played havoc with Geo. B. Carpenter & Co., as it did with so many of 



298 HAND-BOOK OF 

Chicago's business men. After flwelilng in a tent a short time the business 
occupied an old grain wareiiouse on Market street until 1875, when it moved 
to its present ample quarter ; but, owuig to ihe increase in their business, 
these quarters were found to be insufficient, so much so that, in 1887, they 
erected their present warehouse, a six-storv structure with a capacity of 
two hundred car loads A short description of the store— they call it a sam- 
ple room as well as a warehouse— wond no doubt be mteresting. In the 
b sement is a rigging room as well as an endless stocli of wire rope cordage, 
waste, naval supplies, etc. On the main floor, besides counting' and sa scs- 
rooms, th'-re are cordage and ship chandery^ sundries. The second floor 
contains the offi e and rubber goods, canvas and twines. The third floor, 
known as the machine room, contains over forty of the latest ma hines for 
sew ngi anvas. The fifth fl)or is the sail loft, where, besidessails, the heavier 
c nvas goods ar^^ made lato various articles. In the warehouse the bas - 
ment and main fl ^ors are used for cordage, the second for canvas, the third 
for twines, tt.-., and the fifth for lumbermen's tools. This is a brief history 
of the house. From small beginnings it has reached its present magnitude, 
and is constant y winning respect as well as growing in size and strength. 
The p blic i^ always interested in knowing something about the men who 
are back of a great bus n^ss, and who make it •' go." And how accurately 
the business reflects the character of the men who are behind it— reputable 
busiaess, hoLorabie men. 

Germania T/ieatre.— Randolph, near Clark street; newest of the great 
theatres; performances nightly; Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. Sea- 
sons of German drama and opera. 

Great Northern Ho teL— Dearborn st., opposite Post ofiice. New 14-story 
commercial hotel. 

Grand Opera House.— Clav'k street, north of Washington, opposite City 
Hall. First-class attractions. Performances nightly and Wednesday and 
Saturday afternoons. 

Grand Pacific HoteZ.— Jackson street, opposite Board of Trade; noted for 
its rotunda and high class patronage. 

Grand View Hotel.— Formerly " Leland:" beautiful view of Lake Michi- 
gan; vicinity of Art Palace; close to business centre; first-class manage- 
ment and patronage. 

Grant Locomotive T'Torfes.— Located at the corner of Sixteenth street and 
Robinson avenue. Take train at Grand Central Depot, Fifth avenue and Har- 
rison st eet, via theChicago& Northern Pacific raiiroad. Capital SbOO,.0'. 
Edward T. Jeffery, late general manager of the Illinois Central railroad, is 
p esident of the company, which has purchased the somewhat famous t act 
of land known faS "S ctinn :il, Cicero." The capacity of the works is aoout 
250 locomotives per annum, and the entire plant was completed in 1893. 
Mess s. Bjgue& Co., 59 Dearborn street, have charge of i he sale of the 
valuHble residences and manufacturing lands in the Grant Locomotive 
Works Addition. 

Gormidly & Jeffery Mfg. Co.— Makers of the "Rambler" bicycles. R* 
Philip Gormully, presif^ent and treasurer ; Thos. B. Jeffery, secretary and 
superintendent. Works located on North Franklin and Pearson streets; 
retail salesroom at 85 Madison street ; has branch houses in New York, Bos- 
ton and Washington. Established in 1:79. This concern from a small begin- 
ning now ranks as one of the leaders in its particular line, the value of their 
immense plant mounting well up into six figures. It is the second oldest 
bicycle institution in this country ; was the first in the West, and also the 
very first in America, with sufficient faith in what, less than eight yeirs ago, 
seemed a very precarious industry, to erect and equip a factory specially for 
the manufacture of bicycles. 




[Engraved For The Standard Guide Company.] 
GEO. B. CARPENTER & CO.-FIFTH AVE. AND SOUTH WATER ST, 



ESTABLISHED 1840. 



GEO. B. GftRrENTER & GO., 

SHIP CHANDLERS & SAILMAKERS. 



DEALERS IN 



TWIHES & CORDAGE. 

60TT0N DUGK, 

STEEL & IRON WIRE ROPE, 

GflfllNS, BLOCKS, Etc., 

RftlLROflD, 

MILL & 

VESSEL SUPPLIES. 

202 to 208 So. Water St., - CHICAGO. 



THE WOKLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 299 

Gutta Percha Mfg Co.— Calling* attention to advertisement of the Gutta 
Percha and Kubber Mfg-. Co., Ave commend their goods as among the bestin 
their line. This company was established in 1855 and have from the first 
enjoyed an enviable reputation as regards the quality of their products. In 
fire hose they lead all otner manufacturers 'n the world. In belting, pack- 
ing, hose for steam and water, air brake, brewers and suction hose, they 
are headquarters, turning out as they do continually the largest of sizes 
and the best g-oods and giving in all their products universal satisfaction. 

Haclxs and Cabs.— See Hack and Cab rates in Appendix. Hack and Cab 
stands are found throughout thj center of the city. They may b-- called from 
any public telephone station. 

HavUn''s T/ieatre.— Wabash avenue, betwseen Eighteenth and Twentieth 
streets. High class attractions; performance nig'htly, Wednesday and Sat- 
urdaj' afternoons. 

Hayrsom Ca7i.s.— The Hansom cab is i opular in Chicago. [See Hack and 
Cab rates in Appendix.] 

Hnrtmin, I. A. & Co.— Real estate and Loans; located in th.- Opera 
House Building-; sub-divisions at Harvey and South Harvey; lots sold at 
from $150 to $400, .j25 cash, balance monthly. 

Haymarket Theatre.— West Side, Madison near Halsted street. First-class 
attractions. Performances nightly and Wednesday and Saturday after- 
noons. 

Henry Dibblee Co., T/i e.— Location of factory and sales rooms 149 and 
1.50 Michigan ave. (tormerlj^ and for many years at 266 and 268 Wabash 
ave ) The company occupies the entire four-story building at the numbers 
named, where they employ a large number of workmen in the manuf cture 
of the finest special designs in wood mantels, bookcases, office fixtures, 
side-boards and all kinds of interior ornamental furnishings. Thebusuaess 
of the company was established in 1873 by Henry Dibblee, in whose name it 
was conducted until 1886, when it was incorporated with a capital stock of 
ST5,000. Officers: Anson S. Hopkins, president; B. E. Sunny, vice-presi- 
dent; J. G. Sanborn, secretary and treasurer. They carry in stock the 
largest assortment of grates and mantels, and are large importers of Eng- 
lish tiles for floors, walls, etc. Among the many prominent buildings fitted 
up by this company we may mention the Auditor) um, of Chicago, Kin ley's, 
the Pullman office building, the Polk street and Great Western depots; the 
Keith and Perry office buildings, Kan.-as City; the Northwestern Life 
Insurance building, Milwaukee; the Tennessee C'ub, of Memphis. Tenn., as 
well as hosts of the finest private residences. Their elegantly fitted show 
rooms are Avorthy of a visit from the stranger, and especially those inter- 
ested in the lines manufactured and carried by this company. 

Hooleij's r7jeaf re.— Randolph street, opposite City Hall. The Bijou thea- 
tre of Chicago; called "the Home of Comedy." First-class attractions 
aiAvays. Nightly, with Wednesday and Saturday matine s. 

HoteZ TFeZZingrton.- Wabash ave. and Jackson sts.; one of the most gen- 
teel hotels in the city; elegantly furnished; European and American plau; 
high class patronage. 

Iron Tr<.r/f8.— There are some immense iron works in Ch cago. See 
"Vierling McDowell & Co. " 

Irivin, Green & Co.— This is one of the oldest houses in the grain com, 
mission trade in Chicago. Located at 126 to 131 hialto Building adjoining- 
ihe Board of Trade. D. W. Irwin and A. W. Green and C. D. Irwin com- 
pose the firm. Established by 1>. W. Irwin in 1854. Later it became D. W. 
Irwin & Co., ana continued so for some years. Mr. Green has been with 



300 HAND-BOOK OF 

the house over twenty years. C. D. Irwin is a son of the senior member. 
The Arm has ridden out all panics, has never failed, has always enjoyed the 
highest credit among- bankers and the trade in general, and does a large 
receiving- and shipping- business, besides dealing- extensively in grain and 
provisions and buying and selling for future delivery all commodities dealt 
in OQ the Board of Trade. The firm's offices in the Rial to Building comprise 
a fine suite of rooms, are convenient to the Board and worthy of a visit from 
the stranger. 

JenMns, Kreer & Company.— One of the most widely and favorably 
known houses among the dry-goods, commission merchants and manu- 
facturer's agents in this market. From the formation of the house in 1880 
its standing has been that of one of the most successful of its kind in the 
West. Originally the house was established as Clapp, Jenkins & Co., which 
continued as the firm tit!e until 1885, when Mr. Kreer entered the firm and 
the n-ame was changed to Jenkins, Kreer & Co. Four years later Mr. Downs 
was admitted as partner, 

Kimhall HaZ?— Handsome Concert Hall, managed by the W. W. Kimbal 
Co., 243 to 253 Wabash ave. 

Kimhall, The W. W. Co —Piano and organ wareroom, 243 to 253 Wabash 
ave. Largest concern of the kind in Chicago. Worthy of a visit. 

Klinck Catarrh Remedy.— The Klinck Catarrh and Bronchial Remedy 
Company, located at 87 Jackson street, is perfectly trustworthy in every par- 
ticular. Their remedy for catarrh is one that the public should inquire into. 
Catarrh is the most prevalent affliction of Chicago people. Residents of one 
or two years standing in this city seldom escape it; the great majority of 
Chicago people suffer from it in various degrees. The Klinck Catarrh 
Remedy is cheerfully recommended for catarrh, hay fever, cold in the head, 
canker and bronchitis. The remedy is giving universal satisfaction and 
should be thoroughly tested by all sufferers from this Chicago disease. It is 
sold by all druggists. 

Krimhill & Fuchs.— Among the real estate dealers of Chicago is the firm 
of Krimbill & Fuchs, at Room 23 Reaper Block, 95 Clark street, who are in a 
position to oflfer as good inducements as any other firm in Chicago, in South 
Side property, and the locating of manufacturing industries in the Calumet 
region, from the harbor at South Chicago to Hammond, which is the 
acknowledged manufacturing center for Chicago in the future. This firm has 
for sale and exchange a large list of valuable improved property on the best 
bu iness streets and boulevards and fine resident riroperty in most sections 
of the city and especially South, in the vicinity of the World's Fair grounds, 
Englewood, Auburn Park, Park Manor, Eggleston, Washington Heights, 
Eng-lewood on the Hill and South Chicago. This firm also does a large bus- 
iness in the sale and exchange of farm Western lands, Southern timber 
lands and cattle and sheep ranches. Mr. Krimbill, the senior member of the 
firm, has been located in South Chicago for nearly twenty years and is well 
qualified to assist in choosing suitable locations for manufacturing sites and 
bargains in real estate in the Calumet region. The South Chicago office is 
in Room 485 Winnipeg Block, South Chicago, 111. 

Kumyss—Arend's drug store, Madison st. and Fifth Ave. A refreshing 
and healthful drink. 

Kurtz Bros. & Biihrer. —Jjocated at 832, 834, 836, 838 and 840 Austin avenue. 
Manufacturers of light gray iron castings. The buildings cover 130 by 300 
feet; capacity, 15 tons per day. There are 120 men employed. All kinds of 
agricviltural, architectural and hardware castings are turned out here, and, 
besides, a large business is done in japanning and galvanizing. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 301 

Lemont Stone Quarries.— Located at Lemont, a suburb of Chicago, on the 
C. & A. R. R.. and in the vicinity. The source of the building stone supply 
of the city. These extensive quaries are controlled by the Western Stone 
Co. 

Lihby Prison Museum —Wahash avenue betvveen Fourteenth and 
Sixteenth streets; contained in the original Libby Prison, moved here 
from Richmond, Va. This is one of the finest and largest collections of 
Civil War and historical relics in the country, and one that all visitors should 
see. 

Lihraries.—See "Public Library" and "Libraries," Part IIL of this book. 
The Public library is open to visitors daily. 

M. A. Richaixlson, Jr.,& Co.— This firm was founded by M. A. Richardson* 
Sr., who has been engaged in the manufacturing and jobbing business in 
Chicago since 1870. They were located on East Lake street for a number of 
years, but finding it diflBc'ult to obtain room for their rapidly growing busi- 
ness o I the overcrowded South Side, and recognizing the fact that the busi- 
ness center of Chicago must move westward, they went over to the West 
Side in 1890 and purchased the corner on West Washington boulevard and 
Curtis street, where they erected a large six-story building adapted to the 
manufacture of tinware and other goods in their line, and where they also 
do a large jobbing business in japanned, silver-plated ware, clocks, cutlery, 
and all kinds of kitchen utensils,novelties, etc., etc. This location is conve- 
ni- nt to all freight depots and is easily reached by business men visiting the 
city, as the Madison street cable cars run one block to the south and the Ran- 
dofph street horse cars one block to the north, while the Lake street eleva- 
ted road, when completed, will run within two blocks on the north. Visitors 
should get off the cars at Curtis street, when they wiU have no trouble to 
find the place. 

Marine Engine TTorTrs.- Robert Tarrant, proprietor. This is one of the 
pioneer industries in its line iu this city, having been started in 1857 t j^ Mr. 
John Murphy, who with various partners was connected with it up to 1866, 
at which time Mr. Tarrant entered into partnership with him under the firm 
name of Murphy & Tarrant, their connection continuing until the great fire 
of 1871, at which time Mr. Murphy retired. Mr. Tarrant, Avith the energy 
characteristic of him, at once began to enlarge the business, and as a result 
has to-day a shop whose equipment of tools and appliances is second to 
none in the country. 

Marshall Field & Co.— This great retail dry goods house. State and Wash- 
ington streets and Wabash avenue should be visited by all strangers This is 
the greatest first-class dry-goods house in America, perhaps in the world. 
" Field's" is the popular rendezvous of fashionable ladies. Connected with 
the establishment is an elegant cafe. Marshall Field & Co.'s wholesale 
horse, the first strictly commercial structure in the country, is located on 
Fifth avenue, Adams, Franklin and Quincy streets. Visitors admitted. 

Mason & Davis Co.— Foundry Grand Crossing, 111.; salesroom 72, 74 and 
76 Lake street; A. C.Mason, president; F. B. Davis, vice-president; F. M. 
Blair, secretary and treasurer. Persons desiring the best range in the mar- 
ket, whether for coal, wood or gas, or for both coal and gas, are referred to 
this establishment as i>er advertisement. See index to advertisers. 

McVicT<er''s T/ieaf re. —Madison, near State street. The oldest amusement 
house in the city. High class attractions. Performances nightly and Wed- 
nesday and Saturday afternoons. 

McCormich Harvesting Machine Company.— -Cyrxis H. McCormick, 
president; Eldridge it. Fowler, vice-president; E. K. Butler, general mana- 
ger. Offices, corner Wabash ave. and Congress St.; works four miles south- 



302 HAND-BOOK OF 

west, on the south branch of the Chicaero river, accessible from the buisness 
center of the city, via Blue Island avenue street car line. One of the great- 
est and most interesting of Chicago's wonderful industries. These wor s 
were founded by the late ('yrus H. McCormick; cover 37 acres; employ 3,000 
skilled mechan.csand find a market for their product in all parts of the 
civil-zed world. [See Flinn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Milwaukee Avenue State Banfe.— Location Milwaukee Avenue and Car- 
penter street. Take Milwaukee avenue cable line. Capital, $350,000. Suc- 
cessor to the b inking house of Paul O. Stensland & Co., the leading financial 
institution of the northwestern section of the city. The former bank had 
built up a very large business with the tradespeople of Milwaukee avenue 
and the great manufacturing concerns contiguous to that important 
thoroughfare. For this reason it became necessary to increase its capital 
stock and facilities, and an organization under the State banking laws was 
effected on September 15, 1891, when the Milwaukee Avenue State Bank was 
incorporated, i'he officers of the bank are: President, Paul O. Stensland; 
vice-president, Andrew C. Lausten ; cashier, Charles B. Schlytern ; attorney, 
D.jnaldL. Morill. Directors: John P. Hanson, F. H. Herhold, William 
Johnson, M. A. LaBuy, A. C. Lausten, John McLaren, Thomas Q. Morris, 
John Schermann, John Smulski, Paul O. Stensland and Soren D. Thorson. 
The stockholders are all i-e presents tive business and professional men. 
Among the more prominent are : Franklin s. Anderson, of John Anderson 
Publishing Co. ; John P Hansen cigar manufacturer ; F. Herhold & Sons, 
chair manuf icturers; A. J. Johnson & Sons, furniture manufacturers; 
William Johnson, vessel owner; Peter Kiolbassa, city treasurer; Andrew 
C. Lausten, president Northwestern Lead & Oil Co. ; Richard Prendergast, 
attorney; Morris Kosenfeld, capitalist; Jesse Spalding, president of the 
Spalding Lumber Co.; Paul O. Stensland, Soren B. Thorson, of Central 
Manufacturing Co., and John R. Walsh, president Chicago National Bank. 
This bank does a general business and in addition has a savings department. 
Teachers, clerks, artisans and wage-workers generally will find this a con- 
venient and safe place for their savings. Deposits received in this depart- 
ment in amounts of one dollar and upwards, and interest allowed at the 
usual rates. This bank sells exchange and money orders on fore gn 
countries at the lowest market rates. Drafts, payable on demand, drawn 
on all principal cities in Europe, and remittances made to any address Avith- 
out ri^k to the purchaser. Foreign money bought and sold. Connected 
with this bank are the Milwaukee avenue Safe Deposit Vaults, where pri- 
vate boxes for the safe keeping of documents and other valuables, ar i 
rented at $5.00 per year. Entrance through the bank. Ihe high standing 
and popularity of the president of the bank in his capacity of a private cit- 
izen, bring to the institution, of which he is the head, the confidence 
of the public. Mr. Stensland's time is given almost wholly to the conduct 
of this institution, and it gives promise of ranking among the great bank- 
ing houses of the city before very long. 

Mosely Folding Bath Tuh Co.— Among the new and useful inventions which 
are now attracting the notice of the pubhc, and being received with pro- 
nounced favor and success, is the xMosely Folding Bath Turi, manufactured 
by the Mosely Folding Bath Tub Co., of this city. These » aths are gotten up 
in the attractive style of modern furniture and are found desirable in any 
home, either city or country, f urnishinyr a complete bath equipment, giving 
economy in space and cost and offering many advantages, esp cially in 
heating conveniences. These baths are also fitted wish a neat Toilet Cabi- 
net in place of heater, for use with hot and cold water connections where 
the heating facilities are not required, thus meeting all requirements. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 303 

Munger-CoUnn Manvfacturiiuj Co.--The growth of the manufacturing- 
interests of Chicago during the past few years has attracted the attent on 
of the whole country. Many old manufacturers have removed their plants 
to this cit3% and a large number of new comi)anies have l)een organized, and 
are now in successful operation. Among these latter is the Munger-Colton 
Manufacturing Co., whose oIHce is at No. 143 Lake street. This company 
was organized and incorporated in February, 1890, its officers being H . H. 
Munger, president ; G. A. Colton, vice-president, and C. L. Munger, secre- 
tary and ti-easurer. The company is manufacturing sorae superior special- 
ties in builders' hardware, such as transom lifters, sliding door hangers, 
etc., all of which they have fully covered by patents. H. H. & C. L. Mun- 
ger, No. 143 I ake street, who have for the past ten years been the Western 
representatives of a number of Eastern manufacturers, are the general 
agents of the Munger-Colton Manufacturing Company. 

Mutual Life Insurance Company, of New York.— Charles H. Ferguson, 
general agent of the st te of Illmois. Offices, seco d floor, Tacoma Bu Iding, 
Mad son and LaSalle streets. As the Mutual Life of New York is the great- 
est of the li te companies, so is their central agency in this city, the most 
attractive oflHce in this line of business. The Tacoma itself is a wonderful 
structure, and should be visited by strangers. While in the building it will be 
well to drop into the headquarters of Mr. Ferguson, wherp, from the num- 
ber of ladiesand gentlemen busily employed at all hours of the day, one may 
obtam at least a faint idea of the immense volume of business transacted by 
the lUino.s agency. The Mutual Life has cash assets amoutiting to the 
handsome little sum of $160,000,0(0. Its standing is foremist among the 
greatest financial institutions of the age. Every policy-holder is a stock- 
holder and has a voice in the management of its affairs and in the election 
of its otficers. It is strictly mutual. Mr. Ferguson hns increased the prem- 
iums of the company in Illinois during the past five years fom #606,077 to 
$1,025,575, its new business from $l,769,5f) to $7,324, 13, and its insurance in 
force in this state from $20,290,7J0 to $36,884, 1 27. It is hardly necessary to say 
more either for the Mutual Life Insvirance Company of New York or for its 
Illinois agent. These figui es speak volumes for both . 

Netvcomb, J. C— Established in 18:7, the picture frame house of J. C. 
Newcomb has always held high reputation. The celebrated Newcomb frames 
are known all over the country. Factory and s-iles rooms at 307 and 309 
Wabash avenue, opposite north entrance Auditorium. Any size frames are 
here made to order, all with beautifully finished corners. Gold, silver, gilt, 
ivory, white enamel and polished woods, all made with the greatest care to 
produce an artistic setting for the picture. 

Neivman Bros.— Organ manufacturers, located at the corner of West 
Chicago avenue and Dix street. The Newman organ factory is one of the 
great industries of Chicago, and the instruments turned out have earned a 
high and much-deserved reputation. 

Northern Asffurance Company of Lourton.— One of the most substantial 
of England's financial institutions is the Northern Assurance Company of 
London and Aberdeen, which is transactirg a general fire insurance busi- 
ness in this country and Canada, as well as throughout the world. This 
sterling company Avas organized in ls36, at Aberdeen, Scotland, and its 
management soon round it necessary to have headquarters maintained in 
London, as well, to properlv manage the large business it rapidly acquired 
through its various sub-officps. Since it was founded it has paid to its policy 
holders in losses the enormous sum of over $35,tJ00,0U('. one-fifth of which sum 
has ^^een paid to claimants in the United States. Bankers and morteragees 
readily accept its policies for as large insurance as the company is willing to 
grant, and not a few of the most conservative insist upon its policies in 



304 HAND-BOOK OP 

transactions in which they have the naming of the insurance companies. 
For the convenience of its patrons in the United States it has established 
agencies in all the cities and towns, with managing departments in the 
principal cities. The company, appreciating the importance of Chicago as 
a commercial center, has established here, not only a general office for the 
transaction of its large business throughout the Northwestern States and 
Territories, but a local office as well, so that its patrons in Chicago may deal 
direct with the company . All losses in these offices are paid, without refer- 
ence, by check on tteir Chicago bankers. The Northwestern Department 
is located at 2;26 LaSalle street, and is und^r the management of Wm. D. 
Crooke. The local office for the city and suburban business is at 170 La- 
Salle street, in charge of Charles Nelson Bishop, as city manager. 

Northwestern Masonic Aid Association. -Jjocsited in the Home Insurance 
building, Adams and La Salle scs,; officers: Daaiel J. Avery, president; 
James A. Stoddard, secretary. The offices of this association are Avorthy of 
a vjsit. They occupy nearly a whole floor of the magnificent building, and 
a force of sixty clerks is employed in the various departments. The North- 
western Masonic Aid was organized in 1874 with the same persons as presi- 
dent and secretary, and their continuance in office from year to ytar proves 
how satisfactory has been the result of their labors to the AssocJetion. Each 
succeeding ye ir has added to the strength and prosperity of the Association 
until, at the close of 1891, we find that it had paid over to beneficiaries no less 
than $9,00.1,000, 58,000 certificates in full, representing $15.5,000.00'J insurance 
at risk, and a surplus of $517,000 over all liabilit es. Am-mg the special 
features are: No annual dues; th-i policy is for a definite amount, and practi- 
cally incontestible after three years; notice given before a member can be 
lapsed for non-payment of assessments; no assessments collect* d in advance 
under promise of future dividends; annual statement verified by Auditor of 
the State of Illinois. 

0'' Connor Shoe, The.— This patent extension "shoe" is radically different 
from anythmg in its line heretofoi'e in use. It is an apparatus designed in 
accordance with well established physiological Jaws, constructed upon rec- 
ognized principles of human locomotion, and recommended by the highest 
surgical authority in the United States. See advertisement. See index to 
advertisers. 

Orcutt Lithographing Co., T/ie.— Located in and occupying a greatpartof 
the Pontiac building, 358 Dearborn street, corn«^r of Harrison. This is one 
of the greatest lithographic establishments in the Avorld. The work turned 
out annually is familiar to the Amercan public. It ranges from the ordi- 
nary to the most superb grades of lithography. Ihe Orcutt c )mpany 
makes a specially of the finest grade of color work and has facilities for 
handling large orders promptly. The World's Fair buildings have been 
made a feature during the past year The beautiful lithographs of the 
gre tt department, and state and foreign buildings, bird's-eye views, etc., 
that have charmed the eyes of millions of people, are all from the artists, 
engravers and printers of this company. Some of these are splendid immi- 
tations of water c lors in ten or more printings. Strangers should visit the 
display rooms of the Orcutt Company. 

Palmer House.— State and Monroe streets; Potter Palmer (husband of 
Mrs. Bertha M. Palmer, president of the Board of Lady Managers of t^e 
Columbian Exposition,) proprietor. Commercial travelers' headquarters. 

Pettibone, Mullihen & Company'' s IForTcs.— Situated on four acres of 
ground, occupying the block bounded by Hawthorne avenue, Eastman, 
Dayton and Rees streets, having 450 feet front on the Chicago, Milwaukee 
& St. Paul Railway. The buildings are of substantial character, built of 
brick, and cover nearly two-thirds of the property. Pettibone, MuUiken & 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 305 

Company are manufacturers of Strom Clamp Frog, Channel Split Switches, 
Axel Automatic Switch stands, Pilot Automatic Switch Stands, Banner 
Switch Stands, Marks Switch Stands, Samson Head Chairs, Tie Bars and 
ordinary frogs, crossings, split switches, combination slip switches, also 
Alkins Forged Steel Kail Braces, Jenne Track Jacks, Union Track Drills, 
Perfection Track Drills, Roller Rail Benders, and Union Counterbalance 
Hoists for ore docks. 

Plankinton of Milwaukee, The— The "Cream City," as it has been named, 
is noted for its large number of German residents, its immense breweries, 
and the Plankinton House. The Plankinton, a model hotel, is centrally 
located on Grand Ave., occupying almost an entire block and contains about 
450 rooms. The reading room is very commodious and contains many 
handsome works of art in the way of pictures, etc. Ten fine tables of the 
Bi'unswick-Balke-CoUender company's manufacture have been placed in 
the Billard room. Manager Chase always keeps a sharp lookout for the 
comfort and entertainment of the guests, and that his efforts are successful 
is shown by the large list of daily arrivals at all seasons of the year. Over 
twelve hundred choice etchings and engravings have been placed in the 
public and guest rooms throughout the hotel. The idea is a good one and 
will be appreciated by the patrons of the Plankinton. This hotel is noted 
for its excellent cuisine, for which it deserves a great deal of praise, also 
for the prompt service in the dining room. 

Police Protection.— The police of Chicago are compelled to give every 
attention to strangers, to protect them against imposition, extortion etc., 
and to give them all needed information . Police may be called bj' telephone 
or from patrol boxes. 

Powell, M. W. & Co.— The oldest firm of Roofers in the United States is 
M. W. Powell and Company, at '664: Dearborn street. The name of this firm 
appears upon the contract list cf eightj' (8U) per cent, of the tetter build- 
ings in Chicago; while their business extends throughout the United States. 

Pratt & Ely .—A well known firm doing a general Real Estate business 
at No 133 La Salle streec, Chicago. Their experience and well known con- 
servative valuations have made the mortgage loans negotiated by them 
deservedly popular with investors; their careful and skillful management of 
improved property, and long acquaintance with the peculiarities of tenants 
and the rights of landlords have been the elements which have drawn to 
this firm the clientage of many wealthy owners of real estate who feel they 
get better results by trusting experienced and reliable agents who can do 
the most to make their investments and income satisfactory. It requires 
years of patient toil and experience in all departments to acquire the nec- 
essarj' versatility and executive knowledge, and above all, to acquire the 
tact and good j udgment to act discreetly under any and all unexpected cir- 
cumstances that are continually arising in connection with real estate. It 
has been the good fortune of all the members of this firm to have traveled 
extensively and to have studied the relative conditions and ways of conduct- 
ing the real estate business in other cities, and a visit to their oflice will sat- 
isfy all that a system and thoroughness prevails in every department that 
can not fail to bring satisfaction to their clients. This firm had the exclus- 
ive agency and superintendency of the improvement of the beautifnl part 
of the town of La Grange known as the Kensington addition, aod their expe- 
rience has made this one of the most successful results ever known around 
Chicago. The firm deserves the success gained by years of patience, and is 
an incentive to other firms to have courage and thoroughness combined. 

Pullman.— PuUmsixi is unquestionably one of the greatest attractions 
Chicago has to ofler her visitors. It is situated on the west shore of L ike 
Calumet, fourteen miles south of the Court House. The extreme length 



dUb HAND-BOOK OF 

of the town is about two miles in a north and south direction, and it is half a 
mile in average width. The surf ace of sti^eets around the Arcade is about 
nine feet nbove the level of ihe lake, permitting- good basements for build- 
ings. The land rises to the north and west, and the surface at the foundry 
is fifteen feet aoove the la\e level. All Improvements in the way of dram - 
nge, pa^ ing, seweraae, gas and water, preceded the population, or were put 
in when the houses were b lilt. Pullman has a population of ll,78j(Septem- 
I er, 1 9i), and 6,000 operatives are employed in all the industries here, and 
their average earnings are $2 a day, or over StiOO a year each. These earn- 
ings averaged S(?lu.7oeaeh in the Pullman industri s i or the fiscal year end- 
ing July 31, 184. In n) other pla e are all worwmenso well provided for as 
here. See "Guide to Pullman" in Finn's Standard Guide to Chicago.] 

Pullman Palace Car Co.— Main office, Pullman building-. President, 
George M. Pullman. Directors, George M. Pullman, Marshall Field, J. W. 
Doane, Norman Williams andO. S. A. Sprague, of Chicago; Henry C. HuJ- 
bert, of New York, and Henry R. Re.id, of Boston. One of the greatest cor- 
porations in the world. [See Flinn's St ndard Guide to Chicago], 

Redfiel'U C. S.— General real estate business, Rooms 630-633, No, 218 
LaSalle street, commenced business iu this Jine in this city in 1873. Mr. 
Redfield has made a specialty of high grade suburban residence and busi- 
ness property, notably Engiewood, Auburn Park and Evanston. He builds 
many houses every year, usuallj^ to order, for his customers, and sells them 
on easy terms He refers with pride to those who have been so fortunate 
as to purchase property through his efforts. 

jRelic iJottsc.— Located at 900 North Clark street, just North of Lincoln 
Park. Take North Clark street cable car. William Lindemann, proprietor. 
One of the most interest ng attractions of Chicatro for thevisior. The 
building is c )nstructed of material taken from the great Chicago fire of 
1871. It is filled with relics and souvenirs of that territile calamity, and one 
can spend an hour here ve y pleasantly. Refreshments of all kinds are 
served by polite waiters. It is but a short walk from any part of Lincoln 
Park. 

Pemington Typewriter .—Wyci^oE, Seamans & Benedict proprietors; offices 
in all the large cities of this country and at London and Manchester, England; 
Chicago office, 175 Monroe street. This typewriter is in usethroughout the 
civilized world. Although bearing the name of " Remington," aside from 
the fact that in its early history the machine was taken to the then well- 
known Remiugton firearms and sewing-machine factory at Ilion, N. Y., 
and fr^m there first placed in a quiet way upon the market, the name had 
nothing t) do with its invention, and very little to do with its subsequent 
improvement. The successful invention, improvement and introduction of 
the Remington typewriter, and the i-esulting success of ail other (though 
competing) writing machines of today, is due wholly to the enterprise, per- 
severance, business foresight and indefatigable energy of the present Rem- 
inston owners, who perfected and popularized the "Remington"— W. O. 
Wyckoff, C. W. Seamans, and K. H. Benedict- the men who have controlled 
its des iny, shaped it to its present perfection, and wholly popularized its use, 
s'nce 1879, at which time the instrument had been scarcely heard of, and 
then only to be regarded with suspicion and disfavor. These three men 
have made the "typewriter " and " typewriting " Avhat it is to-day, a" d to 
them more than to any other men ( more, even, than to the inventors them- 
selves, who left the machine in a very crude and impracticable shape) are 
due the gratitude and grateful remembrance of a world of writers whom 
they have so munificently served. 

Rice and Whitacre Manufacturing Company.- Located 47 and 49 South 
Canal street. Established as a firm, 1880. Incorporated, 1887. Manufacture 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 307 

and handle engines, boilers, steam pumps, power transmitting machinery, 
steam and hot water heating apparatus. Among goods of their own manu- 
facture are the '' Kriebel " steam engines and the "■ Triumph " steam and hot 
watsr heaters They are also agents in the West for the "Gurney " hot 
water heaters, and handle a large line of stationary, automatic and hoisting 
engines outside of those of their own manufacture, as well as steel boilers of 
all styles. As a part of their local business, they contract for the erection of 
comp ete steam power plants. Outside of Chicago, their trade in certain 
lines extends to all parts of the United States, and some of their goods are 
sold f . r export. Their shops are well equipped with modern improvements 
and facilities, including the latest machinery, while a large force of skilled 
men is required to meet the demands of their constantly increasing patron- 
age. 

Richelieu HofeL— Michigan avenue, between Van Buren and Jackson 
streets. High class, beautifully furnished; noted for its cuisine. 

Ritchie W. C., cfc Company.— Ajnong the industries of Chicago which 
have grown with the growth of the city, that of paper-box making is 
specially worthy of notice; W. C. Ritchie & Company being the most success- 
ful in that line. This firm is the successor of Ritchie & Duck, which was 
formed September 1, 1866, with a capital of only $1,600, and sales for first year 
of $10,0 0. Immediately after the fire of 1871 they erected a temporary build- 
ing at 4 3 W. Van Buren, and in October, 1872, they removed to 154 and 155 
Michigan avenue, occupying two and one-half floors, 40x150. By purchas- 
ing the property and adding two stories to the building, they managed to 
take care of their growmg trade till the end of the year 1891, when they 
moved into their px'esent quarters, built expressly for their business, at the 
southwest corner of Van Buren and Green streets, and owned by the senior 
member of the firm. A cut of the building is shown on another page. This 
establishment is undoubtedly the most complete of its kind in the United 
States, and has 75,000 square feet of floor space, fully equipped with all the 
Improved machinery in their line, including a machine-shop forrepairs. As 
the re 't received from the stores and two stories not yet needed by them 
pays a fair interest on the investment, they are enabled to manufacture 
their goods with the least possible expense, and their aim is, by low prices, 
to increase their business, so that in a few years they will need the whole 
building. Their success shows them to be wide-awake Chicago men. 

S. D. Kimhark.— At the corner of Michigan avenue and Lake street 
stands a solid structure, 13 i feet front and 150 feet deep, with facilities for 
shitjping and handling goods on three sides. This is the oldest house— hav- 
ing been established in 1853— as well as the best known and largest in the 
West, and for that matter in the country, devoted to The sale of iron, 
heavy hardware, vehicle materials of every description, and tools and ma- 
chines used by blacksmiths, carriage makers and machinist's. Here may be 
found everyth ng luthe line, in endl- ss variety and large quantities. The 
trade of this house extends over the whole of the United States, as well as 
into Australia, and some of the South American Republics. As an adjunct 
to the wholesale business in Chicago, a large factory is in operation at Elk- 
hart, Ind., for the manufactue of carriage bodies, carriage and wagon 
spokes, and vehicle wood material generally. The factory has a capacity 
of a car load of 200 bodies daily, or approximately 60,C00 per year; and is 
therefore one of the largest in the United States. Mr. Kimbark is one of 
th(^ representative men of the c.ty, and prominent in all movements for its 
well being and good. 

Saxviier-Goodman Co.— The Sawyer-Goodman Company, 500 Lumber St. 
and 107 Dearborn St., is one of the largest and most widely known lumber 
comp^inies in America. Its olficers were pioneers in the manufacture of 
lumcer in Michigan and Wisconsin, and it now owns large areas of pine for- 



308 HAND-BOOK OP 

ests in those states, and its mills «re of the largest capacity and most mod- 
ern construction. The distributing yard, in Chicago are among the m(-st 
extensive in the city, with one thousand feet of dock front and track room 
to load fifty cars da ly. Having ample room for piling in ihese great yards 
a stock of lumber, unsurpassed in extent, is constantly on hand, from which 
d3mands for pine lumber for every conceivable purpose can be promptly 
filled; whether from the wholesale lum er merchant of Chicago, to supply 
the deficiencies of his stock, or from the lumbermen of other cities, or 
more especially for shipment by rail to the more remote, but no less impor- 
tant trade of the retail lumber dealeis in all parts of the country. This 
company also manufactures and supplies from its mills large quantities of 
the stock handled by other lum ermen. The combined sales of its mills and 
Chicago yards have exceeded an average of 75,0 O.COO feet annua ly for 
mauy years. To the stranger in Chicago a visit to tht se yards and docks on 
the river near 32d Street bridge would be very interesting, and tourists 
who dvsire to see something of this most important industry would be well 
repaid for a visit to the mills of the company at Marinette, Wisconsin, only 
one night's rid ; from Chicago by palace car. The Pre ident of this com- 
pany is Hon. Philetus Sawyer, of Wisconsin, the well-known United States 
senator; the active officers in Chicago being James B. Goodman, secretary, 
and Wm. O . Goodman, treasurer. 

Sherman House.— One of the oldest of the great hotels. Clark and Ran- 
dolph sts., opposite City Hall. Patronized by provincial merchantsand pro- 
fessional people. 

Ship BidlcUng Fard.— The year 1890 witnessed the establishment of a ship- 
yard capable of turning out vessels of the best type fur lake navig-ition. 
Prior to this no iron or steel vessels had been built at Chicago. This new 
enterprise was undertaken by the Chicago Shipbuilding Company, composed 
of experienced steel shipbuilders, who have located their works on the 
Calumet river, at South Chicago, ab ut a mile above its entrance into Lake 
Michigan. 

Simonds Manufacturing Co.— The year 1892 marked our sixtieth anniver- 
sary as establishej in business. Beginning with a small factory in J 832 at 
Fitchburg, Mass., we now have main office and works at Fitchburg, Mass.; 
branch office and works at Chicago, 111.; also Simonds Saw Co , San Fran- 
cisco, Cal., and Portland, Oregon, and a resident agent at New Orleans, La. 
We manufacture the well-known" Simonds " saws, consisting of solid cir- 
culars, inserted points, bands and crescent-ground ci'oss-cuts ; aho the 
" Simonds " planer knife, paper and veneer knives. We strive to build our 
business on quality at fair prices consistent with superior goods. 

Smyt,h''s Town Market.— The greatest retail house-furnishing est^iblish- 
ment in the Avoi'ld is located on the south side of West Madison near Hal- 
sted st. This is John M. Smyth's or " Smyth's Town Market." The magnif- 
icent building given over to this business was erected in lb91 upon the siie of 
a handsome structure destroj^ed by fire in 1890. It is the largest busin ss 
block on the West Side, and one of the handsomest in the city. Strangers 
should not fail to visitit. By day or night it presents a magnificent exhibit 
of all that is necessary, useful and ornamental in housekeeping. Mr. John 
M. Smyth, the proprietor, is the owner of the building and is recognized as 
one of the leading busiucss men of Chicago. He is the originator of the 
installment idea, and has built up an immense patronage. He is also prom- 
inent in municipal aad political affairs, is influential in all matters of pub- 
lic con ern. and enjoys a reputation for stalwart honesty and sterling qual- 
ities in social and commercial circles. 

Snediker Hernia Treatment —Jjocated in suite 310, Ch'cago Opera House 
Block, Washin-gton and Clark stre ts; Dr. D. L. Snedik r, president; Jolin 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 309 

H. Blood, secretary, treasurer and general manager, [See advertisement 
opposite index in this Hand-Hook.] Thistalies the place of all existing pre- 
vious methods for the treatment of Hernia. The company have on tile 
the names of from 700 to ILOO patients who have been suc- 
cessfullj' treated by Dr. Sncdeker for this disease. A very import- 
tant and unique feature which goes with treatment in every 
case undertaken is an absolute guarantee to cure the case or 
refund the charge. As to their thorough financial responsibility they refer 
to well known banks, leading merchants, mercantile agencies f<nd 
prominent business men in Chicago and el ewhere. Dr. Snediker also refers 
patients as to his professional reputation and general standing among men 
to the following banks in his former home, Emptria, Kan., First National, 
Emporia National, Savings bank. Citizens Bank and also to the Central Bank, 
Kansas City, Mo. For successful treatment personal attendance is neces- 
sary, and patients ai-e protected against accidents from the first treatment 
until cured. They can meantime work at any occupation without risk or 
injury. 

Standard Theatre.— West Side, Halsted and Jackson sts. Sensational and 
variety. Peformance nightly, Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. 

Sweet, Wallac?i & Co.— Located at 215 and 221 Wabash avenue, dealers in 
photographic supplies. Business conducted originally in the name of Chas. 
W. Stevens «fc Co., established 1865. In January, 1886, the present firm 
assumed C(»ntrol of the business and under the present management has 
grown to be ihe leading house in America in its line. 

T/ie DtfuZap Jf at— To no article of wearing apparel probab y is there 
mo'e importance attached by gentlemen than their hat, which may be 
truly characterized as beins: a crowning ornament. A gentleman, no matter 
how faultless y he may be otherwise attired, would cut but a sorry figure in 
polite society were his head coveiing otherwise than stylish and becoming. 
The mission of "Dunlap" ( he of "Celebrated hats" notoiiety) seems 
to have been to create that which would "top off" and give the finishing 
touch to the well-dressed man— and well indeed has he fulfilled that mission, 
as the immense patronage bestowed on his manufactures will attest. Jn a 
late number of the trade Journal (Hatfer a?icl Furrier) we uote his spring 
productions are thus alluded to— "The Dunlap Spring Styles are things of 
beauty, and as the poet says, 'a thing of beauty is a joy forever." 

Tliomson & Taylor Spice Co.— Located at Michigan avenue and Lake 
street. This is one of the largest houses of its kind in the wor d, and its 
business of late has been growing immensely. The new building of the 
company is a decided ornament to the grocery district. It is about ninety 
feet wide by 130 feet long, with light on three sides. It is seven stories high, 
givi g a total height above ground of about eighty-five feet. Boilers and 
engines of iiOO horse-power are located in the basement for driving the 
machinery throughout the building and the electric light plant. The coffee 
machinery occupies the top storj% and parts of the sixth and fifth. There 
are twentj'-two roasters in one line, with coolers and stoners of correspond- 
ing capacity, and a most complete outfit for polishing, milling and separat- 
ing green coffee in large quantities. The estaMishment is the most perfectly 
equipped of any in existence in the country, and is worthy of a visit from 
strangers. 

Tremont Hottse.— Dearborn and Lake streets. Commercial and family 
hotel; one of the handsomest buildings in Chicago. 

Union Stock Fards.— Located on South Halsted st.; in the former town 
of Lake, now withi > the corporate limits, about five and one-half miks 
southwest of the City Hall. Take South Halsted street horse car for yards 
direct, or State street cable lihe with ti'ansfer at Thirty-fifth or Forty-third 



310 HAND-BOOK OF 

st''eet. Or take the trnn at Van Buren street depot, via Chicago, Rock 
Island & Pacific Railway; at Union Depot via Pittsburgh & Fort Wayne 
railroad, or at Central Depot via Illinois Central railroad. The visitor will 
enjoy a drive to the yards by way of Bridgeport, a great manufacturing 
center, or by way of Michigan blvd. to Thirty-ninth street and thence west. 
The Union Stock Yards were organized and opened in 1865. 

Variety Theatres.- -There are a number of variety or vaudeville theatres 
in the city, the location of which it is not necessary to point out. 

Victoria Hotel.— Michigan ave. and Van Buren st. High class semi- 
private hotel . 

Vierling, McDowell & Co.— Iron Works located at Twenty-third street 
and Stewart avenue on the lines of the Pittsburgh, Fort Wayne & Chicago 
and Western Indiana Railroads. Works cover about two acres of ground. 
Have substantial buildings for foundry, pattern, erecting shops and officp. 
Over 200 hands employed, and handle annually over 2i',000 tons of pig iron, 
rolled beams, etc. Take State street or Archer avenue car, or Fort Wayne 
train at Union depot, or Western Indiana Railroad at Dearborn station. 
Robert vierling, president; Louis Vierling, secretary and treasurer, and 
Alfred Grossmith, superintendent. 

Virginia Hotel.— 78 Rushst., North side; high class family hotel. 

Warner Brothers, Corset Manufacturers.— Located at 203 and 205 Jackson 
street; J. A. Miner, manager. Factory located at Bridgeport, Conn. The 
largest corset manufactory in the world; a frontage of 850 feet; height, four 
stories; capacity, 850 dozen corsets a day. The celebrated Coraline Corsat 
made in twenty-four styles to fit any form— short, medium or long waist- 
ranging in price from $1 to $5 each. They manufacture corsets ranging in 
price from $3.50 to $36 per dozen. 

Western Wheel Works.— Factory, Wells, Schiller and Sigel streets. North 
Side; main office, 501 Wells street. The largest bicycle manufacturing estab- 
lishment in America. The factories of this company contain 25,000 square 
feet of floor space, and employ one thousand men. No less than 25,000 
safety bicyles were made and sold in 1891. The facilities of the establish- 
ment have been doubled. Among the most popular bicycles manufactured 
here are the Blackhawk, Crescent No. 3, Escort,Crescent]S'o.l, Juno, Rob Roy 
No.3, Rob Roy No. 2, Rob Roy No. 1. Here are also manufactured the Cinch, 
Combination Junior, Boy's Junior and Pet. These machines have a raai-ket 
in every part of the world, and owing to their popularity the export trade is 
constantly increasing. They are everywhere considered among the most 
reliable and popular. Some of the makes mentioned have been ridden by 
champions in prize contests throughout the country. Eastern agents, R. 
L. Coleman & Co., o5 Barclay street. New York. 

Windsor Theatre.— 'North. Side, North Clark and Division sts.; sensa- 
tional. Performances nightly, Wednesday and Saturday afternoons. 

Wood Bros.— Live stock commission Merchants, Union Stock Yards; 
established 1867 when the live stock business of this city was comparatively 
small. There has been a rapid and enormous growth of the live stock trade 
since that time which they have endeavored to fully keep pace with, by in- 
creasing their facilities and in every possible way improving their methods 
of keeping in close touch with the feeding and shipping industries, and by 
sound advice and expert handling of consignments have built up probably 
the largest live stock commission business done by any firm in the United 
States. The firm's business is systematically organized into different 
departments, so that every class of stock has a special expert salesman to 
give it attention, and whether stock arrives during the day or night is met 
at the chutes where they are unloaded and promptly taken in charge. 




^o' \ V.2-. vv4 %^'^^^\ ^'i^' 




W. C. RITCHIE. P. C. SWETT. 

W. E. RITCHIE. T L. SMEDES. 

W. G. RITCHIE & GOMfflNY, 

MANUFACTURERS OF 

IPaper Boxes ass Paper Cans 

ESTABLISHED isea. 

IFactoru: &. W. 6or. Green and Van Buren Sts., 

CHICAQO. 



In our factory recently built at the corner of Green 
iand Van Buren Streets we have greatly increased our 
facilities for the manufacture of everything in our line. 

We make a specialty of High Grades of Small 
Boxes Used by the Jewelry and Drug Trade, and 
of Fine Finished and Attractive Boxes for the Bet- 
ter Class of Confectionery Trade. 

We have added to our capacities for turning out 
our Specialties in Round Work, such as Paper Cans, 
Axle Grease Boxes, Mailing Cylinders, etc. 

In the general line of paper boxes, such as Shoe 
Boxes, Candy Boxes, Neckwear Boxes, Shirt Boxes, 
Soap Boxes, Millinery Boxes, Suit and Cloak Boxes, 
etc., we are ready, as we have always been, for all 
comers. We will gladly furnish estimates at lowest 
prices in any line of paper boxes. 

By our increased room and enlarged capacities we 
can hold out Special Inducements to Large Con- 
sumers, and can guarantee that all orders will be exe- 
cuted with promptness. 

TELEPHONE: "WEST '' 661 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 311 

Wood Bros, handle stock from every section of the country that forwards 
to this market and are thoroug-hly posteo on the supply and demand for 
every particular grade and class. The position they hold in the trade has 
been slowly gained by many years of hard work and close attention to 
details, and their experience should certainly be of value to parties having 
live stock to sell. 

Wrought Iron Bridge Co.— Works at Canton Ohio ; A. B . Abbott, presi- 
dent; E. J. Landor, vice-president and engineer; F. M. Wyant, secretary 
ad treasurer; W. P. Hall, superintendent. One of the leading' manufac- 
turing concerns of the country. Metallic structures and High Way bridges 
are made a specialty. This company has from time to time undertaken and 
carried through some of the greatest public works of the country. 

Zoological Gardens.— The great Zoological gardens of Chicago are located 
in Lincoln Park, just north of the main pond. These gardens have grown 
in importance and popularity wounderfuUy of late years. Wild animals, 
birds, reptiles, rare animals, etc., may be seen here, free of cost. It requires 
about two hours to walk through the gardens and examine the various 
attractions carefully. There are Zoological gardens also at Washington 
park, but on a smaller scale. 




812 HAND-BOOK OF 



PART XII. 

DEDICATION OF THE WORLD'S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION OCTOBER 
13, 1892-TURx\ING THE BUILDINGS OVER TO THE PRESIDENT 
—THE "PROCESSION OP CENTURIES " — FIREWORKS-GREAT 
CHORUS-MILITARY DISPLAY-PRICES OF ADMISSION, ETC. 

The Exposition buildings, as required by Act of Congress, will be dedi- 
cated "with appropriate ceieraonies," on October 12, 1892, the 400th anni- 
versary of the discovery of America by Columbus. The exercises will 
occupy three days, beginning on the 11th and closing on the 13th with a 
grand dedication ball. The Committee having the matter in charge planned 
to make the ceremonies most impressive in character. Something like 
$300,000 was appx'opriated to secure this end. The President of the 
United States and his Cabinet, the Senate and House of Representatives, the 
Governors of the several States with their staffs, and representatives of i 11 
foreign nations were invited to be present. The mobilization of 10,000 
militia and several thousand regulars was planned, as is also an imposing 
civic and industrial display. In the evenings there will be a magnificent 
display of fireworks, and in the Park waterways a pageant of symbohcal 
floats, representing the "Procession of the Centuries." There Avill be heard 
then the magnificent chorus of 30,000 voices, which will probably never 
afterward be gotten together. There will be read at that time the Colum- 
bian ode, written by Chicago's young poet, Miss HaiTiet Monroe. Oratious 
specially prepared by President Harrison, the director-general, and the 
presiding officers of the fair directory and the national commission, by 
Congressman Breckinridge, of Kentucky, and others will be heard for the 
first and last time. Naturally, a great number of persons will come from 
adjoining states to witness all this magnificence. Estimates by various 
AVorld's Fair officials on the total number of persons who will be attracted 
to Chicago by the dedicatory ceremonies range from 300,000 to 500,000. 

Admission Price.— No admission fee will be charged for entrance to 
the park to witness the dedicatory ceremonies proper. After their conclu- 
sion however, the gi'ounds will be cleared and the gates clo.-ed at 5 o'clock 
P.M. For the night pi-ogram, including the procession of floats and flre- 
works, an admission fee will be charged. A fee wi 1 also be charged for 
admission on the llth and 13th of October. The amount has not been fixed. 
The committee is hesitating between twenty-five and fifty cents. 

Dedication Bali..— The Joint Committee on ceremonies has decided 
that if any ball were given it should be under the direction of citizens of 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 313 

Chicago, and not the representatives of either the National Commission or 
the Board of Directors. In pursuance of this idea, and after a full discus- 
sion of the whole subject, the following resolution was unanimously 
adopted : 

Resolved, That we place in the hands of the following named residents of 
Chicago— Maj. -Gen. Nelson A. Miles, the Hon. Hempstead Washburne, 
Mayor, Marshall Field, George M. Pullman, and N. K. Fairbank— the matter 
of giving su^h ball or entertainment,tobe wholly upon behalf of the citizens 
of Chicago, without regard to the National Commission or local directory, 
and Avithout expense to either body. 

The ball will probably be the grandest ever given in this country. It 
will occur at the Auditorium, or In one of the Exposition buildings. 

Dedication Day Programme.— Following is the i)rogramme agreed 
upon for Dedication Day. The first of the three days to be devoted to the 
festivities: 

1. March for orchesti-a. "Written for the occasion by John K. Payne. 

2. Prayer by the Rt. Rev. Bishop Brooks, of Massachusetts. 

3. Report to the World's Columbian Commission by the Direct r-General. 

4. Presentation of the buildings, for dedication, by the President of the 
World's Fair Columbian Exposition to the President of the World's Colum- 
bian Commission. 

5. Chorus, "The Heavens Are Telling"— Haydn. 

6. Presentation of the bu Idings. for dedication, by the President of 
World's Columbian Commission to the President of the United States. 

7. Mai'ch and chorus from "The Ruins of Athens"— Beethoven. 

8. Dedicat on of the bu.ldmgs by the President of the United States. 

9. Hallelujah chorus from the Messiah— Handel. 

10. Dedicatory Oration by the Hon. William C. P. Breckinridge, of Ken- 
tucky. 

11. Dedicatory Ode. Words by Miss Harriet Monroe; music by E. A. 
McDowell. 

12. "Star-Spangled-Banner" and "America,'' with full chorus and orches- 
tral accompaniment. 

13. National salute. 

Dedication of the Buildings, Etc.— In the dedicatory exercises on the 
12th, the completed buildings will be tendered by the President of the Ex- 
pos tion to the National Commission. President T W. Palmer will accept 
them on behalf of that body and will at once present them to the President 
of the United States, who will fittingly respond. The dedicatory oration 
will follow. Much attention was given to the musical portion of the pro- 
gramme. This Avill include the dedicatory ode and orchestra marches writ- 
ten for the occasion. These and other numbers, including "America" and 
"Star-Spangled Banner," will be rendered with full choral and orchestral 
accompaniment. 

In April, 1893, a grand international naval review, prel mina^y to the 
opening of the Exposition, as provided for by Act of Congress, will be held 
in New York tiarbor. 

Fire-Works.— For a consideration of $25,000 Mr. James Payn, of London, 
will give a display of fire-works at the dedicatory ceremonies, that will 
excel in magnificence anything of the kind ever attempted. There will be 
three displays on as many nights. The first night's progTamme includes a 
salute of 100 aerial maroons, four and one-half inches in diameter, fired 
from iron mortars. Following this will be a grand device, representing 
Chicago's welcome to all the nations of the earth. Then will come Colum- 
bus and his departure from Spain, and a floating star-spangled banner, 
which will remain in the air for hours. 



314 HAND-BOOK OF 

On the second night a grand device in honor of the army and navy will 
be given. A scene from the battle of Lake Erie has been selected. Aftei 
this will be shown a prismatic fountain, a reproduction of the Capitol at 
Washington and many other equally striking and beautiful pictures. 

On the third night will be shown a reproduction of the facade of the 
Administration building and devices showing the portraits of the Exposi- 
tion officials. 

The grand display will close with an illumination of the entire Lake 
Front from Van Buren street to Jackson Park, together with the lagoons 
and the canal with a crowning device representing the Goddess of Peace 
surrounded by Science, Art and Litei^ature, with glimpses of the Brooklyn 
bridge, the Eiffel Tower and other famous structures. 

Military Display.— Fifteen thousand troops at least, with all the 
crack artillery companies in the country, will be present for the week of the 
World's Fair dedicatory ceremonies. The display of troops is to be par- 
ticularly im pressive, and there will be the greatest display of artillery here 
at that time ever brought together in one place in the United States since 
the close of the Civil War. Ohio will send 1,000 men, Indiana 500, Illinois 3,000, 
Missouri 500, Iowa 500, Minnesota 500, Wisconsla 1,000, Michigan 1,000. This 
makes a total of 8,5i'0 troops specially invited. In addition there will be 
5,000 regulars of the United States army. 

The encampment will last from Oc^ 11 to Oct. 14 inclusive. The Exposi- 
tion management will furnish quarters and subsistence during the encamp- 
ment. Beyond the number of men of the National Guard of ihe United States 
army indicated, it is expected that the Governors of many of the States will 
be accompanied by their guards. Artillery companies and regiments are ex- 
pected from Colorado, Louisiana, Ohio, Pennsylvania, and other States 
where prominence has been given to artillery companies. 

The entire cost of the encampment is estima ed at $30,000. The reasons 
for inviting the Governors of the States adjoining or near to Illinois to send 
the specified allotment ot" troops was because of their proximity. In the 
summer of 1893 there will be another encampment, when it is expected that 
troops from a distance will be present. Gen. Nelson A. Miles will have 
charge of the military display. 

Procession op Centuries —After months of deliberation the joint com- 
mittee representing the National Commission and Board of Directors 
adopted twenty-four floats, which will form the procession of centuries. 
These floats will be drawn around through the canals and lagoons of Jack- 
son Park on dedication night. They are to be built at an average expense 
of $3,800 each, or a total cost of $91,200, Following is the list of floats: 

1. The Stone Age : representing the cliff-dweliers and the Toltecs. 

3. The Bronze Age; representing the Az:ecs and the mound-builders. 

3. The Aboriginal Age; representing the American Indians. 

4. Columbus at the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella. 

5. Departure of Columbus from Palos. 

6. The discovery of America. 

7. Columbus before the Court of Ferdinand and Isabella presenting na- 
tives and the strange products of the new country. 

8. English Cavaliers and the Settlement of Jamestown. 

9. Hendrick Hudson; Discovery of the Hudson River; Dutch Settlement 
at New Amsterdam. 

10. Landingof the Pilgrims. 

IL. Illustration of early Puritan Life. 

13. Ferdinand de Soto; Discovery of the Mississippi 

13. Pere Marquette, Chevalier La Salle, and the Northwest. 

11:. Washington and his Generals. 

15. Signing the Declaration of Independence. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 315 

16. Union of the Colonies; the thirteen original States; the sisterhood of 
the great Republic; welcoming the Territories t ) the constellation of States. 

17. "Westward the course of empire lakesits way.'' 

18. The genius of invention: application of steam, etc. 

19. Electricity and electric appliances. 

20. War; representing valor, sacrifice, power, death, devastation. 

21. Peace; representing tranquility, securitj^ prosperity, h ppiness. 
23. Agriculture. 

23. Science, art and literature. 

24. Universal freedom of man; equal rights; law and justice; liberty en- 
lightening the world. 

Special, Trains From New York,— It is proposed to run from iVew 
York to Chicago, at th^ time of the dedication of the Exposition buildings, 
ten special trains, ten minutes apart, each train to have elaborate decorations 
an I music. It is believed that fulb'^ 5,000 people will want to make the trip. 
It is the intention to have in New York, both preceding and succeedmg this 
triumphal procession, imposing ceremonies of a commemo ative character. 
These include a civic and industrial pageant rep esent ng modern progress, 
a street pageant representing the landing of Columbus and historic scenes 
from his life, unveiling of a Columt.us statue in Central Park, a grand ban- 
quet and choral festival. Prominent citizens of New York, mcluding mem- 
bers of Spanish and Italian societies, are perfecting the plans. 




316 HAND-BOOK OP 



PAET XIII. 



APPENDIX. 



Rules and Regulations, World's Columbian Exposition. 

Rule 1. Exhibitors will not be charged tor space A limited amount of 
power will be supplied g-ratuitously. This amount will be settled definitely 
at the timj space is allitted. Power in excess of that allotted gratuitously 
will be furnished by the Exposnion at a fixed pi'ice. Demands for such 
caccss must be made before the allotment of spece. 

Rule 3. Any sing-le piece or section of any exhibit of greater weight 
than 3.)/ 00 pounds will not be accepted if machinery is required for its 
in^tidlation. 

Rule 3. Exhibitors must provide at their own expense, all show-cases, 
cabinets, shelving, counters, fittings, etc., which thej^ may require, and 
all counter-shafts, pulleys, belting, etc., for the transmission of power from 
tlie main shafts. 

Rule 4. Exhibitors will be confined to such exhibits as are specified in 
their applications. When the allotment of space is definitely made, exhib- 
itors wi 1 be notified of their allotment of space and its location, and will be 
furnished with a permit to occupy the same, subject to the general rules 
and regulations adopted for the government of the Expos tion and the 
special rules governing the Department m which their exhibits will be 
made. Permits for space will not be tr .nsf erable. 

Rule 5. Speci il rules will be issued governing each Department and the 
sale of articles within the buildings or on the grounds, but no articles shall 
be sold for removal previous to the close of the Exposition, unless a con- 
cession or privilege for the same has been grante 1 by the Committee on 
Ways and Means. "Privileges" refer to the sale of such goods as are 
manufactured in order to illustrate a machine or process exhibited. " Con- 
cessions refer to the sale of all goods and operation of attractions f i om 
Avhich the securing of revenue is the s">le object of the lessees. The 
removal of exhibits will not be permitted prior to the close of the Exposition 

Rule 6. Decorations, signs, dimensions of cabinets, shelving, counters, 
etc., and the arrangement of exhibits must conform to the general plan 
adopted by the Director-General. 

Rule 7. Reasonable precautions will be taken for the preservation of 
exhibits, but the World's Columbian Exposition will not be responsible for 
any damage to, or for the loss or destruction of an exhibit resulting from 
any cause. 

Rule 8. All packages containing exhibits intended for the several 
Departments must be addressed to the " Director-General, World's Colum- 
bian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A." In addition, the following infor- 
mation must be written on the outside of each package : (a) Department 
in which exhibit is to be installed, (h) The State or Territory from which 
the package comes, 'c) The name and address of the exhibitor, (d) The 
number of the permit for space, (e) Total number of packages sent by the 
same exhibitor. The serial number must be marked on each package and a 
list of the contents enclosed in each package. Freight must be prepaid 

Rule 9. Favorable terms will be arranged by which exhibitors may 



I 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 317 

insure their own goods. Exhibitors raaA'^ employ watchmen of their own 
choice to guard their goods during- the hours the Exposition is open to the 
public. Such watchmen will be subject to the rules and regulations gov- 
erning the employes of the Exposition ; but no exhibitor will be permitted 
to employ attendants or assistants for service in any building, except upon 
the written consent of the ( hief of the Department. 

Rule 10. The expense of transporting,receiving, unpacking and arrang- 
ing exhibits, as well as their removal at the close of the Exposition, shall be 
paid by the exhibitor. 

Rule 11. If no authorized person is at hand to take charge of exhibits 
within a reasonable time after ari-ival at the Exposition buildings, they 
will be removed and stored at the cost and risk of whomsoever it may con- 
cern. 

Rule 13. The installation of heavy ' articles requiring foundations 
should, by special arrangement with the Chief of Construction, begin as 
soon as the vrogress of the work on the buildings will permit. The general 
reception of articles at the Exposition buildings will commence November 
1st, 1892, and no article will be admitted after April 10th, 1893. Space not 
taken possession of April 1st, 1893, will revert to the Director-General for 
re-assignment. 

Rule 13. If exhibits are intended for competition it must be so stated 
by the exhibitor, or they will be excluded from examination for award. 

Rule 14. The Chief of each Department will provide cards of vinif orra 
size rid character, which may be affixed to exhibits, and on which will be 
stated only the exhibitor's name and address, the name of the objector 
article exhibited, and its catalogue number. 

Rule 15. Articles that are in any way dangerous or offensive, also 
patent medicines, nostrums and empirical preparations whose ingredients 
are concealed, will not be admitted to the Exposition. 

Rule 16. Exhibitors' business cards and brief descriptive circulars, 
only, may be placed within such exhibitor's sp ce for distribution. The 
right is reserved to restrict or discontinue this privilege whenever it is car- 
ried to excess, or becomes an annoyance to visitors. 

Rule 17. The chief of each Department, with the approval of the 
Director-General, has the power to order the removal of any article he may 
consider dangerou-, detrimental to, or incompatible with the object or 
decorum of the Exposition, or the comfort and safety of the public. 

Rule 18. Exh bitors will be held responsible for the cleanliness of their 
exhibits and the spate surroundi' g the same. All exhibits must be in com- 
plete order each day, .• t least thirty minutes before the hour of opening. 
No work of this character will be permitted during the hours the build'ng 
is open to the public. In case of failure on the part of any exhibitor to 
observe this rule, the chief of the Department may adopt such means to 
enforce the same as circumstances may suggest. 

Rule 19 Sketches, Drawings, Photographs or other reproductions of 
articles exhibited will only be allowed on the joint assent of the exhibitor 
and the Di ector-General ; but general views of portions of the interiors of 
the buildings may be made on the approval of the Committee on Ways and 
Means. 

Rule 20. Immediately after the close of the Exposition exhibitors must 
remove their effects, and complete such removal before January 1, 1894. 
Goods then remaining will r.e removed and disposed of under the direction 
of the World's Columbian Exposition. 

Rule 21. An official catalogue will be published in English, French, 
German and Spanish. The sale of catalogues is reserved exclusivelj^ by the 
Exposition Company 

Rule 22. Each person who becomes an exhibitor thereby agrees to con- 



318 HAND-BOOK OF 

form strictly to the rules and regulations established for the government of 
the Exposition. 

Rule 23. Communications concerning applications for space, and nego- 
tiations relative thereto, should be addressed to the "Director-General, 
World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago, Illinois, U. S. A." 

Rule 24. The management reserves the right to construe, amend or add 
to all rules and regulations whenever it maybe deemed necessary for the 
interests of the Exposition. 

(Signed) GEORGE R. DAVIS, 

Director-General. 

World''s Columbian Exposition Management. 
The World's Columbian Exposition is conducted undej' a joint adminis- 
tration consisting of what is known as "The National Commission" and 
"The Local Board." From these two organizations is also chosen, aside 
from the executive officers, what is known as "The Board of Reference 
and Control," to which is submitted questions arising in either of the 
governing Boards, for adjustment or final settlement. The affairs of the 
Local Board are conducted by committees. The affairs of the Exposition 
management, proper, are conducted by Bureaus, each Bureau having a 
chief. Hei-ewith is presented a full directory of the Exposition organiza- 
tion, National, Local, Executive, etc. 

Local Board. 

Headquarters, Rand-McNally Building, Adams, near LaSalle St. 
Directory.— Wm. T. Baker, C. K. G.Billings, Thos. B. Bryan,Edward B. 
Butler, Benjamin Butterworth, Isaac N. Camp, William J. Chalmex^s, Robert 
C. Clowry, Charles H. Chappeil, George R. Davis, Arthur Dixon, James W. 
Ellsworth, George P. Engelhard, Lyman J. Gage, Charles Henrotin, H. N. 
Higinbotham, Charles L. Hutchinson, Elbridge G. Keith, William D. 
Kerfoot, William P. Ketchem, Milton W. Kirk, Edward F. Lawrence, 
Thies J. Lefens, Andrew McNally, Adolph Nathan, Robert Nelson, John 
J. P. Odell, Ferd W. Peck, Eugene S. Pike, Washington Porter, Alexander 
H. Revell, Edward P. Ripley, A. M. Rothschild, George Schneider, Charles 
H. Schwab, Paul O. Stensland, Henry B. Stone, Chas. H. Wacker, Edwin 
Walker, Robert A. Waller, Hempstead Washburne, John C. Welling, 
Frederick S. Winston, G. H, Wheeler, Charles T. Yerkes. 

Officers.— President, W. T. Baker; First Vice-president, Harlow N. 
Higinbotham; Secretary, H . O . Edmunds; Solicitor, W. K, Carlyle; Treas- 
urer, A. F. Seeberger; Auditor, W. K. Ackerman; Commissoner-at-Large, 
Thomas B. Bryan. 

Executive Committee.— William T. Baker, Thomas B. Bryan, Pof^er 
Palmer, Ferdinand W. Peck, W. D. Kerfoot, Edwin Walker, A. H. Revell, 
Chas. H. Schwab, Charles, L. Hutchinson, Robert C. Clowry, Robert A. 
Waller, Lyman J. Gage, Harlow N. Higinbotham, John J. P. Odell, Martin 
A. Ryerson. 

Finance.- Ferd. W. Peck, chairman; E. G. Keith, Lyman J. Gage, John 
J. P. Odell, Harlow N. Higinbotham. 

Grounds and Buildings.— Henry B. Stone, chairman; Lyman J. Gage, 
William P. Ketcham, Charles H. Schwab, Robert C. Clowry, Edward F. 
Lawrence, Eugene S. Pike. 

Legislation.— Edwin Walker, chairman; Frederick S. Winston, 
Benjamin Butterworth, Ferd. W. Peck, Arthur Dixon. 

Agriculture.— WiUiamD. Kerfoot, chairman; Thies J. Lefens, George 
Schneider, Isaac N . Camp, Washington Porter. 

Mines, Mining and Forestry.— Charles H. Schwab, chairman; Wm. J. 
Chalmers, John C. Welling, Robert Nelson, Arthur Dixon. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 319 

Press and Printixg. — A. H. Revell, chairman; Benjamin Butterworth, 
Milton W. Kirk, Edward B. Butler, George Schneider. 

Transportation.— E. P. Ripley, chairman; H. B. Stone, John C. Wel- 
ling, Charles H. Chappell, G. H. Wheeler. 

Fine Arts.— Charles L. Hutchinson, chairman; James W. Ellswoi'th, 
Charles T. Yerkes, E. G. Keith, Eugene S. Pike. 

Liberal Arts.— James W. Ellsworth, chairman; Isaac N. Camp, 
Alexander H. Revell, Robert A. Waller, George P. Engelhard. 

Electricity, Electrical and Pneumatical Appliances.— Robei-t. 
C. Clowry, chairman; Charles H. Wacker, Robert Nelson, C. K. G. Billings, 
Charh s L. Hutchinson. 

Manufactures and Machinery.— John J. P. Odell, chairman; Andrew 
McNally, Adolph Nathan, A. M. Rotbschild, Paul O. Stensland. 

Ways and Means.— Harlow N. Higinbotham, chairman; Edward B. 
Butler, Adolph Nathan, Edward F. Lawrence, Charles H. Wacker, W. J. 
Chalmers, Robert A. Waller. W. D. Kerfoot, George Schneider, Edward P. 
Ripley, Milton W. Kirk, Andrew McNally, Washington Porter. 

Foreign Exhibits.— T. J. Lef ens, chairman; James W. Ellsworth, Har- 
low N. Higinbotham, CharlesH. Wacker, Charles Henrotin. 

Special Committee on Ceremonies.— Edward F. Lawrence, chairman; 
James W. Ellsworth, Charles T. Yerkes, CharlesH. Schwab, Alexander H. 
Revell, Charles H. Wackei-, William D. Kerfoot, Charles Henrotin. 

WoyicVs Columhian Commission. 

Headquarters, Rand & McNally Building. Officers : Presideat, Thomas 
W. Palmer, Detroit, Mich., Room 417, Raiid & McNally Building, Chicago; 
secretary, John T. Dickinson, Austin, Texas, Room 415, Rand & McNally 
Building, Chicago ; president of the board of lady managers, Mi's. Potter 
Palmer, Room 409, Rand & McNally Building, Chicago ; secretary of the 
board of lady managers, INfrs. Su^an G. Cooke, Room 409, Rand & McNally 
Buiding, Chicago ; director-general, George R. Davis, Room 404, Rand & 
McNally Building, Chicago. 

Board of Reference and Control —Thomas W. Palmer, of Michigan, 
president; James A. McKenzie, of Kentucky, vice-chairman Excutive 
Committee; George V. IMassey, of Delawai^e; William Lindsay, of Kentucky; 
M . H de Young, of California ; Thomas M. Waller, of Connecticut ; Elijah 
B. Martindale, of Indiana ; J. W. St. Clair, of West Virginia. 

Commissioners.— The World's Columbian Commission consists of "eight 
commissioners at large" ana eight alternates appointed by the president of 
the L^nited States, and two Commissioners and two alternates trom each of 
the States and Territories, appointed by the governors of States, and two 
commissioners and two alternates from the District of Columbia, appointed 
by the President of the United States. These commissionei's are selected 
equally from each of the two great political parties of the country. 

Boards, Bureaus, Departments, Etc. 

Executive Department. —Headquarters Rand & McNally building. 
George R. Davis, director-general. Office No. 404. 

Department A.— Agriculture, food and food products, farming, 
machinery and appliances, W. I. Buchanan, chief. 

Department B.— Horticulture, J. M. Samuels, chief; floricultural divi- 
sion, John Thorp, chief. 

Department C— Live Stock, domestic and wild animals, E. W. Cotterell, 
chief. 

Department D.— Fish, fisheries, fish products and apparatus for fishing, 
J. W. Collins, chief. 

Department E.— Mines, mining and metallurgy, Frederick J. V. Skiff, 
chief. 



320 HAND-BOOK OF 

Department F. — Machinery, L. W. Robinson, chief. 

Department G.— Transportation exhibits, railways, vessels and vehicles, 
Willard A. Smith, chief. 

Department H.— Manufactures, J. M. Allison, chief. 

Department J.— Electricity and electrical appliances, J. P. Barrett, 
chief. 

Department K.— Fine arts, pictorial, plastic and decorative. Hi ^'sey C. 
Ives, chief. 

Department L.— Liberal arts, education, engineering, public works 
architecture, music and the drama, S. H. Peabody, chief. 

Department M.— Ethnology, archgeology, progress of labor and inven- 
tion, isolated and collective exhioits, F. W. Putman, chief. 

Department N.— Forestry and forest products, Thomas B. Keogh, act- 
ing chief. 

Department O.— Publicity and promotion, Moses P. Handy, chief. 

Department P.— Foreign affairs, Walker Fearn, chief; secretary of 
installation, Joseph Hirst. 

Bureau op Construction.— D. H. Burnham, chief; A. Gotlieb, chiff 
engineer; F. L. Olmsted & Co., land:5cape architects. Ofllces, No. 1143 
Rookery building. 

Board of Architects.— By recommendation of the committee on grounds 
and buildings, approved by the Board of Directors at its meeting of Jan- 
uary 9, 1891, the following architects were constituted a board to decide, m 
conference with the chief of construction, upon the preliminary problems 
in arrangement and grouping of buildings and their architecture submitted 
to them: Robert M. Hunt, of New York; W. L. Jenny, of Chicago; McKim, 
Mead & White, cf New York; Adler & Sullivan, of Chicago; George B. Post, 
of New York; Henry Ives Cobb, of Chicago; Peabody & Stearns, of Boston; 
S. S. Beman, of Chicago, and Van Brunt & Howe, of Kansas City. 

The general arrangement and harmony of the buildings which promise 
to be among the most attractive features of the Exposition were decided 
upon by the chief and staff and the board, and the designs of the proposed 
buildings of the Exposition were allotted among the architects by the chief 
of construction as follows: Robert M. Hun^", Administration huilding; W. 
L. B. Jenny, Horticulture huilding; McKim, Mead & White, Agricvltural 
huilding; Adler & Sullivan, Transportation huilding; George B. Post, Manu- 
factures huilding; Henry Ives Cobb, Fisheries huilding; Burlmg & White- 
house, Casino and Entrances; Peabody & Stearns, Machinery huilding; S. S. 
Beman, Mines and Mining huilding; Van Brunt & Howe, Electricity huild- 
ing. 

Medical Bureau.— The Medical Bureau of the World's Columbian Expo- 
sition is constituted as follows : John E. Owens, M. D., medical director; W. 
H. Allport, M. D., assistant surgeon; Morton R. Yeager, M. D., assistant 
surgeon. 

Board of Control and Management of the United States Government 
Exhihit.— Hon. 'Edwin Will ts, chairman ; Sevellon A. Brown, chief clerk 
of the department of State, to represent that department; Allured B. 
Nettleton, assistant secretary of the treasury, to represent the treasury de- 
partment; Major Clifton Comly, U. S. A., to represent the war department. 
Captain R. W. Meade, U. S. N.,to represent the navy department; A. D. 
Hazen, third assistant postmaster general, to represent the post office depart- 
ment ; Horace A. Taylor, commissioner of railroads, to represent the 
department of the interior; Elijah C. Foster, general agent of the depart- 
ment of justice, to represent that department ; Edwin Willits, assistant 
secretary of agriculture, to represent the department of agriculture; 
Dr. G. Brown Goode, assistant secretary Smithsonian Institution, to re- 
present that institution and the national museum ; J. W. Collins, assistant- 



TllR world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 321 

in-charge division of fisheries, to represent the United States fish commis- 
sion. 

BoardofLady Managers —Headquarters, Rand-McNally building-, Adams 
St., near La Salle. President, Mrs. ± otter Palmer, of Chicago; first vice- 
president, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York; second vice-president, 
Mrs. Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine ; third vice-president, Mrs. Charles Pi ice, 
of North Carolina ; fourth vice-president, Miss Katherine L. Minor,of Louisi- 
ana ; fifth vice-president, Mrs. Beri.h Wilkins, of the District of Columbia; 
sixth vice-president, Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, of Colorado ; seventh vice-presi- 
dent, Mrs. Flora Beall Gintj% of Wisconsin; eighth vice-president, Mrs. 
Margaret Blaine Salisbury, of Utah; vice-president-at-large, Mr^". Russell 
B. Harrison, of Montana; vice-chairman executive committee, Mrs. Vir- 
ginia C. Meredith, of Indiana ; secretary, Mrs. Susan G. Cooke, of Tennessee. 

There are eight lady managers and eight alternate Indy managers ap- 
pointed by the commissioners at large, two lady managers and two alternate 
lady managers appointed by the governors of each of the States and Terri- 
tories ; two lady managers and two alternate lady managers appointed by 
the President of the United States from the District of Columbia, and nine 
lady managers and nine alternate lady managers appointed by the hresi- 
dent of the United States from Chicago, the names and addresses of whom 
areas follows: Lady managers, Mrs. Bertha M. Honore Palmer, Lake 
Shore Drive; Mrs. Solomon Thatcher, Jr., River Fore t ; Mrs. Jennie San- 
ford Lewis, 1450 Michigan ave.; Mrs. James A. Mulligan, 3,0liU Praiiie ave. ; 
Francis Dickinson, M. D . , 70 State st . ; Mrs. M. R . M. Wallace, 38 7 Michigan 
ave. ; Mrs. Myra Bradwell, 1428 Michigan ave. ; Mrs. James R. Doolittle, 
Jr., 24 Groveland Park ; Mrs. Matilda B. Carse, 145 Ashland boul. Lady al- 
terna es: Miss Sara T. Hallowed, Palmer House ; Mrs. George L. Dunlap, 
3:^8 Dearborn ave ; Mrs. L Brace Shattuck, 5300 Woodiawn ave.; Mrs. 
Annie C. Meyers, f 56 Monroe St. ; Martha H. Ten Ej'ck, 5704 Madison ave. 
Mrs. Margaret Isabelle Sandes, Ravenswood, 111. ; Mrs. Leander Stone, SS52 
Indiana ave. ; Mrs. Gen. A. L. Chetlain 543 N. State St. ; Frances E. Willard, 
Evanston.Ill. 

Wo7-ld's Congress Auxiliary.— The World's Congress Auxiliary is an 
authorized adjunct of the World's Fair, and aims to supplement the Exposi- 
tion which that will make of the material progress of the world by a por- 
trayal of the " wonderful achievements of the new age in science, literature, 
education, government, jurisprudence, morals, charity, religion and other 
departments of human activity, as the most effective means of increasing 
the fraternity, progress, prosperity and peace of mankind." Virtually it 
will be a series of congresses at which the greatest thinkers of the world will 
discuss questions of universal impojtance. The officers are: President, 
Charles C. Bonney; vice-president, Thomas B. Bryan; treasurer, Lyman J. 
Gage; secrets rj', Benjamin Butterworth. Headquarters, Rand-McNally 
building, Adams street, near La Salle. 

Division of Work.— The work of the World's Congress is divided as 
follows : 

1. General Departments . 

2. Divisions of such Departments. 

3. Chapters of such Divisions . 

4. Sections of such Chapters . 

I. Department of Agriculture.— Benjamin Butterworth, general 
chairman. General Divisions: 1. General Farm Culture— Mr. Samuel 
Alierton. chairman. 2. Cereal Industry— Chairman not yet announced. 3. 
Animal Industry— Ex-Gov. W. D. Hoard, chairman. 4. Horticulture- 
Mr. J. C. Vaughn, chairman. 5. Agricultural Organizations— Mr. Milton 
George, chairman. 6. Agricultural Education and Experiment— Prof. 



322 HAND-BOOK OF 

Geo. E. Morrow, chairman. 7. Governmental Departments of Agriculture- 
Chairman not yet announced 

II. Department of Art.— Mr. Charles L. Hutchinson, g-eneral chair- 
man. General Divisions : 1 Architecture— Mr. Daniel H. Burnham, chair- 
man. 2. Painting— Mr, O. D. Grover, chairman. 3. Sculpture— Mr. Lorado 
Taft, chairman . 4. Decorative Art— Mr. L. J. Millet, chairman. 5. Photo- 
graphic Art— Hon. James B. Bradwell, chairman. 6. Illustrative Art— Not 
yet organized. 

III. Department of Commerce and Finance.— Pres. Lyman J. Gage, 
general chairman. General Divisions: 1. Banking and Finance— Pres 
Lyman J. Gage, chairman. 2. Boards of Trade— Pres. William T. Baker, 
chairman. 3. Stocks and Bonds— Mr. Charles Henrotin, chairman. 4. 
Water Commerce— Hon. John C. Dore, chairman. 5. Railway Commerce 
—Mr. George R. Blanchard, chairman. 6. Insurance— Gen. Robe t J. 
Smith, chairman. The Division of Insuarnce is divided into the follow ng 
chapters: 1. Fire Insurance— Gen. Robert J.Smith, chairman. 2. Marine 
Insurance— Capt. Wiley M. Egan, chairman. 3. Life and Accident Insur- 
ance, with Sections for Mutual Benefit Associations and Kindred Organiza- 
tions — Mr. John H. Nolan, chairman. 4. Insurance Specialties— Not yet 
organized. 

1 V. Department of Education.— Hon. and Rt. Rev. Samuel Fallows, 
general chairman. General divisions : 1. Higher education, including uni- 
versity extension; Pres. William R. Harper, chairman. 2. Public instruction. 
Dr. Samuel Fallows, chairman. 3. Music in public schools ; Dr. George F. 
Root, chairman. 4. Instruction of the deaf and dumb ; Dr. Philip G. Gillett, 
chairman, b. Instruction of the blind ; Dr. Frank Hall, chairman. 6. 
Instruction of the feeble minded; Dr. W. 1?. Fish, chairman. 7. Manual and 
art training schools; Dr. Henry H. Belfleld, chairman. «. Commercial and 
business colleges, etc.; Principal Henry B. Bryant, chairman. 9. Kindergarten 
education (see woman's branch committees) . 10. Domestic and Economic 
Education (see woman's branch committees), il. Agricultural education; 
Prof. G. E. Morrow, chairman. V4. Educational authors and publishers; 
not yet appointed. 13. Youth's school delegate congress; Sup't Leslie 
Lewis, chairman. 

V. Department of Engineering —Mr. E. L. Corthell, general chair- 
man. General divisions : 1. Civil engineering 2. Mech nical engineering. 
3 Mining engineering. 4. Metallurgical engineering. 5. Electrical engi- 
neering. 6. Milita y engineering. 7. Marine and naval engineering. Note. 
—The division committees of this department have not yet been appointed. 
All are at present represen ed by the general committee. 

VI. Department of Government.- (Under the general direction of 
the President.) General Divisions : 1. Law reform, includingin-ernational 
law and the administration of justice— Pres. Henry Wade Rogei's, chair- 
man. 2. Political and economic reform— Hon. Thos. W. Palmer, chairman. 
3. City government— Hon. Walter Q . Gresham, chairman. 4. Executive 
administration— Gov. Joseph W. Fifer, chairman. 5. Intellectual property 
— Hon. John M. Thacher, chairman. 6 Arbitration and peace— Hon. Thos. 
B. Bryan, chairman. 

VII. Department of Literature.— Dr. William F. Poole, general 
chairman. General divisions: 1. Libraries— Librarian, F. H. Hild, cha rman. 
2. History and historical societies— Dr. Wm. F. Poole, chairman, 3. Philol- 
ogy and literary archfeology —Mr. Wm. Morton Payne, chairman. 4. Authors 
and imaginative literature— Mr. Fi-ancis F. Browne, chairman. 

VIII. Department op Labor.— Mr. Walter Thnmas Mills, M, A., gen- 
eral chairman. General divi'^ions: 1. Historic development of labor, 2. 
Labor organizations. 3. Coniiicts of la^or and capital. 4. Labor econom- 
ics and legislation. 5. AVoman : her industrial condition and economic 




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■n A * Tames B. Goodman, Secretary. 

Phiietls Sawvek, President. jamus jj. vj , 

Eocr. P S.WV.; V,ce-Preside«. W.,. O. Goon.,.., Treasurer. 

SAWYER-GOODMAN GO. 

Lumber Manufacturers and Dealers 

Lumber and Shingle Mills at Menekaune, Wis. 

MOUTH OF THE MENOMINEE RIVER, 

Wholesale Yards, 500 Lumber Street, Chicago. 



The situation of our Chicago Yards enables us to make very 
PROMPT SHIPMENTS over any road connected with rail- 
road system of Chicago. We desire to call special attention 
to SHINGLES of our own manufacture. The grades are uni- 
formely good, and deservedly enjoy a high reputation. A large 
proportion of our stock is always in excellent shape for pound 
shipments. We now have in pile a large and finely assorted 
stock of DRY LUMBER, which we offer the trade at market 
rates We have NO SPECIALTIES, and aim to furnish any- 
, thing and everything usually handled by Lumber Dealers. 

General Office, 107 Dearborn Street, Chicago. 



Menominee River Pme Lands and Stumpage for Sale. 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 3'23 

dependence; social theories and experiments ; child labor, etc. 6. Educa- 
tion, public opinion and progress. 

IX Department of Medicine . — (Under the general direction of the 
president ) General Divisions: 1. General medicine and surg-ery. Dr. 
Nathan Smith Davis, chairman. 2. Homeopathy, Dr. J. S. Mitchell, chair- 
man. 3. Public health, Dr. John H. Rauch, chairman. 4. Dentistry, Dr. 
J. S Marshall, chairman. 5. Pharmacy, Prof. Oscar Oldberg, chairman. 
6. Medical jurisprudence, Dr. Marshall D. Ewell, chairman. 

X. Department of Moral, and Social Reform— Pres. John G. 
Shortall, general chairman. General divisions: 1. Philanthrophy. 2. Pre- 
vention. 'S. Charity. 4. Reform. 

XI. Department of Music— Director Theodore Thomas, general 
chairman. General divisions: 1. Orchestral art, Mr. Theodore Thomas, 
chairman. 2. Choral music and training, Mr. William L. Tomlins, chairman. 
3. Songs of the people. Dr. George F. Root, chairman. 4. Organ and church 
music, Mr. Clarence Eddy, chairman. 5. Musical art and literature, Mr.W 
S. B. Mathews. 6. Musical criticism and history, Mr George P. Upton, 
chairman. 7. Opera houses and music hails, Mr. Ferd W. Peck, chairman. 

XII. Department of the Public Press.— Mr. WiLiam Penn Nixon, 
general chairman. General divisions: 1. The daily press. 2 . Weeklies and 
magazines. 3. The religious press Dr. Simeon Gi bert, chairman. 

XIII. Department of Religion.— Rev. Dr. John Henry Barrows, gen- 
eral chairman. General divisions (deoominational): 1. Bapii>t, Rev. Dr. P. S. 
Henson, chairman. 2. Catholic, His Grace Archbishop P.A.Feehan, chairman. 
3. Congregational, Rev. Dr. F. A. Noble, chairman. 4. Christian, Rev. John 
W. Alien, chairman. 5. Evange.ical Association < f North America, Bishop 
J. J. Esher, chairman. 6. Evangelical Church of North America, not ready 
for announcement. 7. Friends. Mr. J. W. Plummer, chairman. 8. Jews, 
Rabbi E. G. Hii-sch, chairman. 9. Lu'heran Geceral Council, Rev. M. C. 
Ranseen chairman. 10. Lutheran General Synod, Rev. L. M. Heilman, 
chairman. 11. Lutheran Synodical Conference, R^v. Louis Hoelter, chair- 
man. 12. Methodist Episcopal, Rt. Rev. Bishop S. M. Merrill, chairman. 13. 
New Jerusalem (Swedenborgian), Rev. L. P. Mercer, chairman. 14. Presby- 
terian, Rev. D . John Henry Barrows, chairman. 15. Protestant Episcopal, 
Rt. Rev. Bishop Wm. E. McLaren, chairman. 16. Reformed Church of 
North America, Rev. A. Heinemann, chairman. 17. Reformed Church of 
America (Dutch), Rev. W. H. Williamson, chairman. 18. Reformed Ep sco- 
pal, Rt. Rev. Bishop Charles E. Cheney, chairman. 19. Swedish Evangelical 
Mission Covenant in North America, Rev. Andrew Hallner, chairman. 20. 
United Bi'ethren, Bishop E. B. Kephart, chairman. 21. Unitarian, Rev. 
Jenkins Lloyd Jones, chairman. 22. Universalist, Rev. Dr. A. J. Canfield, 
chairman. 23. Missions. Rev. Walter Manning Barrows, chairman 24. 
Evangelical Alliance and Kindred Bodies, not ready f r announcement. 

XIV. Department OF Science and Philosophy.- Dr. R. N.Foster, 
general chairman. Genei^al divisions: 1. General physics— Dr. Selim H. 
Peabody, chairman. 2. Mathematics and astronomy— Prof. George W. 
Hough, chairman. 3. Meteorologj', including terrestn<'l magnetism. Prof. 
Mark W. Harrington, chairman. 4. Geology— Dr. Joshua Lindahl, chairman. 
5. Geography— not yet appointed; 6. chemistry— Prof . John H. Long, chair- 
man. 7. Electricitj'— Prof . Elisha Gray, chairman. 8. Botany— Prof. Edson 
S. Bastin, chairman. 9. Zoology -Prof. Stephen A. Forbes, chairman. 10. 
Microscopy— Regent Thomas J. BurriU, chairman. 11. Anthropology, 
including ethnology and archaeology— Prof. P. W. Putnam, chairman. 12. 
Indian ethnology— Col. P. H. Davidson, chairman. 13. African ethnolos-y- 
Rev. J. E. Roy, chairman. 14. Physical science— Col. JohnC. Bundy, chair- 
man. 15. Philosophy— Dr. R. N. Foster, chairman. 

XV. Department of Temperance.— The Most Rev. Archbishop John 
Ireland, general chairmad. General divisions; 1. Woman's Christian Tem- 



324 HAND-BOOK OF 

perance Union (See Woman's Branch); 2 Catholic Temperance Societies; 
3. national Temperance So iety and allied organizations, including the Sous 
of Temperance, the Good Templars, the Templars of Honor and Temper- 
ance, the Royal Templars of Temperance, the Non- Partisan W. C. T. U. and 
other affiliated bodies ; 4. Law and Order Leagues and other law-enforcing 
organizati ns. 

XVI. Gfe.NERAi, Department.— (Embracing congresses not otherwise 
assigned). Sunday Rest Congress. Genet al divisions: 1. Physiological rela- 
tions of the weekly Rest Day; 2. Economic and business relations of the 
weekly Rest Day; 3. Governmental and political relations of tne weekly Rest 
Day; 4. Social and moral relations of the weekly Rest Day; 5, Religious rela- 
tions (f the weekly Rest Day. The Sunday Rest Congress will be held in 
the latter part of September, 1893, at thPi close of the religious congresses, 
and will probably be followed by the congresses of the department of labor. 
The observance of Sunday for religious reasons may be separately assigned 
to the department of religion. 

Advisory Council of the World's Columbian Commission on 
World's Congresses.— Hon. John W. Woodside, Pennsylvania; Hon. 
Charles H.Jones, Missouri; Hon. Albert A. Wilson, District of Columbia; 
Hon. John Boyd Thatcher, Ncav York; Hon. John Bennett, Kentucky; Hon. 
Frederick G. Bromberg, Alabama; Hon. Orson V. Tousley, Minnesota; Hon. 
Bradley B. Smalley, Vermont. 

Committe e op the Directory of the World's Columbian Exposition 
ON World's Congresses.— Hon. Franklm H. Head, chairman; Mr. Elbridge 
G. Keith, Mr. James W. Ellsworth. Advisory members of this committee: 
Dr. Henry Wade Rogers, president Northwestern University; Dr. William 
R. Harper, president University of Chicago. 

Board of Lady Managers. 

Origin.— The Act of Congress creating the World's Columbian Commis- 
sion, approved by the President of the United States April 25, 1890, author- 
ized and required the said Commission to appoint "a Board of Lady Man- 
agers of such number and to perform such duties as may be prescribed by 
said Commission . " 

In pursuance of this authority, the World's Columbian Commission 
directed the appointment, by the president of the Commission, of two lady 
managers fi'om each State and Territory and the Districtof Columbia, eight 
managers-at-large, and nine from t;-e city of Chicago, with alternates 
respectively ; said Board of Lady Managers to be convened at such time and 
place as the E A ecutive Committee of the World's Columbian Commission 
should direct, and when so assembled, to organize by the election of a pres- 
ident and a secretary. 

Organization.— The Board of Lady Managers, by order of the Executive 
Committee of ihe National Columbian Commission, approved by the Secre- 
tary of the Treasury of the United States, met in the city of Chicago, on the 
19th of November, 1890, and effected a permanent organization by the 
election of a president, nine vice-presidents and a secretary. 

Oncers.— President, Mrs. Potter Palmer, of Chicago ; First Vico-Presi- 
dent, Mrs. Ralph Trautmann, of New York ; Second Vice-President, Mrs. 
Edwin C. Burleigh, of Maine ; Third Vice-President, Mrs. Charles Price, of 
North Carolina ; Fourth Vice-President, Miss Katherine L. Minor, of Lou- 
isiana ; Fifth Vice-President, Mrs. Beriah Wilkins, of the District of Colum- 
bia ; Sixth Vice-President, Mrs. Susan R. Ashley, of Colorado ; Seventh 
Vice-President, Mrs. Flora Beal Ginty, of Wisconsin; Eighth Vice-Presi- 
dent, Mrs. Margaret Blaine Salisbury, of Utah ; Vice-President-at-Large, 
Mrs. Russell B. Harrison, of Montana: Vice-Chairman Executive Commit- 
tee, Mrs. Virginia C, Meredith, of Indiana ; fceci-etary, Mrs, Susan G. Cooke, 
9f Tennessee 



THE world's COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 325 

Powers and Duties.— The Board of Reference and Control of the World's 
Columbian Commission further defined and fixed the powers and duties of 
the Board of Lady Managers, and their action was ratified by the Commis- 
sion at its regular meeting- in April, 1891, by the adoption of resolutions 
giving to the Woman's Board powers as follows : 

Authority to appoint a number of the members of all committees to 
award prizes or premiums for exhit its produced in part or in whole by 
female labor, in proportion to the amount or percentage of women's work 
employed in such production. 

Entire management and control of the Woman's Building. 

General charge and management of fill the interests of women in con- 
nection with the Exposition ; the Board of Lady Managers being the recog- 
nized official "channel of communication through which all womtn or 
organizations of women may be brought into i elation with the Exposition 
and through which all applications for space for the use of women or their 
exhibits in the buildinas shall be made, or for the construction of buildings 
intended exclusively for women's use ]n the Exposition. And in respect to 
thessand all similar matters connected with the preparation for and the 
management of the Exposition, in so far as the same relate to women's 
work, women's exhibits and women's interests in general, the direction and 
approval of the Board of Lady Managers, through its President, shall be 
necessary before final and conclusive action is taken." 

Thus it will be seen that by the liberal and considerate action of the 
National Commission, authority necessary to meet any possible contingen- 
cies in regard to the exhibition of women's work is vested in the Board of 
Lady Managers. 

Aims and Objects of Board.— The Board of Lady Managers aims to 
present a full, complete and exhaustive exhibit of the work of women in 
domestic 'economies, agriculture, invention, education, manufactures, lit- 
erature, art and science; to show forth women's attainments in all the in- 
dustrial, intellectual and moral lines of human endeavor, in all the centuries 
and in t- 11 the nations. Including her best and grandest work, the reforms 
an philanthropies which illustrate her ideal and spiritual nature; to set 
before the people of the earth woman's share in making the history of the 
world. 

But their special desire and aim is to set forth a complete and perfect 
representation of the condition of women in every country of the earth at 
the present day, and particularly of the women who are wage-earners, 
whether their work be mental or manual; to portray the legal, political a -^d 
Industrial status of women the world over. Their purpose is open as the 
light of day, their scope as wide as the earth. 

Plans.— At the present stage of the world's existence, when women work 
with men in so many fields of industry, it is not considered expedient or prac- 
ticable to have a distinct and separate exhibition of women's work, but the 
Board of Lady-managers will endeavor by all means possible to it to se- 
cure full recognition for all female labor, whether it be done by women 
alone, or done in conjunction with men. 

In pursuanse of this object the Director-general of the Columbian 
Exposition has caused to be printed on all entry blanks the question, "Please 
state what per cent of female labor was employed in the production of this 
article?" 

The answer to this question determines whether the Board of Lady- 
managers is entitled to appoint members on the juries of award for such 
exhibit and also the number of such members. 

State Boards.— In many of the states and territories the members of the 
Woman's Board are officially recognized as members of the State boards 
or commissions, having thus received both National and State recognition, 
an adjustment of authority which greatly facilitates their work, An^ 



326 HAND-BOOK OF 

in some of the states other women, fitted by training and capacity for such 
positions have been added to the State boards whose active co-opera- 
tion will greatly promote the success of the women's department. 

And to further expedite the work necessary to make a complete exposi- 
tion of women's labor the Board of Lady-managers advocates most strongly 
the appointment of women on all the various boards, associations or com- 
missions organized or appointed in the several states and territories and the 
District of Columbia, for the purpose of co-operation with the authorities 
of the Columbian Exposition. 

They also urge the importance of such representation of women, by 
women, in the organizations or societies formed in all foreign countries 
for similar purposes, and appeal to all women to endeavor to secure such 
recognition from their governments. 

Through the personal efforts of the President of the Board, committees 
of women have been formed to co-operate with the Board of Lady-managers 
in France, England and Austria. These are presided over by women of the 
high st rank and of great capability and experience, and are in thorough 
accord and active sympathy with the objects of the Board. 

And in the states, territories and count ies where no such boards exist, 
or where women are not recognized by the government as members of 
them, the Board recommends the formation of auxiliary associations or 
societies of women, whose object shall be to devise ways and means to 
collect, arrange and adequately display all results of women's work in indust- 
rial, intellectual and moral fields, and to look after the interests of the 
women of their respective states, territories and countries conjointly with 
the Board of Lady-managers, in connection with the Columbian Exposition. 

Classiflcationof ExMlyits.—All applications for space for exhibits by 
women, or for the construction of buildings for their use must be made 
through the Board of Lady Managers as before stated, and all exhibits of 
women's work must be entered under the general c assiflcation of the Co- 
lumbian Exposition, the twelve departments of which are as follows: 
A— Agriculture, Forest Products, Forestry, Machinery and appliances. 
B— Viticulture, Horticulture, Floriculture. C— Live Stock, D'^mestic and 
Wild Animals. D— Fish, F sheries. Fish Products, and Apparatus for Fish- 
ing. E— Mines, Mining, and Metallurgy. F— Machinery. G— Transporta- 
tion: Railways, Vessels, Vehicles. H— Manufactures. J— Electricity. 
K— Fine Arts: Pictorial, Plastic and Decorative. L— Liberal Arts: Edu- 
cation, Engineering, Public Works, Architecture, Music and the Drama. 
M— Ethnology, Archieology, Progress of Labor and Invention, Isolated 
and Collective Exhibits. 

These departments are divided into Groups and the Groups sub-divided 
into Classes. There are 173 Groups and 907 Classes, and while many of the 
groups and classes are not suited to the requirements of women's work, yet 
all products of female labor can be properly classified in these departments. 

All exhibitors are notified that " if products are intended for competition 
it must be so stated by the exhibitor or they will be excluded from the ex- 
amination by the international juries of award." 

The awards, it must be borne in mind, are designed to indicate some in- 
dependent and essential excellence in the article exhibited and as an evi- 
dence of advancement in the art represe ted by it. They will be bestowed 
by iuries or boards of examiners, on the ground of merit only, and the evi- 
dence of such merit will be parchment (jertificates or bronze medals. These 
will be enduring, historical records of development and progress and inval 
u ible mementoes of success, of which women and their descendants for 
generations to come may well be proud. 

Women'' s Gonfresses.— A most important and valuable adjunct of the Board 
of Lady Managers is the Woman's Branch of the World's Congress Auxiliary 
of the Columbian Exposition. This organization consists of committees of 



THE WORLD^S COLUMBIAN EXPOSITION. 327 

women, who will Avork in conjunction with committees of men to arrange 
for and carry out a series of U'lion Congresses for the consideration and 
discussion of the great economic, educational, mdustrial, financial and reli- 
gious problems of the day, and their relation to the condition of women 
throughoutthe world. These committees will be divided into sub-commit- 
tees under various heads, such as Philanthropy, Charity, Prevention, 
Reform, Music, Art, Domestic Economy, Hygiene, Social Purity, Press- 
work, Education, etc. Women of ail lands are invited to meet in Chicago in 
1893 to consider questions that tend "' to promote justice, virtue, prosperity 
and domestic peace; to show, in the congresses in which women will partic- 
ipate, that the elevation of woman is a true measure of the progi-essof the 
age, and that the improvement of law, government and productive indus- 
try, the advancement of literature, science and art, and the welfare and 
peace of nations, aie all dependent m, much upon the influence of women 
as upon the conduct of men." These Congresses of Women will be held in 
the great Assembly room of the Woman's Building, or some other appro- 
priate place, and will undoubtedly be one of the most interesting features 
of the Exposition. They will provide an oppo'^tunity for women of all 
diversities of belief, opinion and creed to meet and discuss the needs of their 
sex, and the result of their deliberations will doubtless be among the 
most important influences of the gr^at World's Fair. The Auxiliary has 
headquai'ters in Chicago and the ofiicers are: President, Mrs. Potter Pal- 
mer, of Chicago; vice-president. Mrs. Chas. N. Henrotin, of Chicago; gen- 
eral committee, Mrs. Henry M. Wilmarth, Mrs. O. W. Potter, Mrs. K. Hall 
McCormick, Miss Francis E. Willard, Mrs. John C. Coonley, Mrs. A. L. 
Chetlain, Miss Nina Gray Lunt, Mrs. J. M. Flower, Mrs. Wirt Dexter, Dr. 
Sarah HacKett Steverson, Mrs. J. Young Scammon, Mrs. Myra Bradwell, 
Mrs. Leander Stone. Miss N. Halstead, clerk of committee. 



HACK AND CAB KATES. 



The rates of fare for hacks, according to city ordinances, are as follows: 

For conveying one or two passengers from one railroad depot to another 
railroad depot, one dollar. 

For conveying one or two passengers not exceeding one mile, one dollar. 

For conveying one or two passengers any distance over one mile and 
less than two miles, one dollar and fifty cents. 

For each additional two passengers of the same party or family, fifty 
cents. 

For conveying one or two passsengers acy distance exceeding two 
miles, two dollars. 

For each additional passenger of the same party or family, fifty cents. 

For conveying children between five and fourteen years of age, half the 
above price may be charged for like distance; but for children under five 
years of age no charge shall be made— provided that the distance from any 
railroad depot, steamboat landing or hotel to any other railroad depot, 
steamboat landing or hotel shall, in all cases, be estimated as not exceeding 
one mile. 

For the use per day of any hackney coach or other vehicle, drawn by 
two horses or other animals, with one or more passengers, eight dollars. 

For the use of any su h carriage or vehicle by the hour, with one or 
mora passengers, with the privilege of going f r m place to place and stop- 



3^8 SAND-BOOK. 

ping- as often as may be requirfd, as follows : For the first hour, two dol- 
lars : for each j-dditional hour or part of an hour, one dollar. 

Every passenger shall be allowed to have c nveyed upon each vehicle, 
without charge, his ordinary traveling baggage, not exceeding, in any case, 
one trunk and twenty-five pounds of other baggage. For every additional 
package, where the whole weight of baggage is over one hundred pounds, 
if conveyed to any place within the old city limits, the owner or driver shall 
be permitted to charge fifteen cents. 

Rates of fare for hansom cabs and other one-horse vehicles are regula- 
ted by city ordinance, as follows : 

The pr.ces or rates of fare to be asked or demanded. by the owners or dri- 
vers of cabs or oth r vehicles drawn by one horse ( r other animal, for the 
conveyance of passengers for hire, shall be not more than as follows : 

One mile or fraction thereof, for each passenger for the first mile, 
twenty-five cents. 

One mile or fraction thereof, for any distance after first mile, for one or 
more passengers, twenty-five cents. 

For the first hour, seventy-five cents. 

For each quarter hour additional after first hour, twenty cents. 

For service outside of city limits and in the parks, for the first hour, one 
dollar. 

For each quarter-hour additional after the first hour, twenty-five cents. 

The provision regarding amount of baggage allowed free and rates of 
charge for excess is the same as in the Hack Ordinance. 

The following rates of fare should be posted conspicuously in every 
Hansom cab. 

One mile or less, for each passenger, twenty-five cents. 

Each additional mile or fraction thereof, one or two passengers, twenty- 
five cents. 

For one stop or wait of not over five minutes no charge will be made. 

For over five minutes, or more than one stop or wait, ten cents will be 
charged for each ten minutes or part thereof. 

Packages too large to be carried inside will be charged ten cents 

For one or two persons, per hour, within four-mile limit, seventy-five 
cents. 

For each quarter-hour additional, or fraction thereof, twenty cents. 

For one or two persons, per hour, outside four-mile limit, also Lincoln 
Park, one dollar. 

For each quarter-hour additional, or fraction thereof, twenty-five cents. 

When continuous stop of one-half or more is made, the charge per hour 
will be at the rate of seventy cents. When service is desired by the hour, it 
must be so stated at the time of engaging the cab, otherwise the distance 
rate will be charged. 

Hour engagements, when the cab is discharged at a distance of over 
half a mile from the stand, the time necessary to return to the stand will be 
charged for. No time engagements will be made for less than the price for 
one hour. 

In case of attempted imposition or exorbitant charges on the part of the 
driver, prv him nothing until you shall have called a noliceman. The city i f 
Chicago gv ards the interests of stransers closely and jealously, and no im- 
position will be tolerated, Do not compromise the matter "in order to save 
trouble." The welfare of strangers generally require that each one shall 
refuse to accede to unjust demands. 



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LEngraved For The Standard Guide Company.] 
DONOHUE & HENNEBERRY BUILDING, 407-425 DEARBORN STREET. 



CHICAGO STEEET DIRECTOKY. 



The main stem of the Chicago river, with its two branches. North and 
South, divide the city of Chicag-o into three " Divisions "or "Sides," viz.: The 
South Side, or South Division ; West Side, or West Division ; North Side, or 
North Division. Popularly, the term " Side " is used ; the municipal term 
is "Division," while legally they are called "Towns;" that is, before 
annexations were made the South, West and North Divisions were separate 
townships. New townships, however, have been added to each of these 
divisions. The abbreviations used in the following Street and Avenue 
Directory relate to these Divisions or Towns as follows: W. D. (West 
Division), S. D. (South Division), N. D. (North Division), H. D. (Hyde Park), 
L. (Lake). L. V. (Lake View), J. (Jefferson). Streets that cross the main 
river are north and south streets ; if they run in the same direction on the 
West Side, Randolph street is the dividing line as far as Union Park, and 
beyond that Lake street marks the center. 



A (N. D.\ 125 Southport Ave. 
w. toDomlnick; Ahbott Ct. (L. V.), 
1723 Diversey n.one block; Aberdeen 
(W. D.), 328 Madison s. to 87th; 
Aberdeen (L. V.), Southport Ave. 
e. to Sheffield Ave.; Ada N. ( W. D.), 
435 Randolph n. to Erie; Ada S. (W. 
D.), 434 Randolph s. to Madison; 
Ada (L.), 4Tth to 87th; Adams (S. 
D.), 157 Michigan Ave. w. to river; 
Adams (W. D.;, river w. to 48th; 
Adams Ave. (H. . P.) 75th s. to 77th; 
Addison Ave. (L. V,) N. Western 
Ave. e. to the lake; Addison ^4 ue.(H. 
P.), 69th s. to 71st; Adelaide ih. V.), 
124 School n. to Cornelia; Alaska (W. 
D.),:i85 Larrabee w. to Town; Al- 
bany Ave. N. (W. D.), 1452 Lake n. 
to Grand Ave.; Albany Ave. S. (W. 
D.), 1431 Lake s. to Archer Ave.; 
Albert (W. D.), 583 18th s. one-half 
blk.; Aldine (L. V.), 340 Evanston 
Ave. e. to the lake; Aldine (S. D.), 
Aldine Sq. s, to Egan Ave.; Aldine 
Square (S. D.), 3726 Vinoennes Ave. 
w. one-half blk.; Alexander (S. D.), 
2216 Wentworlh Ave. w. to Stewart 
Ave.:AUcePl. (W. D.),1263N. West- 
ern Ave. w. to Perry Ave.; Alexan- 
der Ave. (L. V .), Byron n. to Sulzer; 
Allport (W. D.), 433 16th s. to22d; 
Almond (W. D.) 952 Taylor s. to 85 
Ashland Ave.; Ambrose (W. D.), 1001 



S. Wood w. to S. California Ave.; 
Ann N. (W. D.), 361 Randolph n. to 
Kinzie: Ann S. (W. D.), 362 Randolph 
s. to Madison; Anna ( W. D.), 1405 S. 
Western Ave. s. to Washtenaw Ave.; 
Anna Ave. (L. V.), 35 School n. to 
Cornelia; Arbor PI. {W. D.), 122 N. 
Ada w. to N. Ashland Ave.; Arch (S. 
D.),2943 Archer Ave. s. e. to 31st.; 
Archer Ave. (S. D.), 1906 State, s. w. 
to city limits; Archibald (W. D.), 1178 
Francisco e. three-fourths blk. 
Ardmore Ave. (L. V.), Evanston 
Ave. e. to Sheffield Ave.; Argyle (L 
v.), 3462 N. Clark e. to the lake; 
Armitaye Ave. {W . D.), Mendell w. 
to City limits; Armitage Ct. (W. D.), 
85 Clarkson Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave ; 
Armour (W. D.), 505 Kinzie n to 
Chicago Ave.; Arnold Is. D.),now 
S. LaSalle; Artesian Ave. (W. D.), 
1040 Lake n. to Ohio; Arthington (W. 
D.), 285 Centre Ave. w. to Loomis; 
Arthur (W. D.), 35 16th, s. to 18th; 
Arthur (H. P.), 134 79th s. to 83d PI.; 
Ash (W. D.), 1803 31st s. to 111. & 
Mich. Canal; Ashkum Ave. (H. P.), 
567 8,th s. to 95th; Ashland (W. D ), 
505 S . Robey w. to Olive; Ashland 
Ave. JV. (W. D.), 578 Lake n. to Cly- 
bourn PI.; Ashland Ave. S. (W. D.), 
578 Lake s. to 87th; Ashland Ave.iN. 
D. and L. V.), 820 Clybourn Ave. n. 
to city limits; Ashland Ct. (W. D.), 
180 N. Ashland Ave. e. one-half blk,; 



329 



330 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



Ashley (W. D.), now Emerson Ave.; 
Astor (N. D.), 583 Division n. to 
North Ave.; Atlantic (L.), continu- 
ation of Fifth Ave.; Attica (S. D.), 
65 Auburn w. to Laurel; Attrill (W. 
D.), 119 Stave n. e. to Milwaukee 
Ave.; Auburn (S. D.), 799 31st s. to 
35th; Augusta {W . D), ElstonAve. 
w to Crawford Ave.; Austin Ave. 
(W. D.), 153N. Jefferson w. to Sey- 
mour Ave.; -d.ue?iK6 A (H. P.), llBlh 
s to Wolf Lake; ^t56»ate B (H. P.), 
Indiana Bd. s. to Wolf Lake; Avenue 
C (H. P.), I'Sth s. to Wolf Lake; 
Avenue D (H. P.), 99th s. to 119th; 
Avenue E (H. P.), 98th s. to Wolf 
Lake; Avenue F (H. P.^ 102d s. to 
\20th;Avemie G (H. P.), 102d s. to 
nsth; Avenue H (H. P ), 102d s. to 
Hyde Lake; Avenue J (H. P ), If 2d s. 
to 110th; Avenue J (H. P.), 102d s. to 
Hyde Lake; Avenue K{Yl. P.), 102d 
s. to Hyde Lake; Avenue L (H. P.), 
102d s. to Hyde Lake; Avenue M (H. 
P.), 10 d s. to Hyde Lake; Avers Ave. 
N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to North Ave.; 
Avers Ave. S . {W . D.), 170(3 Ogden 
Ave. s. to 31st; Avon Ave. (L.), 60th 
8. tot7th; Avon PL (W. D.), 2b7 S. 
Robey w. to Hoyne Ave.; Avondale 
Ave.(W. D.),N. California Ave. n. w. 
to Belmont Ave.; 4t/res Ct. (W. D.), 
279 Chicago Ave. s. to Huron. 

B. 

B (N. D.) 93 Southport Ave. w. to 
Dominick; Baker iL.), Stewart Ave. 
w. to Wallace; Baldwin (W. D.), 
721 Kinzie n. to Austin Ave.; Ball ni 
Ave. (W. D.), 1283 North Ave.; n. to 
Fullerton Ave.; Balmoral Ave. {h. 
v.), Robey e. to Sheffield Ave.; 
Baltimore Ave. (H. P.), 410 83d s. to 
87th; Banks (N. D.), 473 State e. to 
Lake Shore Drive; Barber (W. D.), 
101 Stewart Ave. w to S. Halsted; 
Barclay (W. D.), 559 Linwood PI. n. 
to Division; Barry Ave. (L. V.), 184 
EvanstonAve. e. to the lake; Bart- 
lett Ave. (W. D.), 6^7 N. Ked ie Ave. 
w. to Homan Ave.; Basil Ave. (W. 
D.), 1*35 North Ave. n. to Bloom- 
ingdale Road; Bates (W. D.), Lum- 
ber w. to Stewart Ave.; Bauwans 
(W. D.). 587 N.Ashland Ave. nw. 
to Black hawk; Baxter (L. V.), 1326 
Wellington Ave., n. to Roscoe; 



Beach (W. D.), 38 Harrion s. to 12th; 
Beach Ave. (W . D.), 753 N. Kedzie 
Ave. w. to Sheridan; Beethoven PI. 
(N. D.), 28i Sedgwick e. to Wells. 
Belden Ave. (N. D.), 24 Perry e. to 
Lincoln Park; Belden Ave. (W. D.), 
1275 Homan Ave. w. to Cental Park 
Ave; Belden PI. (N. D.), 458 Belden 
Ave. n. one-half blk; Belknap (W. 
D.), 4i9 S. Morgan w. one-half blk; 
B llePlaine Ave. (L. V.), N. West- 
ern Ave. e. to N. Ashland Ave.; 
Bellevue PI. (N. D.),3J3 State e. to 
the lake; Belmont Ave. (L. V.), 
Western Ave. e. to the lake; Bel- 
montAve. (W. D.), the river w. to 
CraAvford Ave.; Benson (^. D.),]08l 
3lst s. to3M.; Benton PI. (S. D.),415 
State e. one and one-half blk ; 
Berg PI. (W. D.), 41 Brand PI. w. to 
N. Robey; Berkeley Ave. (H. P.), 70 
Bowen Ave. se. to 45th.; Berlin (W. 
D.), 1285 N. Leavitt w. to Western 
Ave.; BerteauAve. (L. V.), Western 
Ave. e. to Ashland Ave.; Berwijn 
Ave. (L. V ), 2338 Evanston Ave. 
e. to Sheffield Ave.; Best Ave. 
(L. v.), 1436 Wrightwood Ave. n. 
to Diversey; Bethuel (W. D.), 
1975 16th s. to 19th; Better (W. D.), 8 
Sholto w. toS May; Bickerdike (W. 
D.), 411 Ind ana n. to Chicago Ave.; 
Bickerdike Sq ( W. D.), Bickerdike w. 
to Armour; Bingham (W. D ), 585 
Armitage Ave. n. to Cornelia; Bmao 
(W. D.), Railroad n. e to Elston 
Ave.; Birch {WD ), 425 S. Robey w. 
to Kendall; Bishop Ct. (W. D ), 478 
Washington Bd. s. to Madison; Bis- 
marck ( W. D.), 693 N. Ro- kwell w. to 
Humboldt Park; Bismarck Ct. (W. 
D.), Ill Huron w. to Noble; BisseU 
(W. D.), 137 Dayton n. w. to Belden 
Ave.; Bissell Ave. (H. P.), 41st s to 
43d; Bi:rby PL( W. D.), 459 Kinzie n. to 
Austin Ave.; Blackhawk (N. D.), the 
river n. e. and e. to Sedgwick; Black- 
haxck iW D.), the river w. to N. 
Paulina; Blackwell (S. D ),231 18th 
s. to 20th; Blaine (W. D.), 1219 Rock- 
well w. to Washtenaw Ave.; Blair 
(W. D.), 31 Canal port Ave..s. to 20th; 
Blake (S. D.), S62i Archer Aw. s. w. 
one-half block; Blanchard Ave. (L.), 
continuation of S. Rockwell; Blanch- 
ard PI. (S. D.), 189 24th s. to 25th; 
Blanche (W. D.) the river w. to 718 N. 
Ashland Ave.; BZ(SS(N.D.), 222 North 



STREET mRECTORY, 



331 



Branch n. e. to North Branch Canal; 
Block (N, D.), 30 North Ave. n. to 
Eageme; Bioom (S. Dj, 1395 34th s. to 
38th; Bioomiiigdale Road (W . D.),661 
Elston Ave. to c.ty limits; Blucher 
(L. v.), 35 Lull PL w. to Wood; Bhw 
Island Ave, (W. D.), Halsted and 
Harrison s. w. to Westei-n Ave.; 
Boardinaii (S. D.), 36th s. e. to Archer 
Ave.; Boardman PI. (L. V.), aouth- 
port Ave. w. one-half block; Bona- 
parte (S. D.), ^924 Arch s. w. to Lock; 
Bond {L.),C. & G. T. R. R. w. to 
Reese Ave.; Bond Ave. (H. P.), 78 
71st s. to Illinois Ave.; Bonfield (S. 
D ), 3731 Hickory s. e. to 31st; Bonney 
Ave. (W. D.), 394 Colorado Ave. s. to 
53d; Boomer (L.), 443 39th s. to 40th; 
Boone (W. D.),121 DeKalb w. to ti. 
Leavitt; Boston Ave. ( w . D.), 197 S. 
Desplaines w. to Halsted; Bos- 
worth Ave. (L. V.), Roscoe n. to 
Grace Ave.; Boulevard (N. D.), 437 
Ohio n. to Ontario; Boiven Ave. (S. 
D.), 4110 Lake Ave. w. to Grand Bd.; 
Bowery The (W. D.), 294 VanBuren 
8. to Congress; Bowmanville Road 
(L. v.). Western Ave., n. e. to C. & 
N.-W. R. H.: Bradley (W. D.), 303 
Elston Ave. w. to Holt; Brand PI. 
(W. D.), 33 Fullerton Ave. n. and n. 
w. to N. Robey. Breckenridge Ave. 
(W. D.), 903 N. Hamlin Ave. w. to 
Crawford Ave.; Bremen (W. D.), 
69 Myrtle Ave. w. to Cromwell; 
Bremen PI. (W. D. , 13 9 N. Leavitt 
w to Western Ave.; Bredau ( W. D.), 
163 Hamburg n. to Elms; Brigham 
(W. D.), 673 N. Ashland Ave. w. to 
N. Wood; Bristol (L.), 4518 t^tate w. 
to Stewart Ave.; Broad (S. D.), C. 
& A. R. R. s. e. to 3 St; Brompton 
Ave. (L, v.), 18.6 Halsted, e to 
Evanscon Ave.; Bronso)i{L.), Center 
Ave. w. to Laflin; Brooks Ave. (H . P.), 
73d s. to 86th; Broom (W. D.), ,%1 
Indiana n. to Ohio; Bross Ave. (S. 
D.), 3118 Robey s. w. to Rockwell; 
Brown (W. D.), 316 Taylor s. to the 
river; Bryan PI. (W. D.), 485 Ran- 
dolph n. w. to Lake; Bryant Ave. 
(S. D.), 3540 Vinceanes Ave. w to 
Stanton Ave.; Bryn Mawr (L V ), 
3860 Cliirk e. to Sheffield Ave.; Buch- 
anan (W. D.) continuation of Wash- 
tenaw Ave.; Buckingham PI. (L.V.J, 
Evanston Ave. one-half block w.; 
Buena Ave. (L. V ), C. E. & L. S. R. 



R. e. to Halsted; Buena Vista PI. 
(S. D.), 3521 Emerald Ave. n. e. one- 
half block; Buffalo Ave. (H. P.), 83d 
s. to 93d; Bunker (W. D.), 159 Beach 
w. toS. Halsted; Burchell Ave. (W. 
D.), 599 Fullerton Ave. n. to Diver- 
sey; Burling (N. D.), 183 North Ave. 
n. to Davey Ct.; Biirlington (W.D.t, 
95 16th s. to 18th; Burnett (W. D.), 
445 N Robey w. to N. Leavitt; Burn- 
side Ave, (H. P.), Cottage Grove 
Ave. n. w. to St. Lawrence Ave.; 
Burtis (L. ) , 48th s. to 67th; Burton PI . 
(N. D ), 608 Clark e . to the lake; Butler 
(S. D.), 3361 Archer Ave s. e. to 53d. 
Butterneld (S.D.),5(il 16ths. Garfield 
Bd.; Byford Ave. (W. D.), Douglas 
Park Bd. s. to 16th; Bryon Ave. (W. 
D.), 1101 N. California Ave. w. to 
Humboldt Park; Bryon Ave. (L. V), 
Robey e. to the lake. 



C (N. D.),61 Southport Ave. w. to 
Duminick. Callumn PI. (S. D.), 118 
State w. to Market ; California Ave., 
N (W. D.), 1372 Lake, n. to Bel- 
mont Ave.; California Ave., S. 
(W. D.), 1273 Lake s. to 83d; Cal- 
umet Ave., (S. D.),l 18th s. to city 
limits; Camdhell (S. D.), 31st se. 
two blocks; Campnell Ave.,N. (W. 
D.) 1072 Lake n. to Kinzie; Camphell 
Ave., S. (W. D.), 1U72 Lafee s. to Illi- 
nois & Michigan Canal; Camphell 
Park (W. D.),357S. Leavitt w. to S. 
Oakley Ave.; Canal N. (W. D.), 29 
Randolph n. to Kinzie; Caiial -S. (W. 
D . ), 29 Kandolph s. to Lumber; Canal 
PI., (W. D.), N. branch river w. to 
Elston Ave.; Canalport Ave . (W. D.), 
735 S. Canal sw. to 22d; Carl (N. D.), 
548 Wells e. to LaSalle Ave.; Carltn 
Ave. (H. P.), 76th s. to 79th.; Carpen- 
ter, N. (W. D.), 301 Randolph n. to 
the river; Carpenter S. (W. D.), 301 
Randolph s. to Madison; Carpenter, 
(L.), 48th s. to 87th; Carroll Ave., 
(W. D.), 98 N. Canal w. to 48th; Cass 
(N. D.), 263 Kinzie n. to Rush; Castelln 
Ave. (W. D.), Springfield Ave., w. 
to Crawford Ave.; Catherhie (W. D.), 
432 N. Homan Ave. e one block; 
Cedar (N. D.), 347 Rush e. to the lake; 
Cedar (L.) 347 Rush e. to lake; Cen- 
tral Ave. (S. D.), 9 Water s. to 
Randolph; Central Park Ave. 



332 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



N. (W. D.), 1766 Lake n. to 
Fullerton Ave . : Central Park Ave. S. 
(W. D.), 1736 Madison s. to 71st; 
Central Park Bd. (W. D.), 165 N. Cen- 
tral Ave. w. to Central Park Ave.; 
Centre (N. Dj, 28 Racine Ave. e. to 
Clark; Centre (L. V.), C. & N.-W. R. 
R. e. to Evanston Ave.; Centre Ave.., 
(W . D.), b83 Madison s. to Lum- 
ber; C ntre /ve.; (L.), 47th s. 
to 87th; Centre Ave., N. (W. 
D.), 374 Kinzie n. to Augusta; 
Centre Ave. ( W. D.), 1801 Elston Ave., 
sw. to Kedzie Ave.; Chalmers PI. 
(N. D.), Halsted w to Sheffield Ave.; 
Champlain(S. D.), Bross Ave. s. to 
37th; Chawplain Ave. (H. P.), 353 
42d s. to 67th; Channay (W. D.), 
87 Point ne. one-ha f block; Chapin 
(W. D.), 543 Noble e. to Currier; 
Charles PI. (S. D.), 324 Fifth Ave. w 
to Frankln; Charles (W. D.), 6Van 
Buren s. to Harrison; Charlotte (W. 
D.), '45 S. Central Park Ave. w. to 
Lawndale Ave.; Charlton (S. D.), 33d 
s. to 35th; Charlton (L. V.), 1140 Ridge 
Ave. n. of Francis; Chase (W. D-), 
31 J Chi<'ago Ave. n. to Cornell; Chase 
Ave. (W.I).), 1589 North Ave., n. to 
Bloomingdale Road; Chase Ct. (W. 
D.), 230 Coulters, s. to Blue Island 
Ave.; Chatham Ct. (N.D.), Hobble n. 
to Division; Chauncey A^e.,(H. P.), 
76th s. to 85th; Cheltenham Ave. (H. 
P.), 2 83d s to 85th; Cheltenham PI. 
(H. P.), 7838 Lake Ave. s. w. to 79th; 
Cherry (L.), C. & G. T. R. R. w. to 
Reese Ave.; Cherry Ave. (N. D.), 224 
North Branch n. \v. to North Ave.; 
Cherry PI. (W. D.), 93 Powell Ave. w. 
to Perry Ave.; Chester (S . D ), 833 
Clyhourn Ave. s. w., w. and n. to 
Fullerton Ave.; Chestnut (N. D.), 240 
Market e. to lake; Chestnut (L.), 6126 
Wentworth Ave. w to Halsted; 
Chestnut PI. i'^. J).), 417 Chestnut n 
w. to Walton PL; Clncafj'> Ave. (N. 
D.), the river e. to the lake; Chicago 
Ave. (W. D.), the river w. to city 
limits; Chicago Terrace (W. D.), 273 
Harding Ave. w. to Crawford Ave. 
Christiana Ave.(W. D.), 621 Grand 
Ave. n. to Division; Church Ct. (W. 
D.), 83 S. Morgan w. to Centre Ave.; 
Church PI. (S. D.), 59 Fuller s. e. to 
Archer Ave.; Church Road (L. V.), 
Western Ave. e. to Clark; Churchill 
(W.D.), 889N. Robeyw. to Leavitt; 



Cicero Ct. (W. D.), 1' 78 Jackson s. to 
Harrison; Clara PI. (W. D.), 1291 N. 
Western Ave. w. to Perry Ave.; 
Cliremont Ave., (W. D.) 944 Van 
Buren s. to Crenshaw; Clarence (L. 
v.). 1326 Nellie Ave. n. to Byron; 
Clarinda (W. D.), 34 Holt w. to 
Wood; Clark S. (S. D.), the river s. to 
city limits; Clark N. (N. D.), the river 
n. to North Ave. and n. w. to city 
limits; Clarkson Ave. (W. D.), 1083 
Bloomingdale Road n.to Palmer PI ; 
Clarkson Ct. (W. D ), 1299 Lake s. to 
Washington Bd.; Clay (N. D.), 156 
Sheffield Ave. e. to Halsted; Clay Ave. 
(L. v.), Huck Ave. e. to Robey; 
Clayton (W. D.), 395 Johnson w. to 
May; Cleaver (W. D.), 761 Milwaukee 
Ave. n. to Blanche; Clement Ave. (L ), 
43d s. to 45th; Cleveland (L.), Wallace 
w. to Wright; Cleveland Ave. (N. D ), 
48 Clybourn Ave n. to Fullerton 
Ave ; Cleveland Ave. (L. V.), 980 
Rac ne Ave. e. to Sheffield Ave.; 
Clifton Ave. (W. D.), 567 Fullerton 
Av^*. n. to Diversey; Clifton Ave. vL. 
v.), 1226 Wellington Ave. n. to 
Roscoe; Clifton Park Ave. (W. D.), 
16th s. toSwitt; Clinton, N. (W. D.), 
61 Randolph n. to Kinzie; Clinton S. 
(W. D.). 61 Randolph s. to Maxwell; 
Cloud Ct. (L.), State w. to Went- 
worth Ave ; Clybourn Ave. (N. D. 
and L. V.), 305 Division n. w. to 
Belmont Ave ; Clyhourn PI. (N. D.), 
549 Clybourn Ave. w. t) riyex; Cly- 
hourn PI. (W. D ), the river w. to 
N. Robey; Clyde (N. D.), 481 Clybourn 
Ave. n. e. to Center; Cohlentz (W. 
D.), 1013 N. Robey w. to Western 
Ave.; Coles Ave. (H. P.), 128 71st s. to 
79th; Colfax Ave. (H. P.), 65th s. to 
67th; College PI. (S. D.), 3326 Cottage 
Grove Ave. w to Rhodes Ave.; Col- 
lins (W. D.), 721 S. Albany Ave. w. 
to Kedzie Ave.; C'HtrjsCt. (W. D.), 
92 Laughlin s. to Coulter; Cologne S 
D.), 2500 Quarry s. w. to Fuller; Col- 
orado Ave. (W. D.), 1250 Madison s. 
w. to city limits; Commercial (W. D.), 
320 North Ave. n. to Armitage Ave.; 
Commercial (L. V.), 1259 N. Paulina 
n. and n. av. to Webster Ave ; Com- 
mercial Ave. (H. P.) 242 79th s. to 
99th; Concord (L.), Stewart Ave. w. 
to Morgan; Concord PI. (N. D.),34l 
Clybourn Ave. w. to Sheffield Ave.; 
Congress (S. D.), Michigan Ave. w. 




='2 

o > 

Id 

^^ 

13 



- . . IBE^TX^-S-liT - . - 

Is situated nine and one-half miles from the City Hall on the 
Chicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad. The Wisconsin division 
of the Illinois Central Railroad and the proposed line of the Ogden 
Avenue Elevated Railroad also run by the property. Half-hourly 
trains make the run in from 

23 TO 29 MINUTES. 

Although Berwyn was only platted in the summer of 1890, it 
now boasts of about 100 attractive residences, costing from $1,800 to 
88, 000; a handsome stone church, a stone schoolhouse, brick store 
buildings, a postoffice, an express office, and over seven miles of 
macadamized streets. 

Every deed to Berwyn property is made subject to the following 
conditions: 

1. Saloons prohibited. 

2. Established building line. 

3. Business Buildings not allowed on residence streets, 

4. No building costing less than $1,500 to be erected. 

The^e restrictions give to every resident the assurance that his 
neighborhood will suffer no detraction from improvements of an 
inferior character. 

As we now control about 

50,000 FEET OF STREET FRONTAGE 

we are able to determine the character of the entire suburb. 

The new main sewer is now well under way and assures to 
Berwyn a 

COMPLETE SYSTEM OF SEWERAGE. 

The Berwyn Water, Fuel & Electric Light Company has been 
incorporated and the capital all subscribed. Water, Gas and 
Electricity plants will be established as soon as possible. 

We always have on hand for sale very desirable modern resi- 
idences. We also build from purchasers' plans when desired. We 
also offer choice residence lots at fiS.oo per foot. Terms, one-sixth 
cash and the balance 

IN EASY MONTHLY INSTALLMENTS. 

At present prices Berwyn offers the best and safest investment 
about Chicago. 

ANDREWS & PIPER, Owners, 1 85 Dearborn St., rooms 29 to 32 

TELEPHONE UTO. 



STREET DIRECTOIIY. 



333 



to state, and 5th Ave. w, to the river; 
Congress (W. D.), 225 S. Clinton w. to 
46th; Congress Ph. (W. D.), 1113 Van 
Buren s. to Hariison; Connor (N. 
D.), 62 Cleveland Ave. e. to Sedg- 
wick; Conrad ( \V. D.), 93 Ruble w. to 
S. Union; Cook (W. D.), the rivers, 
w to N. Jefferson; Cook (L.) 1323 47th 
s. to 61st; Cook (L. V.), Hamilton 
Ave. e. to Ashland Ave.; Cooper (N. 
D.), 802 Cly bourn Ave. n. to Fuller- 
toaAve.; Cooper (L.), 63d s. to 67th; 
C<n-k (W. D.), 215 N. Ashland Ave. w. 
to Paulina; Cornelia (W. D.), 606 
Milwaukee Ave. w. to Seymour Ave.; 
I ornelia {W. D.), 53 Point n. e. to 
Milwaukee Ave.; Cornelia (L. V.), 
N. Western Ave. e. to the lake; Cor- 
nell ( W. D.), 536 Milwaukee Ave. w. 
to Ashland Ave.; Cornell Ave. (H. 
P. ), 48 51st south to 53t ; Cortez (W. 
D.), N. California Ave. w. to Hum- 
boldt Pk.; Cortland (W. D.), 94L N. 
Kobey w. to city limits; Cortland 
Ave. (L.), continuation of S. May; 
Cortland Ct. ( W. D.), 33 Clarkson Ave, 
w to Kedzie Ave.; Coni'i'n (W. I).), 
792 15th s. to 16th; Corwin PI. (W . D.), 
74 Moore s. one-half block; Cosgrove 
Ave. (Li. v.), Lincoln Ave. e. to N. 
Ashland Ave.; Cottage Grove Ave. 
(S. D.), 89 22d s.e to Calumet river; 
Cottage PL (W. D.), 83 Throop w. one 
block; Couch Pl.(S. D.), State w. to 
Market; Coulter (W. D.), 1083 S. 
Robey s. w. to California Ave.; Court 
PL(S. D.), State w. to Market; Court 
PI (L..) Western Ave. w. to railroad; 
Coventry (W. D.), 145 North Ave. n. 
w. to Clybourn FL; Crawford (S. D.), 
465 22ds to Archer Ave.: Crawford 
Ave. N.iW.jy.), 1984 Lake n. to city 
limits; Crawford Ave. S. ( W. D.), 1984 
Lakes, to city limits; Crawford Ct 
(S. D.) 2218 McGlashen w. to Craw- 
ford; Crilly PL (N. D.), 137 Eugenie n. 
to Florimond; Crittenden (W. D) , 
519 Noble e. to Currier; Cromivell (W 
D.). 1847 Milwaukee Ave. n. to Ful- 
lerton Ave; Crooked (N. D.), 20 South- 
port Ave. s. e. one-half block; Croshy 
(N. D.), 81 Larrabee n. w. to Division; 
Cross (W. D.), 456 Colorado Ave. s. to 
Harrison; Crossing (W. IJ.), 85 Men- 
dell w. to S. Paulina; Croivn PI. (W. 
D ),26ths. to the river; Crystal (W. 
D.), 556 N. Robey w. to Leavitt; Cur- 
rier (W. D.), 70 Augustan, to Chapin; 



Curtis, JV. (W. D.), 321 Randolph n. to 
Huron, n. w, to May; Curtis S. (W. 
D.), 321 Randolph s. to Madison; Cus- 
tar Ave, (L.) see Spencer Ave.; Cus- 
tom House PI- (S. D.), 103 Jackson s. 
to 14th; Cynthia CL ( W, D.), 1.504 Ogden 
Ave. s, te 22d: Cypress (W. D.), 56 
Kendall s. to 12th. 



Dakin (L. V.), 1478 Sheffield Ave. 
e. to Evanston Ave.; Dale PI. (W. 
D.), 724 22i s. one-half block; Baly 
(S. D.), 35th s. to 37th; Damen (W. 
U.),91 Sholto w. to S. May; Dania 
Ave. (W. D.), 686 Division n. to 
Bloomingdale Road; Dashiel (S. D.), 
539 26th s. to 39th; Dauphin (H. P.), 
87th sw. to 9.'d; Davis (W. D.), 622 
Division n. to Wabansia Ave.; Davis 
(L.), 57th s. to 67th; Davlin (\V. D.), 
894 Lake n. to Kinzie; Dayton (N. 
D . ) , 140 Rees n. to Belden Ave. ; Dean 
(W. D.), 649 N. Paulina nw. to Brig- 
ham; Dearborn (S. D.),the river s. to 
Polk, 14th s. to 59th; JJearhorn Ave. 
(N. D.), the river n. to North Ave.; 
Dearborn PI. (S. D.),20 Randolph s. 
to Madison; Dee7'i?ig (S. D.),the river 
se. to 31st; DcKalb (W.D.), 2d Flour- 
noy sw. to S. Leavitt; DeKoven (W. 
D.), 151 Beach w. to S. Halsted; Dela- 
materPl. (W. D.), 1383 Blooming- 
dale Road n. to Armitage Ave.; 
Delaware PL (N. D.), 277 Dearborn 
Ave. e. to the lake; Deming Ct. (L. 
v.), 588 Orchard e. to Lake View 
Ave.; Dempster PL (L. V.), Clark e. 
to Evanston Ave.; Dejyot (W. D.), 157 
Stewart Ave. w. to S. Halsted; Dejmys- 
ter (W. D.), 255 S. Desplaines w. to 
S. Halsted; Desplaines, N. (W. D.), 123 
Randolph n. to Erie; Desplaines, S . 
(W. D.), 123 Randolph s. to 12th; 
Devon Ave. (L. V.), the lake w. to 
Evanston Ave.; Dewey Ct. (L. V.) 
1318 Halsted e. to Clark; Dexter Ave. 
(W. D.) S. Ashland Ave sw. to 31st; 
Dexter Ave. (L.), Stewart Ave. e. to 
Wallace; Dickens Ave. (W. D.), 1131 
N. California Ave. w. to Crawford 
Ave.: Dickey (L.), 63d s. to 79th; 
Dickey Ave. (W. D.), N. Kedzie Ave. 
w. to N. Homan Ave.; Dickson (W 
D.), 174 Division n. to Bloomingdale 
Road; Dieden (W. D.),217Elston Ave. 
sw. to Currier; Diller (W. D.), 898 



334 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



Fulton n. to Ohio; Diver sey (L. V.), 
N. Western A\e. e. to the lake; 
Diversey (W. D.), the river w. to city 
limits; Division (N. D.), the river e. 
to the lake; Div sion (W. D.), the 
river w. to city limits; Dix (\V. D.), 
103 Chicago Ave. nw. to Sangamon; 
Dock (S. D.), 46 Kiver nw. to the 
river; Dodje (W. D.), Lumber s. to 
14th; DominicK (N. D.), 51 Southport 
Ave. nw. to Webster Ave.; Dor PL 
(W. D.), 665 N. Springfield Ave. w. 
to Crawford Ave.; Douglas Ave. (H. 
P.), 107th s. to 114.h; Douglas Park Bd. 
(W. D.), 687 S. Al any Ave. w. to 
Hamlin Ave.; Douglas Park Pi. (W. 
D.), 7( 7 S. Fairchild Ave. w. to Cali- 
fornia Ave.; Drake Ave. (W. D.), 
Kinzie n, to Chicago Ave.; Drexel 
Ave (H. P.), 52d s. to 87th; Drexel 
Bd. (H. P.), 39th s. to 51st; Dreyer (L.) 
47th s. to 53d Drummond Ave. (W. 
D.), 991 Augusta n. to D vision; 
Dudley (W. D.), 653 Chicago Ave. n. 
to Webster Ave.; Duncan Ave. (H. 
P.), 7648 Railroad Ave. s. to 82d; 
Duncan Park (L.), Stewart Ave. w. 
to Wallace; Dunn (W. D.),45 Kinzie 
nw. one block; Dunning (L. V.), 1260 
N. Paulina e. to Halsted; Dussold 
( W. D.), 483 S . Jefferson w. to Halsted. 



Eagle (W. D.), 30 N. Desplaines w. 
to Halsted; Eail (S. D.), 2920 Shields 
Ave. w. to Stewart Ave.; Early Ave. 
(L. v.), Southport Ave. se. to Evans-, 
ton Ave.; East Ct. (L. V.), 19,;9 Bel- 
mont Ave. s. one-half block; East 
End Ave. (H. P.), 10 51st s. to 56th; 
Eastman (N. D.), North Branch ne. 
to Halsted; Eberhart (W. D.). 633 N. 
Kedzie Ave w, to Homan Ave ; Eda 
(S. D . ) , 3610 Indiana Ave. w . to State; 
Edbrooke PI. (W. D.), 1201 N. Western 
Ave w. to Perry Ave.; Eddy (L. V.), 
1034 Racine Ave. e. to Clark; Edgar 
(W. D.), 265 North Ave. n, to Cly- 
bourn PL; Edgerton Ave. (H. P.). 
60th s. to 61st; Edgecomh Ct. (L. V.\ 
869 Evanston Ave. e. to Sheffield 
Ave.; Ed;\th (W. D.), 398 N. Human 
Ave. e. one block; kelson Ave. (L. 
v.), 574 Lincoln Ave. n. to Webster 
Ave.; Edwards Ave. (H. P.), 7813 
Railroad Ave. s. to 83d; Eighth Ave. 
(H. P.), 47 97th s. to 102d; Eighteenth 
(S. D.), the lake w. to the river; 



Eighteenth (W. D.),the river w. to 
the city limits; Eighteenth PI. ^W. D.), 
327 Johnson w. to S. May; Eightieth 
(H. P. and L.), Bond Ave. w. to city 
limits; Eighty-first (H. P. & L.), On- 
tario Ave. w . to city limits; Eighty- 
second (H. P. andL.), Ontario Ave. w. 
to Halsted; Eighty-third (H. P. and 
L.), Cheltenham Ave. w. to city- 
limits; Eighty-third PL (tf. P.),8336 
Ontario Ave. w. to railroad; Eighty- 
fourth (H. P. & L.), Cheltenham Ave. 
w to Ashland Ave.; Eighty-Hfth 
(H. P. & L.), Cheltenham Ave. w. to 
Ashland Ave.; Eighty-sixth (H. P. 
& L.), the lake w. to Loomis; Eighty- 
seventh (H. P. & L.), the lake w. to 
city limits; Eighty -seventh PL (H. P.), 
Dauphin Ave. w. to St. Lawrence 
Ave.; Eighty-eighth (H.P.),the strand 
w. to city limits; Eighty-eighth PI. 
(H. P.), Dauphin Ave. w. to St. Law- 
rence Ave.; Eighty-ninth (H. P.), the 
strand w. to city limits; Eighty-ninth 
PI. (H. P.), Dauphin Ave. w. to 
Langley Ave.; Elaine (L. V.), 1146 
Roscoe nw. to Cornelia; Eldredge Ct. 
(S. D.), 393 Michigan Ave. w. to State; 
Eleanor Ave. (H. P.), 83d s. to 136th; 
Eleventh (W. D.), 403 S. Morgan w. to 
May; Eleventh, W. (W. D.), 339 
Throop w. to Ashland Ave.; Elgin 
(S. D.), 3114 Purple w. to Stewart 
Ave.; Ellas (S. D.), 3881 Archer Ave. 
Si. to Lyman Ave.; Elizabeth, N. 
(W. D.), 403 Randolph n. to Erie; 
Elizabeths. (W. 1).), 403 Randolph s. 
to Madison; Elizabeth (L.), Blanche 
to 87th; Elizabeth (L.), Stewart Ave. 
w. to Wright; Elk (W. D.), Bauwans 
w. to N. Paulina; Elk Grove Ave. (W. 
D.), 735 N. Wood w. and n. to Web- 
ster Ave.; Ellen (W. D.), 984 Mil- 
waukee Ave. sw. to Lincoln: Ellery 
Ave. (L.), 79th s. to Pierce; Ellis Ave. 
(S. D. and L.), 35 35th te. and s. to 
S7th; Ellis Park (S. D.), Prospect 
Place s. to 37th; Ellsworth (W. D.), 8 
Harrison s. to Polk; Elm (N. D.), 
North Branch Canal ne. and e. to the 
lake; Elmwood PL (S. D.), 133 37th 
s. to 39th; Elston Ave. (W. D.), 499 
Milwaukee Ave. n. and nw. to limits; 
Emerald Ave. (S. D. and L.), 3473 
Archer Ave. s. to 83d; Emerson Ave. 
(W. D.), 177 N. Wood w. to Oakley 
Ave.; Emery (W. D.). 545 N. 
Kedzie Ave. west to Springfield 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



335 



Ave.; Emily (W. D.), 469 N. Ashland 
Ave. w. to Wood; Emma (W. D.), 
704 Milwaukee Ave. w. to Ashland 
Ave.; Emmet (L.), 47th s. to 55th 
Ems (W. D.), 1^01 N. Leavitt w. to 
Western Ave.; Eiiglew :od Ave. (L ), 
6228 Wentworth Ave. w. to Halsted; 
Erie (N. D.), the river east to the 
lake; E7'ie (W. D.), the river w. to 
Western Ave.; Erie Ave. (H. P.), 374 
87th s. to 98th; E^caiiaba Ave. (H. P.). 
3 8ith s. tol08d; Essex Ave. (H. P.), 
83 s. 1 1 103d; Euclid Ave. (W. D.), 39 
California Ave. w. to Central Park 
Ave.; Eugenie (N. D.),45B Larrabee 
e. to Clark; Evans Ave. (H. P.),284 
42d s. to 87th; Evans Ct. (W. D.), 629 
S. Union w. t ) Halsted; Evanstmi 
Ave- (L. v.), Clark and Diversey nw. 
to Devon Ave.; Everett Ave. (H. P.), 
55th s. one block; Evergreen Ave. (W. 
D.),1088 Milwaukee Ave. sw. to N. 
Leavitt; Evergreen Ave. (W. D.),15ll 
N. Western Ave. w. to Humboldt 
Ave ; Everts Ave. (L.), 4Tth s. to 71st; 
Ewing (W. D.), Beach w. to Blue 
Island Ave.; Ewing Ave., (H. P.), 
94tli se. and s. to l(]6th; Ewing PL 
(W.I).) 719 N.Robeyw. to N. Leavitt; 
Exchange Ave. (H. P.), 8tth s. to 
102d; Exchange PI. (S. D.), 128 Wash- 
ington s. to Madison. 



Fairfield Ave., N, (W. D.), 1238 
Lake n. to Armitage Ave.; Fair- 
field Ave., S. (W. D.), 1344 Harvard 
s. to 22d; Fairview Ave., (W. D.), 
34') Fullerton Ave. w. to Diversey; 
Fake (S. D.),^971 Bonaparte se to Ly- 
man; Fall (W. D.) 1161 Lake s. to 
Warren Ave ; Farrell (S. D.), Hick- 
ory se. to 31st; Fay (W. D.), 89 
Erie n. to Pratt; Fayette Ct. (W. D.), 
504 Harrison s. to Vernon Park PL; 
Ferdinand [W. D.), 188 Noble w. to 
Oakley Ave.; Fi/tee?it^ (S. D ), 1500 
State w. to Clark; Fifteenth (W, D.), 
131 Stewart Ave. w. t > Hamlin Ave; 
Fifth Ave. (S. D.), the river s. to 
Taylor; 311 26th s. to 39th; Fiftieth 
(H. P. and L-.), 5000 Lake Ave, w. 
to limits; Fiftieth Ct. (H. P. and L.), 
5034 Cottage Grove Ave. w. to Oak- 
ley Ave ; Fifty-first (H. P. and L.). 
the Lake w. to limits; Fiftn-first Ct. 
(L.), Halsted w. to Morgan; Fifty- 



second (H. P. L.), 5200 Lake Ave. -w. 
to limits; Fifty-third (H. P. and L.), 
the lake w. to limits; Fifty-fourth 
(H. P. and L.), the lake w. to limits; 
Fifty-fourth Ct. (L.), Halsted w. to 
Morgan; Fifty-fourth PI. (H. P.), 
Lake Ave. w. to Drexel Ave.; Fifty- 
fifth (H. P. and L.), the lake w. to 
Cottage Grove Ave.; Fifty-sixth (H. 
P. and L.), the lake w. to Ashland 
Ave ; Fifty-seventh (H. P. andL ), 
5700 Stony Island Ave. w. to Ash- 
land Ave ; Fifty-eighth (H. P. and 
L.), 5800 Washington Ave. w. to 
Ashland Ave.; Fifty-eighth Ct. (L.), 
Stewart Ave. w. to Wallace; Fifty- 
ninth (H. P. and L.), Stony Island 
Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; Fifty- 
ninth Ct. (L. v.), Western Ave. e. 
to lake; Fifty-ninth Ct. (L.), Went- 
worth Ave. w. to Stewart Ave.; 
Fillmore (W. D.), 507 S. Western Ave. 
w. to Crawford Ave.; First Ave. (H. 
P). ;09 95th s. 1/2 blk.; First Ave. 
(W. D.), 3:} Schuyler Ave. nw. to 
Kedzie Ave.; Fisher Ave. (L V.), 
3728 Kobey e. to Clark; FiskiW. D.), 
351 16th s. to Lumber; Fie twood 
(W. D ), Elston Ave. n. to Rawson; 
Fletcher (L. V.), 1646 Oakley Ave. e. 
to Evanston Ave.: Florence Ave. (L. 
v.), 156 Wright wood Ave. n. to Di- 
versey; Morence^i'e. (L.), 4 d to 43d; 
Florimond (N. D.), 651 Franklin e. to 
Wells; Flournoy ( W.D.),OgdenAve. 
w. to Albany Ave.; Follansbee (W. 
D.), 1946 Milwaukee Ave. w. to Ked- 
zie Ave.; Fontenoy Ct. (W. D.), 
1146 Milwaukee Ave. s.w. one block; 
Ford Ave. (H. P.), 75th s. to 79th; 
Forest Ave. (S. D.), 175 31st s. to lim- 
its; Forest Ave. (W. D.).3r7 Fullerton 
Ave. n. to Elston Ave.; Forest Ave. 
(L. V.I, Grand Ave. n. to limits; 
Forquer (W. D,), Beach w. to Craw- 
ford A.ye.;Forrestville Ave. (H. P.), 
48th s. one blk.; Fortieth (H. P. and 
L.), the lake w. to Halsted; Fortieth 
Ct. (S. D.), 4024 Butler w.to Wallace; 
Forty-first (H. P. and L.), I. C. R. R. 
w. to Wallace; Forty-first W. (W, 
D ), Kinzie s. to 12th; Forty-second 
(H. P. andL.), I. C. R. R. w. to John- 
son Ave.; Forty-second W . (W. D.), 
Kinzie s. to 12th; Forty-second Ct. 
(L.), School w. to Wallace; Forty- 
Se-ond PI. (H. P.), Drexel Boul. w. 
to Grand Boul.; Forty-third (H. P. 



336 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



and L.), I, C. R. R. w. to Crawford 
Ave.; Forty-third W. (W. D.), Kinzie 
s. to 12th: Forty-fourth (H.P.and L.), 
44 Greenwood Ave. w. to Crawford 
Ave.; Forty-fourth W. (W D.), Kin- 
zie s. to IStli; Forty-fifth (H. P. and 
L.), Woodlawn Ave, w. to Crawford 
Ave.; Forty-fifth W. (W. D.), Kinzie 
s. to 13th; Forty-fifth Ct. (L ), State 
w. to Wentworth Ave.; Forty-sixth 
(H. P. and L.), Lake Ave. w. to 
Crawford Ave.; Forty-sixth W. (W. 
D.), Kinzie n. and s. to limits; Forty- 
sixth Ct. (L ), C. & R. I. w. to Stew- 
art Ave.; Forty -seventh (H. P. and 
L.), I. C. R. R w. to limits; Forty- 
seventh W. (W. D.), Kinzie n. and s. 
to North Ave. and 12th; Forty-eighth 
(H. P. and L.), Madison Ave. w. to 
Western Ave. Boul.; Forty-eighth 
W. (W. D.), Kinzie n.ands.to North 
Ave. and lith; Forty-ninth (H. and 
L.), Lake Ave. w. to city limits; 
Fourteenth (S. D.), Indiana Ave. w. 
to Clark; Fourteenth W.(W. D.), the 
river w. to Ogden Ave.; Fourth Ave. 
(S. D), see Custom House PI.; 
Fourth Ave. (H. P.), IIU 95th s. to 
103d; Fowler (W.J).), 51 Evergreen 
Ave. w. to N. Leavitt; Fox (S. D.), 
1035 31st s. to 33d; Fox PL (W. D.), 
415 Elston Ave. w. to Noble; Francis 
(L. v.), Clark e. to Ridge Ave.; 
Francis PL (W. D), 64 Point s. w. to 
California Ave.; Francisco N. (W. 
D.), 1333 Lake n. to Elston Ave.; 
Francisco S. (W. D.), 1333 Lake s. 
to 83d; Frank (W. D.). 75 Waller w. 
to Blue Island Ave.; Frankfort (W. 
D.), 1065 N. Robey w. to Western 
Ave.; Franklin {S. D.), the rivers, 
to Harrison; Franklin N. (N. D.), 77 
Kinzie n. to Menomonee; Franklin 
Ave. (W. D.), N. Western Ave. w.to 
Kedzie Ave ; Frazier (L.), 47th s. to 
49th; Frederick (L. V), 546 Orchard 
e. to Clark; Frederick Ave. (W. D.), 
719 Central Park Ave. w. to Harding 
Ave.; Freeman (S. D.), Western Ave. 
w.to Bross Ave.; Fremont (N. D.), 
36 Bissell n. to Fullerton Ave.; 
French Ave. (H. P.), 305 75th s. to 
81st; Front (W. D.),344N. Halsted 
w. to Elston Ave.; Front (L. V.), 
Bryn Mawr n. to Peterson Ave.; 
Front (L. V.), Kensington Ave. s. 
w. one block; Fry (W. D.), 218 N.Cen- 
ter Ave. w. to Ashland Ave.; Ful- 



ler {S. D.), the river e. to Archer 
Ave.; Fullerton Ave. (N. D ), the 
river e. to Lincoln Park; Fullerton 
Ave. W. (W. D.), the river w. to 
Crawford Ave.; FwZton (W. D.), the 
river w. to city limits; Fulton (b. 
v.), 3652 Robey e. to C & N. W. R. 
R,; Fuilong (W. T).),48L Kedzie Ave. 
w. to Grand Ave. 



Gage S. D. , 941 35th s. to 39th; 
Gait (L. v.), Sheffield Ave. e. to 
Halsted; Ga7io (S. D.), see 30th; Gar- 
den (W. D.), 175 S. Morgan w. to 
Aberdeen; Garden Ave. (W. D.); 
1683 N. California Ave. w. to Ked- 
zie Ave.; Gardner (N. D.), 49 Vine 
w. to Halsted; Garfield Ave. (N. 
D.) 40 Herndon e to Lincoln Park; 
Garfield Ave. W. (W. D.), 1307 Kim- ■ 
ball w. to Central Park Ave.; 
Garfield Boul. (H. P. and L.), 5500 
South Park Ave. w. to Western 
Ave. Boul.; Garland PL (S. D.),30 
Randolph s. to Madison; Garrett 
(S. D.), 31st ne. to Ashland 
Ave.; Garvin Ave. (H . P.), 87th to 
95th; Gault PL (N. D.), 69 Oak n. 
to Division; Geary (N. D.), 437 Chest- 
nut nw. to Walton PL; 
Genesee Ave. (W. D.), 1901 Harrison 
nw. to Colorado Ave.; Geneva 
(W. D.) S. Rockwell w, to Cali- 
fornia Ave.; George (W. D.), 350 
N. Sangamon w. to Elston Ave.; 
George (L. V.), Hoyne Ave. e. to 
Halsted; George Ave. (L. V.), 323 
Evanston Ave. east to Lake View 
Ave.; George PL(W. D.), 749 Kinzie 
n . one-half block; Giddings (L. 
v.), Leavitt e. to Robey; Gilbert 
PL (L.) Vincennes Ave. nw. 
one block; Gilpin PL (W. D.) 359 
Center Ave . w. to Loomis; Girard 
(W. D ), 1139 Milwaukee Ave. ne. 
to Webster Ave.; Glenlake Ave. (L. 
V.) Evanston Ave. e. to the lake; 
Glenview Ave. (W. D.), 433 North 
Central Park Ave. w. to Crawford 
Ave.iGloy PI. (W. D.), 20 Lister 
Ave. ne. to Elston Ave.; Goethe (N. 
D.) 301 Sedgwick e. to the lake; Gold 
(W.D.), 3J3 Harrisons, to Gurley; 
Goldsmith Ave. (L.), T5th to 79th; 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



337 



Good (W. D.), 71 Sholto w. toMay; 
Goodspeed (L.), 43d s. to 71st; Good- 
win (W. D.), 603 S. Homan Ave. w. 
two blocks; Gordo u (L.), 4230 State 
w to Halsted; Goshen (Lj, 4626 
Wentworth Ave. w. to Stewart Ave . 
Grace (N. D.), 157 Division n. to 
Vedder; Grace (L. Y ), Ravens- 
wood Park e. to the lake; Grace Ave. 
(H. P.), 62d s. to Jachson Park 
Terrace; Graceland Ave. (L. V.), 
Western Ave. e. to the lake; Grand 
Aue.(W. L).). 177 N. Western Ave. 
nw. to ^ovth Ave; G^' and Ave. (L. 
V. i3650 Rot eye. to the lake; Grand 
Bold (S. D.), 185 3nth s. to blst; 
Grant (N. D.), 605 La Salle Ave. e. to 
Clark; Grant PI. (N. D.), 995 Clark 
w. to Larrabee; GrantPl (L. V.), 
Huck Ave e. to Robey;Gra3/t PL(L), 
69th south to 70th; Graves PI. (S. D.), 
3213 Cottage Grove Ave. s. to 33d; 
Graylock Ave (L ), Wentworth 
Ave. w. to Stewart Ave.; 6' reeJyPt 
(W. D.). Georg-e s. one-half block; 
Green N. (W. D.),217 Randolph n. 
to Front; Green S. (W. D), 217 
Randolph s. to Harrison; Green S. 
(L.) Garfield Bonl.s. to 86th; Gree?i 
Bay Ave. (H. P.) 26 83d s. to Harbor 
Ave.; Grtenuich (W. D.), 915 N. 
Rjbey w. to Leavitt; Greenwood 
^re. (H.P.),4212 Lake Ave. s. to 80th; 
Greenwood Ave. {W.D.), 1359 N. 
Oakley Ave. w. to Thomas Ave.; 
Grenshaw (W. D.), 55 Olive w. to 
Central Park Ave,; Gross Ave. (W. 
D.), fc25 North Ave. n. to Cortlandt; 
•Gross Ave. (L.), 4oth sw. to 
47th; Gross Ave. (H P.), 91stto 9oth. 
Gross Park (L. V.); C & N. W. Rv. 
6. to Paulina; G^'oss Park Ave. (L. 
v.), 548 Belmont Ave. to Addison; 
Gross Terrace (\V. D.), 1386 Madison 
s. to Colorado Ave.; Grore (S. D.), 
281 15th sw. to Ai-cher Ave.; Grove 
a. (N. D.), 719 Larrabee w. to 
Orchard; Grove PL (L.) 64th s. one 
block; Grovtland Ave (S.D.),28th 
s. to 33d; Groveland Ct; (L.), Vin- 
cennes Ave. nw. to C. R. I. & P. 
R. R.; Grovela.M Park (S. D.), 
a325 Cottage Grove Ave. e. one 
block; Gurl^y (W. D.), 41 Blue Island 
Ave. w. to Centre Ave.; Guttenhiircj 
Ave. (W. D.), 15'3 Bloomingdale 
Road n. to Armitage Ave. 



H 



Haddock PL (S.D.), Wabash Ave. 
w. to Franklin; Haines (N. D.),33 
Hickory Ave. n. e. to North Branch 
Canal; Hall (L. V.), 17'j2 Diversey 
n. one block; Halsted JV. (W. D. 
andN.D.), 197 Randolph n to Bel- 
mont Ave.; Halsted S. (W. D. and S. 
D ), 98 Randolph s. to limits; JJam- 
burg (W. D.), 1091 N, Robey w. to 
Western Ave.; Hamiltoiv Ave. (L. 
v.), Cemetery Drive n. to Peterson 
Ave.; Hamilton Ave. (W. D.), 834 
Monroes, to Pratt PL; Hamlin Ave . 
N. (W. D . ), l?-54 Lake n. to Diversey; 
Hamilton Ave. S. (W. D, & L.), 18£4 
Lakes, to 61st; Hammond. (N. D.), 
99Eugenen. to Wisconsin: Ham- 
mond Ave. ( W, D . ) , 599 Diversey n. to 
Avondale Ave ; Hamyjclen Ct. (L. 
V,), Wrightwood Ave. nw. one-half 
block; Hancock Ave. (W. D.), 13i7 
North Ave. n. to Fullerton Ave.; 
Hanover (S. D .), 2301 Archer Ave. s. 
to60.h; Harbor Ave. (H. P.), 9C60 
The Strand sw. to S. Chicago Ave.; 
Harding Ave. N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. 
to Chicago Ave.; Harding Ave. S. 
(W. D.), R. R. crossing s. to 31st; 
Harmon Ct.(S. D.), 314 Michigan Ave. 
w. to State; Harrison (S. D.), 23>J 
Michigan Ave. w. to the i-iver; Har- 
rison W. (AV. D ), the river w. to 
limits; Hart (W. D.), 701 Kinzie n. 
to Austin Aye.-,Hait Ave. (S. D.), 
Bross Ave. s. to Egan Ave.; Hartwell 
Ave. (H. P.),66ths. to67ih;Harrord 
(W.D.),441 S. Western Ave. w. to 
Crawford Ave . ; Harvard (L), 63d8. 
to 83d; Hastings (W. D.), 335 Blue 
Island Ave. w. to Leavitt; Haven 
(S. D.), 3020 Shields Ave. w. to Stew- 
art Ave.; Hawthorne Ave. (N. D.), 
29 Larrabee nw . to Southport Ave. . 
Haivthorne Ave. (L.), Stewart 
Ave. sw. to Goldsmith; Haw- 
thorn PL (L. v.), 412 Evanston Ave. 
e. to the lake; Haynes Ct. (S. D.), 
2923 Archer Ave. se. to Lyman; 
HazeZ (L. v.), Buena Ave. north to 
Gait Ave.; Heald (L.), 59th s. one 
block; Hein (N. D.), 13 Cleveland 
Ave. e. to Sedgwick; Heine (W. D.), 
9.55 North Ave. n. to Armitage Ave.; 
Hoiiy (W . D.), Margaret w. to S. 



g^8 



STREET Directory. 



Kobey; Henry Ct. (W. D.\ Point ne. 
to Stave; Hermitage Ave. (W. D.), 
Jackson s. to 12th; Herndon (N D.), 
Hawthorn Ave. ne. to Fullerton 
Ave.; Hervey(W. D.), 1083 N. Wood 
w. to Robey; Herves Ave. (H. P.), 
99th s. to 114th; Hibbard Ave. (H. 
P.), 51st s. to 53d; HicMing Ave. (L.), 
Halsted w. to Morgan; Hick')ry (S. 
D.) , Colog-ne sw. to the river; Hickory 
Ave. (N.D.), 140 branch nw. to North 
Ave.; High (N. D.), 68 Webster Ave. 
n. to Fullerton Ave.; High Ave. (H. 
P.), 103d s. to 106th; Hill (N. D.) 209 
Sedgwick e. to "Wells; Hinman (W. 
D.), 753Throop w. to Boul.; Hinsche 
(N.D.), 192 Clybourn Ave. ne. to 
Blackhawk; Hirsch, (W. D.) 717 N. 
Leavitt w. to California Ave. ; Hoh- 
bie, (N. D .), 138 Hawthorne Ave. e. to 
Sedgwick; Hoey (S. D.), 2708 Mary 
sw. one-quarter block; Holden (W. 
D.I, 44 r^th s. to 14th; Holden PL (S. 
D.), Randolph s. to 21st; Holland Set- 
tlement Road (L.\ Vincennes Ave. 
St!, to 87th; Hollyivood Ave. (L. V.), 
Evanston Ave. e. to SheflBeld Ave.; 
Holt ( W. D . ) , 418 Chicago Ave. n. to 
Wabansia Ave.; f toman Ave. N. (W. 
D.\ J 638 Lake n. to Diversey; Homan 
Ave. S. (W. D.), 1638 Lakes, to lim- 
its; Homer (W. D ), 967 N. Robey w. 
to Washtenaw Ave.; Honore ("W. 
D.), 718 Madison s. to 87th; Hood Ave. 
(L.V.),3606Robpye. to Ridge Ave.; 
Hooker iN.D.), 396 Halsted nw. to 
Cherry Ave.; Hope (W. D.), 65 Blue 
Island Ave. w. to Morgan; Hough 
PI. (S. D.), ?560 Archer Ave. nw. one 
block; Houston Ave. (H. P.), 230 81st 
8. to 9Bth; Howard Ct. (W. D ), Cen- 
tral Park Boul. w, to Kedzie Ave.; 
Howe (N. D ), 22 Willow n. to Gar- 
field Ave.; HoxieCR. P.), 9oth s. to 
120th; Hoyne Ave. N. (W. D. and L. 
v.), 832 Lake n. to Grace Ave.; 
Hoyne Ave. S. (W. D,), 832 Lake s. to 
67th; Hoyt (L.), 815 63d s to 67th; 
Hubbard Ct. (S. D.>, 252 Michigan 
Ave. w. to State; Huber iN. D.), 186 
Herndon e. to Racine Ave.; Hick 
Ave. (L. v.), Lawrence n. two 
blocks; Hudson (S.D.), Western Ave. 
w. to Hock well; Hudson Ave. (N. 
D.),47 Sigel n. to Cent^^r; Hull (N. 
J).), 51 Eugenie n. to Menomonee; 
Humboldt (W. D.), 979 North Ave. 
n. to Palmer Ave.; Humboldt Ave. 



( W. D.) , 507 Western Ave. w. to Craw- 
ford Ave.; Humboldt Ave. (W. D.), 
421 Humboldt Boul. n. to Belmont 
Ave.; Humboldt Park Boul. (W. T>.), 
1099 North Ave. n. to Palmer PI.; 
Huron (N. D.), Roberts e. to the 
lake; Huron W. (W. D.>, 364 Milwau- 
kee Ave. w, to limits; Hydraulic PI. 
(S. D.), 184 State w. to Clark. 



I 



Iglehart PI. (S. D.), 27th s. to 28th; 
lllmois (N. D.), Kingsbury e to the 
lake; Illinois Ave. (S. D.), 761 32ds. 
to 33d; Illinois Ave. (H. P.), 266 83d 
PL s. to Ontario Ave.; Indiana (N. 
D.), the river e. to the lake; Indiana 
W. (W. D.), the river w. to 48th; 
Indiana Ave. (S. D.', 12th s. to city 
limits; Indiana Boul. (H. P.), 101st s. 
e. to 106th; Ingraham (W D.), 333 
Elston Ave. w. to Noble; Inkerman 
(L.), 345 45th s. to Goshen; Iowa (W. 
D.), 357 N. Wood w. to California 
Ave.; Iron (S. D.), 33d se. to 35th; 
Irving Ave. iW . D.), 894 Monroes, 
to 14th; Irving PI. ( W. D.), 848 Fulton 
n. to Kinzie; Isabella (W. D.), 466 N. 
Homan Ave. e. one block. 



Jackson (S. D.^ Michigan Ave. w. 
to the river; Jackson W. (W. D ),the 
river w. to 48th; Jackson Ave. (H.P.), 
608 54th s. to 59th; Jackson Park 
Terrace (H. P.), 6500 Stony Island 
Ave. w.to I. C. R. R.; James (L. V.), 
Front to Ashland Ave; James Ave. 
(S. D.), Laurel w. to Pitney Ct.; 
Jamot (L. v.), Leavitt e. to Robey; 
Jane (W. D.), 8'2 Milwaukee Ave.w. 
to California Ave.; Janssen (L. V.), 
9i4 Rosooe n. to Nellie; Jasper (S. 
D.), 34th s. to 35th; Jay (N. D.), 60 
Center n. to Fullerton Ave.; Jeffer- 
son N. (W. D.), 9J Randolph n. to the 
river; Jefferson S. (W. D.),93 Ran- 
dolph s. t) 22d; Jefferson Ave. (H. 
P.), 50th 8. to 57th; Jefferson Ave. 
(L.), 69th to 71st; Jefferson Ct. (W. 
D.), 69 Powell Ave. w.to Perry Ave.; 
Jeffery Ave. (H. P.), 67th s. to 95th: 
Jessie PI. (W. D.), 769 Kinzie n. one- 
half block; John PL (W. D.),879S. 
Halsted w. one block; Johnson (W. 



STREET r>II:ECTGR\^ 



a39 



D.), 292 Taylor s. to 22d; Johnson 
Ave. (ri. D.), 27th s. to 28th; Jnhmton. 
Ave.(W. D.), ^IL N. Calitornia Ave. 
w. to Humboldt Park; Joseph (<. 
D.), 2535, Hickory se.to Arch r Ave.; 
Joseph '(LJ, "Washtenaw Ave. to 
California Ave. ; JucW (W. D.), Stew- 
art Ave. w to S. Jefferson; Judson 
(N. D.), Eastman nw. to Blackhawk; 
Julia Ct. (W. D.), Stave sw. one- 
half block; Julian (W. D.),699N. 
Ashland Ave. w. to Wood; Julius 
(W. D.), 103 11th s. one block; Justine 
(L.), 45th s. to 67th. 



Kedzie Ave. (W. D.), 1512 Lake n. 
to limits; Kedzie Ave. S. (W. D.), 
1512 Lake s. t . limits; Keeley (S. D.), 
2823 Archer Ave. se. to 3jst; Keeiion 
(W. D.), 749 N. Ashland Ave. w. to 
Wood; i^eif/U W.D.),303 Chi. ag-o Ave. 
s to Hurou; Kemper PL (N. D.), 462 
Orchard e. to Larrabee; Kendall ( W. 
D.), 84 J Polk sw. to Taylor; Kensing- 
ton Ave. (H. P ), Lake Calumet w. 
to Thornton Ave.; Kenwood Ave. 
(H. P.), 66 47th s. to 4yth; Kimbark 
Ave. (H. P.)', 106 47th s. to t9th; 
Kingslmry (N". D.), 27 Kinzie n to 
Chicago Ave ; Kingston Ave.dl. P.), 
83d s. to 87th; Kinzie (N . D ), the 
river e. to N. Water; Kinzie W. (W. 
D.), the river w. to limits; Koenig 
(W. D), .375 Warsaw Ave. ne. to Lee 
Ave.; Koscmsko (W. D.), 1151 N. 
Robey w. to Leavitt; Kramer (W. 
D.),511S. Jefferson w. to Halsted; 
Kroll (W. D ), 122 Moore s. two- 
thirf's block; Kruse Ave. (L.), C. & 
G. T. Ry. s. two blocks; Kiiehl PL 
(W. D.), 11) Lister Ave. ne. toKlston 
Ave.; Kuhn's Ct. (W. D.). 1101 N. 
Western Ave. n. one-half block . 



Lafayette Ave, (H. P.), 1026 56th 
F. to 57th; Laflin (W. D.), 536 Maui- 
son s. to limits; Lake (S. D.), Cen- 
tral Ave. w. to the river; LakeW. 
(W. D.), the river west to limits; 
Lake Ave. (S. D.), 15 3Jth s. to 
limits; Lake Park Ave. (S. D.),23d 
s e. to 33i; Lake Park Place (S. D. ), 
railroiid tracks w. to 336 Michigan 



Ave.; Lake Shore Drive ( ". D.), foot 
of Oak n. to Lincoln Park; Lake 
View Ave (L. V.), FuUerton Ave. n. 
to Belmonc Ave; Lane PI. (N. D.), 
412 Center n. to Garfield Ave.; Lang- 
don (N. D.), 183 Clybourn Ave. sw. 
onf^-half block; Langley Ave. (S. D.,\ 
1 15 37th s . to 95. h; I^arrabee (N. D . ), 
19 Chicago Ave n. toDemingCt.; 
La Salle (S. D.), the river s. to Van 
Buren; 237 16ch s. to Garfield Boul.; 
LiSalle Ave. C^. D.), the river n. to 
Clark; Laughton (W. D.), 1151 S. 
Hoyne Ave. w. to California Ave.; 
Laurel Ave. (W D.), Fullerton 
Ave. n.to Diversey; La^w Ave. (W. 
D.), Harrison s. to Polk; Lawndale 
Ave. N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to North 
Ave.' Lawndale Ave. S. (W. D.), 
1936 Harrison s. to 31st; Lawrence 
(N D.), North Branch e. to South- 
port Ave.; Lawrence Ave. (L. V.), 
N. Western Ave. e to the lake; 
Lay (W. D.), 1457 S. Western Ave. 
w. to California Ave.; Layton (L.) 
4430 Wentworth Ave. w. to Halsted; 
Leavitt N. (W. D.), 8 '2 Lake n.to 
limits; Leavitt S. (W. D. and S.D.), 
89; Lake s. to 39th; Leddy W. D.), 
189 McGovern n. to Fullerton Ave.; 
Lee Ave. (W. D.), 1779 N. California 
Ave. w. to Avondale Ave.; lyee PL 
(W. D.), 273 N. Robey w. to N. 
Hoyn-^ Ave.; Legcate Ave. (S. D.), 
see Francisco Ave.; Leipzig W. D.), 
Hamburg n. to Ems; Leland Ave. 
(L. v.), Leavitt e. to Clark; Le 
Moyne (W. D.), 695 N. Robey w. to 
N. Leavitt; Leo (&. D.), 2547 Archer 
Ave. s. to 27th; ip.ssu)y(W. D.), 124 
Chicago Ave n. toDiyi; LevahtAve. 
( H . P . ), 75th s. to 87th; Levee ( W . 
!).), the river sw. three blocks; 
Letois, (N. D.), 7% Hawthorn Ave. 
n. to Divevsey; Le.vington Ave. (W. 
D.), 35 De Kalb w. to Crawford Ave.; 
Lexington Ave. (H. P.). 370 51st s. 
to 67th; Liberty (W. D.), 73 Stewart 
Ave. w. to Halsted; Lill (W. D.), 
44 Station w. to N. Western Ave.; 
Lill Ave. 'N. D.), 184 Perry e. to 
Halsted; Lime (S. D.), tie river 
s. to 27th; Lincoln N. (W. D.», 722 
Lake n. to Milwaukee Ave.; 
Lincoln S. (W. D.), 7?3 Lake, 
s to imits; Li}Lcoln Ave. (N. D.); 
639 Well:* n. w. to Belmont Ave. 
Lincoln PL (N. D.), 500 Garfield 



340 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



Ave. north to Webster Ave.; Lin- 
den Ave. (L. v.), Lawrence Ave 
n. to Argyle; Linden Ave. {W. D.) 
FulJerton Ave. north to Diversey; 
Limvood PL (W. D.), 443 N. Cali- 
fornia Ave. w, to Humboldt Park; 
Lisle (W. D.), 755 S. Union w, to 
Halsted; Lister Ave. (W. D.); 143 
Webster Ave. n. w. to Robey; Lock 
(S. D . ), Fuller s. e. to 31st; LocUs-port 
(S. D.), railroad s. e. to Archer 
Ave; Locust (N. D.), Townsend e. 
to Clark; Logan (S. D.), 2651 Hickory 
se. to ruilroad; Logan (L.), 
Stewart Ave. w. to Halsted; Logan 
Square (W. D.), Kedzie Ave. and 
Humboldt Boul.; Lonergan (N. D.), 
44 Wisconsin n. to Lincoln Ave.; 
Loomis (W. D.), 486 Madison s. to 
limits; Lowe Ave. (S. D.), 515 ^6th s. 
to 39th; Lubeck (W. D.), 1039 N. 
Kobey w. to Western Ave.; Luce 
(W. D.), 6l Blackhawk n. w. one- 
half block; LuellaAve. (A. Pj,83d 
s. to 95Th; Lull PI. (W. D.). Ellen sw. 
to N. Wood; Lumber (W. D.), 18 
12th s. w. to Halsted; iit7ic?i/'s La?? e 
(S. D.), 1489 32d s. to 37th; Lunn Ct. 
(W. D.), 605 S. Western Ave. w one 
block; LutheriW. D.).li71 S. Eock- 
well w. to Washtenaw; LutzCN. D.), 
254 North Ave. w. one-third block; 
Lydia (W. D.), 54 N. Desplaines w. 
to Halsted; Lyman (L.V.),Suizer n. 
to Lawrence; Lvman (S. D.), 2878 
Main s. w. to 31st: Lynch PL (S. D.), 
32d s. to 33d; Lyons ^ve. (H. P.), 
Cottage Grove Ave. n. w. to 93d; 
Lylle ( W . . D), 474 Harrison s . to 12th. 

M 

MacAlUster PI. (W. D.), 229 Center 
Ave. w. to Loomis; Macedonia (W. 
D.), 316 Division n. to Ellen; Mack- 
nawAve. (H. P.), 59 8]d south to 
136th; Madison (S. D.), Michigan 
Ave. w. to the river; Madixon W. 
(W. '^.), the river w. to city limits; 
Madison Ave. (H.P.), 47th s. to 87th; 
Madison Ct. (H. P.), 66th to 67th; 
D. and L.), 34 L Randolph s to limits; 
McAlpineiS. B.), Bross Ave. s. to 
Doug'as Ave ; McChesney Ave. (H. 
P.>, 63d s. to %n\\\McDermoit (S. D ), 
C. & A. R. R. se. to Archer Ave.; 
McDowell (W. D.), 1235 S. Wash- 
tenaw Ave. w. one-half block; Mo- 



Madison Park (H. P.), 5030 Madison 
Ave. w. to Woodlawn Ave.; Main 
(6. D.), the river se. to 31st; Manis- 
tee Ave. in P.), 452 87th s. to 99th; 
Maple {N. D.), 366 La Salle Ave. e.to 
State; Maple (L.), C. & G. T. R. R. w. 
to Reese Ave.; Maple PI. (W. D.) 
1137 N. Western Ave. w. to Powell 
Ave.; Maplewood Ave. (W. D ), 1104 
Lake n. to Elston Ave.; Maplewood 
S.{W. r».),1855 W. 31sts. to Illinois 
and Michigan Canal; Maplewood PI. 
(W. D.). 86t Ogden Ave. s. to 15th; 
Mara Ave. (L. V.), 224 School n. to 
Addison Ave ; Marble PL (S. D.), 
State w. to 5th Ave.; Marble PL (W. 
D.) 125 S. Desplaines w. to Halsted; 
Marcy (N.D.), 53 Sheffield Ave. nw. 
to Clybourn PI.; Margaret (W. D.), 
402 14th s. to 15th; Margaret PL (W. 
D.), 200LJ6ths. to ]9th; Marianna 
(L. v.), 474 Southport Ave. e. to 
Florence Ave.; Marion PL (W. 
D.), 328 Division n. to Ellen; Mark 
(W. D.),689S. Union w. to S. Hal- 
sted; Market (S. D.), 253 Lake s. to 
Congress; Market N. (N. D.), the 
river n. to North Ave.; Market 
Square (S. D.), 31st se. to Ashland 
Ave ; Marquette Ave. (H, P.), 490 
87th s. to 105th; MarslijieU Ave. (W. 
D.), 600 Jackson s. to 12th; 34th s. to 
7 St; Martin (W. D.), 1151 S. Rock- 
well w. to AVashtenaw Ave. ; Marvin 
(W. D.), 1159 S. Oakley Ave. w. to 
California Ave.; Mary(S. D.), 2509 
Hickory se. to Hoey; Maryland 
Ave. (H. P.), 65 s. to 67th; Mather 
(W, D.), Ellsworth w. to Halsted; 
Mathew (W D.), 2^15 Ogden Ave. w. 
to W 006 ;Matteson (L.), Stewait Ave. 
w. to Halsted; Mattison Ave. (11. 
P.), 200 74th 8. one block; Maud 
Ave. ( Nf. D.\ 125 Shetfield Ave. nw. 
to Racine Ave.; Mautene Ct. (W. 
D.), 91^ Milwaukee Ave. sw. one- 
half block; Ma.vicell (W. D.), the 
river west to 3 Blue Island Ave.; 
May (L. V.); ICOO Wrightwood Ave. 
n. to George; May, N. (W. D.), 341 
Randolph n. to George; May,S. (W. 
Gloshen (S. D.), 1449 22d s. to Archer 
Ave.; 31cG<>vern (W. D.), IQzQ Mil- 
waukee Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave.; 
McHenry ( . , D.), Blanche to the 
river; Mcllrc.y (W. D.), 5i r N. Kedzie 
Ave. w. one b'ock; McKihben Ave. 
(L.i, 44th s. to 46th; McLean Ave. 



STREET blRfiCTOR'if. 



341 



(W. D.), 1147 Homan Ave. w. to 
Crawford Ave.; McMullen Ct. (W. 
D.), 103 Fisk w. to Cent-.e Ave ; Mc- 
Reynolds (\V. T).), 727 N. Ashland 
Ave. w. to Wood; Mead (W. D.), 
Keazie n. to Fullerton Ave.; Meadow 
Lane (L. V.). Grand Ave. n. to lim- 
its; Meaghan (W. D.), 1610 S. Ash- 
land Ave . e. one-half hlock; Meagher 
(W. D.), 143 Stewart Ave. w. to Hal- 
sted; Mec/ia?i'c(W. D.),4 18th s to 
Lumber; Meddl Ave. (W. D.), 1339 
Kimball w. to Central Park Ave.; 
Melrose (L. V.), Western Ave. e. to 
the lake; MendelKW. D.), 141 Cly- 
bournPl. nw. to Canal PL; Menom- 
onee (N. D.), 769 CI ark w. to Larra- 
bee; Mentmore Ave. (W. D.), 1259 
Kedzie Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; 
Merian (W. D.), C, B. & Q. R. R. s. 
to22d; Meridian (Vf-.B.). 51 S. Des- 
plaines w. to Halsted; Metropolitan 
Pi. (W. D.), 251 N. Harding' Ave. w. 
to Crawford Ave ; Michigan (N. D.), 
Kingsbury e. to Water; Michigan 
Ave. (S. D.), the river s. to 99th; Mill 
(S. D.), 3223 Ashland Ave. w. to Paul- 
ina; Millard Ave. (W. D.), 1292 12th 
south to Whitehouse; Miller (W. D.), 
346 Harrison s. to Taylor; Milton 
Ave. (N. D.), 57 Chicago Ave. 
n. to Division; Milwaiihee Aue. (W. 
D.), 28 Lake nw. to limits; Minne- 
haha Ave.iK. P.), 91st s. to 94th; 
Mitchell Ave. (W. D.), 1059 North 
Ave. n. to Bloomingdale Road; 
Moffat {W. D.),977 Western Ave. w. 
to Rockwell; Mohawk (N. D.), 78 
Clybourn Ave. n. to Garfield Ave.; 
Monroe (S. D.), Michigan Ave. w. to 
the river; Monroe (W. D.), Ill S. 
Canal w. to Central Park Ave.; 
Monroe Ave. (H. P.), 2S2 53d s. to 
59th; Montana (L. V.), 1:30 Ashland 
Ave. e. to Lincoln Ave.; Montana 
(W. D.),130 Station w. to Western 
Ave.; Montgomery (L.), Blanchard 
Ave. nw. to Archer Ave.; Moore (N. 
D.), 366 Divisions, to Elm; Moore, 
(W.D.),S. Wood w. to California 
Ave.; Moore PI. (W. D.), ^029 16th 
s. to 19th; Moorman (W. D.), Ellen 
se. to N. Paulina; Mor-gan, N. (W, 
D.), 281 Randolph n. to Chicago 
Ave.; Morgan, S. (W. D.), 28 ) Ran- 
dolph s. to limits; Morgan PI. (W. 
D.), 143 S. Morgan w. to Aberdeen; 
Mo7Tis (L.), Stewart Ave. to Wal- 



lace; Mosspratt (S. D.), 923 31st s. to 
Springer Ave.; Mound Ave. (L.), 
School w. to Stewart Ave.; Mozart 
(W. D.), 933 North Ave. n. to Palmer 
Ave.; Mvskegon Ave. (H. P.), 8318 
Baltimore Ave. s. to 106th; MyrtU 
(L. v.), Bryn Mawr n. to olive; Myr- 
tle {W.D.);2i Birch s to Ashland; 
Myrtle Aue. (H. P . ), I. C. R. R. w . to 
Lake Ave ; Myrtle Ave. (H. P. ), 64th 
s. to 67th; Myrtle Ave. (W . D.), 1773 
Milwaukee Ave. n. to Diversey. 



Napolean PI. (S. D.), 2744 Went- 
worth Ave., w. to Wallace.; Nassau 
(W D.), 1326 Jackson s. one bl>.ck; 
Nebraska (W. D.), 309 Throop w. to 
Ashland Ave.; Nebraska Ave. (W. 
D.), 1051 Bloomingdale Road n. to 
Palmer PI.; Nellie Ave. (L. V.), 2056 
Paulina e. to the Lake; Nelson (L. V.), 
1590 Western Ave. e. to Soult; 
Nevada (L. V.), 386 Evauston Ave. e. 
to the lake; Newberry Ave. (W. D.), 
270 Taylor s. to 18th.; Neivport Ave. 
(L. Y.), Evanston Ave. e. to the Lake; 
Newton (W. D.) 14 Iowa n. to Divi- 
sion; iViJieteentTi (S. D.), 1900 State 
w. to the river; Nineteenth (W. D.), 
669 S. Union w. to Crawford Ave.; 
Nineteenth PL (W. D.), 359 Johnson 
w. to Brown; Ninetieth (H. P.), the 
strand w. to St. Lawrence Ave.; 
Ninetieth PI. (H. P.), L C. R. R. w. 
to St. Lawrence Ave.; Ninety- first 
(H. P.), Green Bay Ave. w. to St. 
Lawrence Ave.; Ninety-second (H. 
P.), Harbor Ave. w. to Cottage 
Grove Ave.; Ninety-second PI. (H.P.) 
Yates Ave. w.to Luella Ave.; JVineiy- 
third (H. P.), Harbor Ave. w. to 
Cottage Grove Ave.; Ninety-fourth 
(H. P.), Commercial Ave. w. to 
Stony Island Ave.; Ninety-fifth (H. 
P.), the Lake w . to Michigan Ave . ; 
Ninety-sixth (H. P.), 7th Ave. w. to 
Michigan Ave.; Ninety-seventh (H. 
P.),bthAve. w. to Michigan Ave.; 
Ninety-eighth (H. P.), Ave. E w. to 
Michigan Ave.; Ninety-ninth (H. 
P. ), the Lake w. to State; Nixon (W. 
D.), 572 Polk s. to Taylor; Noble (W. 
D.), 443 Kinzie n. to North Ave.; 
Noble Ave. (L. Y.), Western Ave. e. 
to Clark; Normal Parkway (L.),C., 
R. I. & P. R. R. w. to Wright; Nor- 



343 



STREET DIRECTOTIY. 



man Ave. (W. D.), 1083 North Ave. 
n. to Bloomingdale Road; North (L. 
v.), C. & N. W. Ry. e. to Clark; 
North Ave. (N. D.), the river e. to 
the Lake; North Ave. (W. D.),the 
river w. to Limits; North Ave. (L. 
V.) Front e. to Clark; North Branch 
(N. D.), 45 Hawthorne Ave. n.w. to 
Blackhawk; iVorth, Grove (N. D.), 711 
Larrabee w . to Orchard; North Park 
Ave. (N. D.),38 Menomonee n. to 
Fullerton Ave.; North Pier (N. D.), 
Michigan e. to the Lake; North PI. 
(W. D.), 65 Armitag-e Ave. n.w. V4 
block; North Water (N. D),18 Wells 
e. to the Lake; Norton (W. D.), 145 
Gurley e. to Polk; Norwood Ave. 
(W D.), N. Kedzie Ave. w. to N. 
Homan Ave.; Notre Dame (H. P.), 
100th s.w. to 104th.; Nursery (N. D.), 
Lewis n.w. to Ward; Nutt (W.D.), 
319 16th s. to 18th; Nutt Ave. (H. P.), 
71st s to 87th; Nutt Ct. (W. D.), 137 
19th s. to 20th. 



Oah (N. D.), 88 Hawthorne Ave. e. 
to the lake; Oah (L.), C. & G. T. R. R. 
w. to Reese Ave.; Oak (L . ), School w. 
to Stewart Ave.; Oak Ave. (S. D ), 
3613 Vinceanes Ave. w. to Stanton 
Ave,; Oak PI. (L. V.), ULO Belmont 
Ave. n. to School; Oak Grove Ave. 
(L. v.), 1103 R. cine Ave. e. to Clark; 
Oakdale Ave. (L. V.), 1524 Oakley 
Ave. e. to the lake; Oakenwald Ave. 
(H. P.),34 4 ds.andw.toLakeAve.; 
Oakland PZ. (L. V.), 1499 George n. 
to WelLngton Ave.: Oakley Ave. N. 
( W. D.), 953 Lake n. to B rteau Ave.; 
Oakl yAve. S. (W. D.),953 Lakes, 
to limits; Oakwood Ave. (S. D.), the 
lake w. to Cottage Grove Ave.; Oak- 
woodBd. (H. P.), 39 3 Cottage Grove 
Ave. w. to Grand Bd.; 0''Brien (W. 
D.), 497 Jefferson w. to Hal^ted; 
Ogden Ave. (W. D.), 486 Randolph s 
w. to Crawford Ave.; OgdenPl. (W. 
D.), 125 Ogden Ave. w. to S. Wood; 
Oglesby Ave. (H. P.), 61st s. to 71s' ; 
Ohio (N. D.), Kingsbury e. to the 
lake; Ohio (W. D.), 314 N. Desplaines 
w. to 48th.; Olga (L. V.), 1240 Nellie 
Ave. w. to Grace; Olive (W. D.), 9:6 
Taylor s. to 12th; Olive (L. V.), 3903 
Clark e. to Southport Ave ; Olivet PL 
(W. D.), U Walker Ct. w. one- half 



block; 100th (H. P.), the lake w. to 
Willett Ave.; 101st (H. P.), the lake 
w. to Willett Ave.; lOM (H. P.), the 
lake w. to Willett Ave ; 103d (H. P.), 
Ave. C w- to State; lOUth (H. P.), 
Ave. C w. to State; 105th (H. P.), 
Indiana Bd. w. to Indiana Ave.; 
106th (H. P ), Tndi na Bd. w. to III. 
Cent. R. R.; 107th (H. P.', Ave. Gw. 
to Michigan Ave.; 108th (H. P.), Ave. 
E w. to 111. Cent. R. R.; 109th (R. P.), 
Ave. E w. to Willett Ave.; 110th (H. 
P .) , A ve. E w. to State; 111th (H. P.), 
First Ave. w. to State; 111th PI. (H. 
P.), Michigan Ave. w. to State ; 112th 
(H. P.), First Ave. w, to State; llUh 
PI. (H. P.), Michigan Ave. w. to 
State; llSth (H. P.), First Ave. w. to 
State; 113th PI. (H. V.), Michigan 
Ave. w. to State; llUth (H. P.), Ave. 
F w. to III. Cent. R. R.; 115th (H. P.), 
Ave. F w. to Halsted; 116th (H. P), 
Ave. F w, to State; 117th (H. 
P.), 111. & Ind. Line w. to 
Michigan Ave.; 118th (H. P.), 111. & 
Ind. Line w. to State; 119th (H. P.), 
111. & Ind. Line w, to State; OWeil 
(W. D.), 911 S. Halsted w. one block; 
Ontario {N. D.), Kingsbury e. to the 
lake; Ontario (W. D.), 400 46th w. to 
48th; Ontario Ave. (H. P.),1308ists. 
to Harbor Ave.; Orchard (N. D.), 230 
CI y bourn Ave. n. t > Dewey Ct.; 
Orchard (H. P.), I. C. R. R. w. to 
Lake Ave ; Osborne (W. D.), 541 
Indiana n. to Ohio; Osgood (W. D.), 
114 Centre n. to Fullerton Ave.; 
Oswego (VV. D.), 573 Kinzie n . one- 
half block; Otis (N. D.),203 Division 
n. to Vedder; Ofto (L. V.). 1664 Robey 
e. to Halsted; Owasco (W. D.), 213 S. 
Western Avp. w. to 46th; Oxford 
Ct. (S. D.\3838 Stanton Ave. w. to 
Grand Bd. 



Pacific Ave. (S . D.) , 148 Jackson s. to 
Taylor; Packers' Ave. (L.) 426. s. to 
47th ; Page, JV^. ( W . D.), 60r Kinxie n. 
to Ferdinand; Page S. (W. D.),65l i 
Lakes, to Madison; Palatine (W.D.) 
641 S. Homan Ave.w. to Central Park 
Ave.; Palmer (L. V.), Sulzer n. to 
Balmoral Ave ; Palmer Ave. (W. D.) 
1 1 91 N California Ave. w. to Thomas 
Ave.; Palmer Square (W. D.), Hum- 
boldt Loul. w. to Kedzie Ave.; Park 



STREET DIRECTORY, 



343 



(W. D.), 631 N. Wood nw. to N. Ro- 
bey; Park Ave. (W. D.),31S. Ashland 
w. to city limits ; Park Ave. (L. Y .) , 
1890 Diversey Ave. to Surf; Park 
Front (N. D.), Wells e. to Clark; 
ParmeleeiW. D.),1119S. HoyneAve. 
w. to California Ave.; ParnellAve. 
(S. D.) &39 29th s. to 39th; Paulina N. 
(W. D. andL. V.), 626 Lake n. to Tat- 
tle Ave.; Paulina S. ( W. D. and S. D ) 
6.6 Lakes, to 39th; Pearce (W. D.), 
235 S. Desplaines w. to Halsted; Pearl 
(N.D.) 378 Garfield Ave. n. to Web- 
ster Ave.; Pearl (L. V.), Olive s. to 
Bryn Mawr; Pearl (L.), Belt R. R. s. 
to 79th ; Pearson ^. (N . D.), 220 State 
e. t the lake ; Pearson W. (N. D.), 
222 Market e. to Wells ; Peck Ct. (S. 
D.), Michig-an Ave. w. to State; Penn 
(N. D.), 175 Division n. to Vedder; 
Peoria JV. (W. D.) 239 Randolph n. to 
Milwaukee Ave ; Peoria. S. (W. D.) 
239 Randolph s.to Harrison; Peoria S. 
(L.), bOth s.to city limits; Perry (N. 
D. and L. V), 754 Cl\bourn Ave. n. 
to Lelatnd Ave.; Perry Ave- (W. D.) 
1693 Milwaukee Ave. n. to Fullerton 
Ave.; Perry Ave. (L.),65ths. to 79th. 
Peterson (W. D.) 859 N. Robey w. to 
Hoyne Ave.; Peterson Ave. (L. V. i, 
N. We tern Ave. e. to N. Clark; 
Phillips (W. D.), 258 N. Halsted w. to 
Sangamon ; Phinney Ave. N. (W. D.), 
Kinzie n. to Chicag-o Ave.; Phinney 
Ave. S. (W. D.) 1539 Van Burenn. to 
Colorado Ave.; Pier (S. D.), 3813 Lake 
Ave. e. to the lake; Pierce (R. P.), 
4224 St. Lawrence Ave. w. to Grand 
Bd ; Pierce Ave. (W. D.), 807 N. 
Kedzie Ave. w. to Homan Ave.; 
Pierce (L.), Stewart Ave. w. to Wal- 
lace; Pine (N. D.), N. Water n. to 
Oak; Pine (L. V.), N. Robey e to 
As^iland Ave.; Pine Grove Ave. (L. 
V.) Cornelia nw. to Graceland Ave.; 
Pitney Ct. (S. D), C. & A. R. R. se. 
to 31st; Pittsfield Ave. (L.), 6 Jth s. to 
62d; Pleasant (N. D.), 191 Div sion n. 
to Vedder; Pleasant Ave. (L. V.), 
Fullerton Ave. n. to Fisher Ave.; 
Pleasant PI. (W. D.) 1233 N. Western 
Ave. w, to Perry Ave.; Plum (W. D.), 
220 Loomis w. to Laflin; Plymouth 
PI. (S. D.), 86 Jackson s. to 14th; Poe 
(N. D.), 26 Maud Ave. nw. to Clyde; 
Point (W. D.), 663 Arraitage Ave. 
nw. to Calif ornia Ave.; Polk{S. D.), 
426 State w. to the rjver; Polk W. (W, 



D.), the river w, to S. Albany Ave.; 
Poplar Ave. (S. D.), 28th to 31st; 
Portland Ave. (S. D.), 381 22ds. to 
43d; Post (S. D.) Ashland Ave. se. to 
the levee; Potomac Ave. (W. D.). 599 
N. Lincoln w. to California Ave.; 
Powell Ave. (W. I).), 1617 Milwaukee 
Ave. n. to Fullerton Ave.; Powell 
Ave. (H. P.), 99th s. to ll4th; 
PowelVs Park (W. D.), ir87 N. 
Western Ave. w. to Powell Ave.; 
Prairie Ave. (S. D.), 9 16th s. to 87th; 
Pratt (W. D.), 292 S. Halsted w. to 
Morgan; Pratt PI. (W. D.), 219 S. 
Hoyne Ave. w. two blocks; Prim- 
rose (L.V.), Peterson Ave. n. to Fish- 
er Ave.; Prince Ave. (W. D.), 779 N. 
Central Park Ave. w. to Crawford 
Ave.; Prindiville (W. D.), 1834 Mil- 
waukee Ave. sw. to State; Prospect 
PI. (S. D.), 3570 Cottage Grove Ave. 
w. to Vincennes Ave.; Pulaski (W. 
D.), J149N. Hoyne Ave. w. to Leav- 
itt; Pullman (H. P.), 104th sw. to 
115th; Purple (S. D.), 251 19th s. to 
Archer Ave.; Putnam (W. D.), Erie 
n. to Chicago Ave. 



Quarry (S. D.), the river se. to 
Stearns; Quincy (S. D.), 220 State 
w. to the river; Quincy W. (W, D.), 
167 S. Clinton w. to Halsted; Quinn 
(S. D,),2733 ArcherAve.se. to 31st. 



Racine Ave. (N. D.), 550 Clybourn 
Ave. n. to Belmont Ave; Railroad 
Ave. (W. D.), 64 12th s. to 14th; 
Railroad Ave. (L.), railroad crossing 
w. to Wentworth Ave.; Railroad 
Ave. (H. P.), 7ist s. to 83d PI.; 
Raleigh Ct. (W. D.), 675 13th s. one 
block; Randolph (S. D.), Michigan 
Ave. w. to the river; i?andolp^ W. 
( W. D.), the river w. to Union Park; 
Ravenswood Park (L. V.), Grace n. 
to limits; i?awso7J, (W, D), the river 
w. to Elston Ave.;I2aj/ (S. D.),2.-24 
Park Ave. w. to Prairie Ave.; JRay- 
mond ( W. D.), 787 N. Robey w. one- 
half block; Rebecca (W. D.), 603 S. 
Morgan w. to California Ave.: Red- 
field (W. D.), McHenry w. to Els- 
ton Ave.; Reese (N. D.), 275Larrabee 
sw, to Division; Reese Ave. (L.), see 



344 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



Crawford Ave.; Reynolds Ave. (H. 
P.), 78th s. to 82d; Rhine {W.D.), 
1257 N. Leavitt w.to Milwaukee Ave.; 
Rhodes Ave. (S. D.), 53 31st s. to 3 th; 
Rice ( W. D . ), 353 N . Wood w. to Lin- 
coln; Rice PI. (W. D.), 1016 22ds. 
one block; Richmond (W. D.), 1184 
Chicago Ave. n. to Division; J?ic?i- 
mondAve. (L. V.), 2023 Milwaukee 
Ave. n. to Belmont Ave; Ridge Ave. 
(H. P.), 83 Robertson Ave. s. to 
Jackson Park Terrace; Ridge Ave. 
(L. v.), 2599 Evanston Ave. nw. to 
limits; Ridgeway Ave. (W. D.), Kin- 
zie n. to North Ave.; Ridgewood Ct. 
(H. P.), 263 54th s. one block; Ritchie 
PI. (N. D.), 331 Goethe n. to Banks; 
River (S. D.), Rush Street bridge 
sw. to Water; Roberts (N. D.), 1 Erie 
n. to Chicago Ave.; Eohertson Ave. 
(H. P.), 43^4 Grace Avenue to I. 
C. R. R.; Robey N.(W.I). and L. 
v.), 773 Lake n. to limits; Robey, S. 
(W. D. and S. D.), 77;i Lake s. to 
limits; Robinson (S. D.), 3lst nw. 
to Illinois & Michigan Canal; 
Rockwell, N. (W. D.), 1142 Lake n.to 
Armitage Ave.; Rockwell, S. (W. D. 
and S.D,), 1143 Lake s.to 51st; Rokeby 
(L. V.),1500 AddisonAve n. to Grace- 
land Ave.; i?oot (L.), 4134 State w. 
to Halsted; Rosalie Ct. (H. P.), 57th 
s. to 59th; Roscoe (L. V.), N. Wes- 
tern Ave. e. to Evanston A ve.; Rose 
(W. D.), 390 Chicago Ave. n. to Cor- 
nell; iJsebwd (W. D.),6-i5 Blooming- 
dale Road nw. to N. Western Ave.; 
Rosemont Ave. (L. V.), Evanston 
Ave. e. to the lake; Rosenmerkel (L. ), 
Stewart Ave. w. to Wallace; Rubens 
Ave. (L v.), Grand Ave. n. to 
Ernst Ave; Ruble (W. D.), 153 16th s. 
to 2lst; Rumsey vW. D.),499 Indiana 
n. to Division; Rundel PI. (W. D.), 
73 S. Morgan w. to Centre Ave.; 
Rupp Ave. (H. P.), 87th s. to 95th; 
Rush (N. D.), the river n. and nw. 
to Elm ; Rush (L.), 417 39th s. one 
block. 



Sacramento Ave. N. (W. D.), 1392 
Lake n. to Central Park Bd.; Sacra- 
mento Ave. S. (W. D.), 1392 Lake s. to 
b3d.; Saginaw Ave. (H. P.), 526 87th 
s.to 95th.; Samuel (W. D.), 540 Chi- 
cago Ave. n. to Division; Sangamon 



N. (W. D.),259 Randolph n.to the 
river; Sangamon, S. (W. D.), 359 
Randolph s. to Harrison; Sangamon 
(L.), 52d s. to limits; Sanger (S. D.), 
3447 Archer Ave. se. to 26th; Sawyer 
Ave. (W. D.), 12th s. to 69th; Sche'l 
Ave. (H. P.), 71st s. to 84th; Schick 
Pi. (N. D.), 64 Clybourn Ave. ne. to 
Cleveland Ave.; Schiller (N. D.), 357 
Sedgwick e. to the lake; School (W. 
D ), 93 S. Canal w. to Desplaines; 
School (L. v.), Western Ave e. to 
Evanston Ave ; School (L.), 358 Root 
s. to 63d.; Schuyler (W. D.), Thomas 
Ave. w. to 1st Ave.; Schuyler ( W. D.), 
Milwaukee Ave. w. one block; Scott 
(N. D.), 407 State e. to the lake; 
Scovel Ave. (H. P.), 99th s. to 114th; 
Sebor (W. D.), Ellsworth w. to S. 
Halsted; Second Ave. (H. P.), 176 
95th s. to 101st; Sedgwick (N. D.), 85 
Erie n. to limits; Sedgwick Ct. (N. 
D.), 328 DiviMon s. to Elm; Seeley 
Ave.iW. D.), 804 Madison s. to Avon 
PI.; Selden (W. D.), 485 S. Wood w. 
one block; Seminary Ave. (N: D.), 53 
Maud Ave. n. to Eddy; Seminar?/ PI. 
(L. v.), 436 Racine Ave. to Seminary 
Ave.; Seneca (N. D.), 361 Illinois n. 
one block; Seneschalle (L.), 440 Root 
n. one-half hloc^; Seventetnth (S.D.), 
irOO State w.to Grove; Seventeenth W. 
(W. D.), Arthur w. to Washtenaw 
Ave.; Seventh Ave. (H. P.), 47 96th s. 
to lOOth.; Seventieth (H. P. and L.), 
Yates Ave. w. to Centre Ave.; 
Seventy-first (H. P. and L.), the lake 
w. to Ashland Ave.; Seventh-first PI. 
(H. P.), Stony Island Ave. w. to 
Woodlawn Ave. ; Seventy-second (H. 
P. and L.),7lstsw. and w.to Ashland 
Ave.; Seventy -second PI. (H. P.), 
Storiy Island Ave. w. to Woodlawn 
Ave.; Seventy-third (H. P. and L.), 
Lake Ave. w. to Ashland Ave.; 
Seventy-fourth (H. P. and L.), Lake 
Ave. w. to Ashland Ave ; Seventy- 
fourth PI. (H. P.), B. & O. R. R. w. to 
Jefferson Ave.; Seventy- fifth (H. P. 
and L.), Lake Ave. w. to Reese 
Ave.; Seventy-sixth (H. P.), Lake 
Ave. w. to Halsted; Seventy-sixth 
Ct (H. P.), 7643 Coles Ave. w. to 
Railroad; Seventy-seventh (H. P. and 
L.), Lake Ave. w. to Ashland Ave.; 
Seventy-seventh Ct. (H. P.), 7743 Coles 
Ave. sw. to Railroad Ave.; Seventy- 
eighth (H, P. and L.), Lake Ave. w. 



li 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



345 



to Ashland Ave.; Seventy-eighth PI. 
(H. P.), 78^6 Coles Ave. sw. to Rail- 
road Ave.; Seventy-ninth (H. P. and 
L.), the lake w. to Hyman Ave.; 
Seward (W. D.), 77 16th s. to Lumber; 
Seymour Ave. (W. D-), 973 Kinzle n. 
to Armitage Ave.; Shakespeare Ave. 
(W. D.), 1161 N. Cahf ornia Ave. w. to 
Humboldt Park; Shaughnessy (N. 
D.), 9 Goethe n. one block; Sheffield 
Ave. (N. D. and L.), 472 Hawthorne 
Ave. n. to Belmont Ave.; Shelby Ct. 
(W . D.) , 109 J 9th s. one block; Sheldon 
(L. v.), Grace n. to Graceland Ave.; 
Sheldon, N. ( W. D.), 467 Randolph n. 
to Arbor PI.; SheldonS. (W. D.), 467 
Randolph s. to Madison; Sheridan 
(S. D.), 1^73 33d s to Douglas Ave.; 
Shendan Ave. iW. D.), Kinzie n. to 
FuUerton Ave.; Sheridan Ave. S. 
(W. D.), 1456 Fillmore s. to 12th; 
Sheridan Ave. (H. P.;,61sts.to 67th; 
Sheridan PI. (S.D.), 2014 Wentworth 
Ave. w. one-half block; Sherman 
(S. D.), 164 Jackson s. to Stowell; 
Sherman (L.), 39th s. to limits; 
Sherman Ave. (H. P.), 420 83d s. to 
78th; Sherman PI. (L. V.), 674 Or- 
chard se. to Clark; Sherman PI. (N. 
D.), 133 Pine w one-half block; Sho- 
beriW. D.), 562 Division n. to Wau- 
bansia Ave.; Sholto {W. D.), 36S 
Harrison s. to 11th.; Short (S. D.), 
3731 Cologne se. to Fuller; Sibley 
(W. D.),523 Harrison s. to Taylor; 
Sidney Ave. (H. P.), 78 44th s. to 
45th ; Sidney Ct. (L.V.), 1934 Wright- 
wood Ave. nw. to Diversey; Siebens 
PI. (N. D.), 30) Larrabee nw. to 
Hinsche; Sujel (N. D.), 46 Cleveland 
Ave. e. to Wells; Silver ( W. D.i, ■ 80 
Harri?on s. to Gurley; Sin7iott PI. 
(W, D.), 70 N. Centre Ave. w. to 
Elizabeth; Sixteenth (S. D.),the lake 
w. to the river; Sixtee?it?i (W.D.),the 
river w. to limits; Sixth Ave. (H. P.), 
94th se. to Indiana Bd.; Sixtieth (H. 
P. and L.), 600 ) iStony Island Ave. w. 
to Kincaide Ave. Sixtieth Ct. (L.), 
Wenthworth Ave. w. to Wallace; 
Sixty-first (H. P. and L.), 6100 Stony 
Island Ave.w. to Central Park Ave.; 
Sixty-first Ct. (L.), Wal'ace w. to 
Halsted; Sixty-first PI. (H. P.), Mad- 
ison Ave. e. to I. C. K. R.\ Sixty- 
second (H. P. and L.\ I. C. R. R. w. 
to Central Park Ave.; Sixty-second 
PI. (H. P.), I. C. R. R. w. to Madison 



Ave.; Sixty-third (H. P. and L.), 
6300 Stony Island Ave. w. to limits, 
S>xty-fourth (H. P. and L.), 6iG0 
Stony Island Ave. w.to limits; Sixty- 
fifth (K. P. and L.), Sheridan Ave. 
w. to limits; Sixty-fifth Terrace (H. 
P.), Stony Island Ave. w. to I. C. R. 
R.; Sixty-sixth (H. P. and L.), Stony 
Island Ave. w. to 1 mits; Sxty-sixth 
Ct. (H. P.), Stony Island Ave.w. 
to Halsted; Sixty-seventh (H. P. and 
L ), Stony Island Ave. w. to limits; 
Sixty-eighth (H. P. and L.), the lake 
w. to Homan Ave.; Sixty-ninth {H. 
p. and L. 1, the lake w. to Homan 
Ave.; Slade (S. D ), 132831st nw. one 
and one-half block; Sloan (W. D.), 
273 Elston Ave. w. to Noble; Smart 
(W. D. ,657Kinzien. to Austin Ave.; 
Smith Ave. (N. D.), 129 Blackhawk 
n. to North Ave.; Smith Ave. (S. 
D.), Rockwell w. to Kedzie Ave.; 
SnelliW. D.), 341 Chicago Ave. s. to 
Huron; Snow (W. D.), N. Leavittne. 
to river; Snyder (L.), 4056 Stewart 
Ave. w. to Halsted; iSo&ies/ci (W.D.), 
257 Webster Av^e. n. to FuUerton 
Ave.:Soult(Ij. V.), 1493 Wellington 
Ave. n. to Noble; South Ave. (L.Y .), 
Front e. to Clark; South Chicago Ave. 
(H. P.), 67thse. to Qbth; South Park 
Ave. (S.D.),1 22d s. to 87th.; South 
Park Ct. (H. P.), 16th s. to 61st.; 
South Water (S. D.), the Jake w. and 
sw. to lake; Southport Ave. (N. D.), 
95 Clybourn PI. n. to Belmont 
Ave. Spaulding Ave. (W. D.), 1554 
Madison s. to 69th.; Spears Ave. (L.) 
Archer Ave. se. to 47th.; Spring 
(S. D.), I»il2 State w. to Went- 
worth Ave. Springer Ave. (S. D.), 
.^224 Laurel w. to Waterville. 
Springfield Ave. N. (W. D.), Kinzie 
n. to Humboldt Ave.; Springfield 
Ave. S. (W. D ) 2008 Harrison s. to 
61st; Spruce (W. B.),242 Loomis w. 
to Laflin; Stanton Ave. (S. D.), 137 
35th s. to 39th; Starr (N. D.), 481 
Sedgwick e. to Franklin; State N. 
(N. D.) the river n. to North 
Ave.; State (S. D.) the river s. to 
6oth; State Ct. (L. V.) Belmont Ave. 
s two blocks; Station (W. D.),1319 
N. Leavitt nw. to FuUerton Ave.; 
.Stale (W. D.) , 601 Armitage Ave. n w. 
to California Ave.; St. Clair (N. D.), 
217 Michigan n. to Superior; St. Elmo 
(L. v.), Wood e. to Lincoln Ave.; 



346 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



St. George's Ct. (W. D.); 191 Stave 
ne. to Milwaukee Ave.; St. Hedwigs 
(W. D.) 331 Webster Ave. n. to Pu- 
laski; St. Helen's (W. D.), 112 Stave 
sw. one-half block; St. James PL (L. 
D.),1202 Clark ne. to Lake View Ave.; 
St. John's PI. (W. D.), 546 Lake n. to 
Arbor PI.; St. Louis Ave. N. (W. 
D.), 1700 Lake n. to Chiea^o Ave.; 
St. Louis Ave. S. (W. D.), 1684 Madi- 
son s. to 68th; 8f. Marij (W.D.)166 
Stave sw. one-half block: i^itearns (S. 
D.) 2860 Halsted sw.to Main; Stein 
(W. D.), 75 liedfield nw. one block; 
Stephens ( W. D.), 1260 Jackson s. to 
Van Buren; Stephenson (W. D.); 
Lumber s. to W. 14th; Stewart Ave. 
(W. D. and S. D), 70 2th s. to 87th; 
Stone (N. D.), 6:3 Division n. to 
Banks; i^to7ie Ave. (L ), Morgan w. 
to Centre Ave.; Stony Island Ave. 
(H. P.), 147 56th s. to Lake Calumet; 
Storms (H. P.).P., F. W. &C. Rys. 
to 87th; StoiveU (S. 1) ), 536 Clark w. 
one and one-half blocks; String (W. 
D ), 131 16th s. to 22d; Sidlivan(N. 
D.), 310 Sedffw ck w. to Hurlbut; 
Sullivan Ct. {S D), 2973 Lyman se. 
one bloc ; Sidtan (L.), 40i43ds. to 
Goshen; Sulzer(L. V.) , Western Ave. 
e. to the lake; Summerd(de Ave.(L. 
v.), Robey e. to Southport Ave.; 
Summers Ave. {W . D.), L575 Bloom- 
ingdale Road n. to Armitage Ave.; 
Summit (S. D.), R. R. se. to 36 Ar- 
cher Ave.; Summit Ave. (L), 83d sw. 
to 87th; Summer (W. D.), 730 15th s. 
tol6th;SM?mj/stde Ave. (L. V.), West- 
ern Ave. e. to Clark; Superior (N. 
D.), Roberts e. to the lake; Superior 
W. ( W. D.) ^98 N. Halstei w. to 48th; 
Superior Ave. (H. P.), 83d s. to 93d; 
S\irf (L. v.), 60 Evanston Ave. e. to 
the lake: Surrey Ct. (L. V.), 263 Ful- 
lerton Ave. n. to Dunning Ave.; 
Swift (W. D ), 1371 S. KedzieAve. 
w. to Crawford Ave.; Swift (L. V.), 
1074 Ridge Ave. n. to Francis; Swift 
PI. (S. D.), 2844 Wentworth Ave. w. 
to Stewart Ave. 



Talman Ave. N. (W. D.), 1'70 Lake 
n. to North Ave.; Talman Ave. S. 
(W. D.), 1286 12th s. to 15th; Taylor 
(S. D.), 504 State w. to the river; 
Taylor W. (W. D.), the river w. to 



LawndaJe Ave.; Tell Ct. (N. D.), 541 
Sedgwick e. to Wells: Tell H. (W. 
D.), 748 Milwaukee Ave. w. to Ash- 
land Ave.; Temple (W. D.), 323 Chi- 
cago Ave. s. to Huron; Tenth Ave. 
(H. P.),4>th s. one block; Terrace 
Ct. (S. D.),3136 Lowe Ave. w. one 
block; The Strand (H. P.), 85th s. to 
Harbor Ave.; Third Ave. (H. P.), 142 
95th s. to 102d; Thirteenth (S D.), 
Indiana Ave. w. to State; Thirteenth 
W. (W. D.), 303 Blue Island Ave w. 
to Bd ; Thirteenth St. W. (W. D.i, 
897 S. R ckwell w. to Cal fornia 
Ave.; Thirtieth {S. D.), the lake w. 
to Halsted; Thirtieth W. (W. D.), 
1431 S. Western Ave. w. to Kedzie 
Ave.; Thirty-first (S. D ), the lake w. 
to Illinois and Michigan Canal; 
Thirty-first W. (W. D.), Illinois and 
Michigan Canal w. to Crawford Ave.; 
ThirUj-second (S. D.), Cottage Grove 
Ave. w. to Tloyne Ave.; Thirty- 
second W. (W. D ), 1523 S. Western 
Ave. w. to KockwoU; Thirtit -second 
Ct. ^S.D.),3106 Lake Park Ave.w. to 
Cottage Grove Ave.: Thirty-third 
(S. D ), the lake w. to Oakley Ave.; 
Thirty-third Ct. (S. D.), 3:28 Halsted 
Av. to Archer Ave.; Thirty-fourth 
(S. D . ), 3400 Cottage Grove Ave w. 
to Rockwell; Thirty-fourth Ct. (S. 
D . ), 34 .8 Halsted w. to Robey; Thirty- 
nfthiS.B.), the lake w. to Illinois 
and Michigan Canal; Thirty-Hfth Ct. 
(S. D.), 3528 Halsted w. to Western 
Ave.; Thirty-sixth (S D.), 8600 Lake 
Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave.; r7ii?'tTy-sjxt/i 
PI. (S. D.),3634 VincennesAve. w. 
one block; Thirty-seventh ( - . D.), the 
lake w. to Illinois and Michigan 
Canal; Thirty-seventh Ct. (S. D,),3728 
Indiana Ave.w. to Robey; Thirty- 
eighth (S. D.), 3800 Cottage Grove 
Ave. w. to Illi ois and Michigan 
Canal: Thirty-eighth Ct. (S. D ), 3824 
Portland Ave. w. to Wood; Thirty- 
ninth (S. D.), Lake Ave. w. to Illinois 
and Michigan Canal; Thirty-ninth 
PL (S. D.), 3930 Wabash Ave. 
e. one-half block; Thomas (W. 
D.),4P5 N. Wood w. to Humboldt 
Pai k; Thomas Ave ,(W.D.) 127 Palmer 
PL n. to Belmont Ave.; Thome Ave. 
(L. v.), Clark e. to Southport Ave.; 
Thompson (W. D.), 777 N. Leavitt w. 
to California Ave.; Thorndale Ave. 
(L. Y.), Evanston Ave. . tv 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



347 



Sheffield Ave.; Troop (W. D.), 
4i8 Madison s. to 87th; Tilden (W. 
D. ', 207 ti. Morgan w. to Centre Ave. ; 
TinKham Ave. (W. D ), Kinzie n. to 
North Ave.; Todd (S. D.), 21U0 Grove 
nw one block; Torrence Ave. (H.P.), 
742 95th s. to 99th.; Tower PL (N. 
D.), 379 Chicago Ave. n. to Pearson; 
Town (l^. D.), 249 Blackhawk n. to 
North Ave.; Townes Ct. (N. D.),194 
North Ave. s. one-half block; Toion- 
se7id (N . D.), 55 Erie n. to Division; 
Tracy Ave. (L.), 423 43d s. to 57th.; 
Tremont ( W D.), 265 Spaulding Ave. 
w. to Homan Ave.; Tremont (L.), 
Stewart Ave. w. t j Wallace; Tr,)y N. 
(W. D ), Kinzie n. to Chicago Ave. 
Troy S. (W. D.), 240 i olorado Ave. 
s. to 3 st; TrumhuU Ave., S. (W. D.), 
426 Colorado Ave. s. to 27th; Trum- 
huU Ave., N. (W. D.), Kinzie n. to 
Chicago Ave.; Truro (W. D.), 761 S. 
A<baay Ave. w. to Kedzie Ave ; 
Trustee (W. D.), 551 Kinzie n. to 
Austin Ave ; Tucker (S. D.), 895 35th 
s. to 39th: Turner (L. V.), N. Hoyne 
Ave. e. to N. Robey; Turner Ave. 
(W. D.), 1703 12th s. to 24:th; Tuttle 
Ave (L. v.), C. & N. W. R. R. e. to 
N. Clark; Twelfth (S. D.), Indiana 
Ave. w. to the river; Twelfth W. (W. 
D ),the river w. to city limits; Twen- 
tieth (S. D), the lake w. to Grove; 
Twentieth W. (W. D.), Blair w. to 
Albany Ave.; Twenty -first (S. D ), 
the lake w. to Stewart Ave.; Twenty- 
first (W. D.), S. Jefferson w. to St. 
Louis Ave.; Twenty-second (S. D.), 
the la^^-e w. to the river; Twenty-sec- 
ond (W. D.), the river w. to Ogden 
Ave.; Twenty-second PL (S. D.), 2233 
Archer Ave. e. to Wentworth Ave. 
Twenty-third (S. D.), the lake w. to 
Archer Ave.; Twenty-third (W. D.), 
1071 Kedzie Ave. w. to HamJin Ave. 
Twenty-third PL (S. D.), Wentworth 
Ave. w. to A Cher Ave.; Twenty- 
fourth (S. D.), the lake w. to Butler; 
Twenty-fourth (W. D ), 11 9 S. Ked- 

; zie Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; 

' Twenty-fourth PI. {i. D.), Archer 
Ave. e. to Wentworth Ave.; Twenty- 
fifth (S. D.), the lake w. to Sanger; 
Twenty-nfthiW.D.), California Ave. 
w. to city limits: Twenty-fifth Ct. 
(W. D.), California Ave. w. to Sac- 

'^ ramento Ave ; Twenty-fifth PL (S. 
D.), Halsted e. to Wentworth Ave.; 



Twenty-Sixth (S. D.), 2600 Cottage 
Grove Ave. w . to Halsted; Twenty- 
sixth (W. D.), 1251 S. Western Ave. 
w.to Crawford Ave.; Twenty -seventh 
(S. D.), the lake w. to Quarry; 
Twenty-seventh (^. !>.), 1311 S. Ked- 
zie Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; 
Twenty-eighth (S. D.), the lake w. to 
Halsted; Twenty-eighth (W. D.),1357 
Sacramento Ave. w. to WLipple; 
Twenty-ninth (S. D.), the lake w. to 
Halsted; Twenty-ninth (W. D.), 1381 
S. Western Ave. w. to California 
Ave.; Twomey (N . D ), 288 Sedgwick 
nw. one block; Tyson Ave. (L. V.) 
3i4 School n. to Cornelia. 



Upland (N. D.), 151 Clj^bourn Ave. 
sw. to N. Halsted; Ullman (.s. D.), 
971 31st s. to 39th; U7iion N. (W. D.), 
155 t andolph n. to Erie; Union S. 
(W. D.), 155 Randolph s. to Lumber; 
Union PL (W. D.), 1057 Congress s 
to Harrison; Union Park PL (W.D.), 
5? i Lake n. to Arbor PI ; University 
PL (S. D.), 3432 Cottage (Jrove Ave. 
w.to Rhodes Ave.; Upton {W D.), 
1486 Milwaukee Ave. sw. to Western 
Ave.; Utica (W. D.), 1510 Fillmore s. 
to 12th. 



Van Buren (S. D.), Michigan Ave. 
w. to the river; Van Buren AV. (W. 
D ), the river w. to 46th; Van Buren 
(L. v.), Bryn Mawr n. to Peterson 
Ave.; Van Horn (W. D.).577 Laflin 
w. to Washtenaw Ave.; Vedder (N . 
D.), 525 Halsted e. to Division; Ver- 
mont Ave. (S. D.), 31st s. to 33d; Ver- 
non Ave. (S. D.and H. P.), 68 29th 
s. to 73d; Vernon Park PI. (W. D.), 201 
Center Ave. w. to Loomis; Victor (L. 
v.), Swift fe. and e. to Evanston 
Ave.; Vilas Ave (L. V.), N. Leavitt 
e. to Wright; Vincennes Ave. (S. D. 
and H. P.), 3500 Cottage Grove Ave. 
sw. to 51st; Vincennes Ave. (L.), 
State and 68th sw. to 87th; Vine (N. 
D.), 315 Division n. toRees; Virginia 
(W. D.), 181 Rebecca sw. to 16th. - 

w 

Wahansia Ave. (W. D.), McHenry 
w. to limits; Wabansia Ave. E. (N. 



348 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



D.), the river ne. to Clybourn Ave. 
Wabash Ave. (S. D.) S. Water s. to 
87th; Wade (W.D.), 123 Elston Ave. 
nw. to Crittenden; Waldo PL (W. 
D*), 21 S. Desplaines w. to Halsted; 
Walker Ct. (W. D.), 508 18th n. one- 
half block; Wai (S. U.), 947 31st s. 
to Springer Ave.; Wallace (S. D., 
2399 Archer Ave. pe.to 67th; Wallace 
Ave. (W. D.}, 453 Humboldt Bd. n. lo 
Avondale Ave.; Walleck H. (W. D.), 
C, B. & Q. R. R. s. to 18th; Waller 
{W. D.), 370 12th s. to 14th; Walnut 
(W. D.), 31 N.Ashland Ave. w. to 
Western Ave.; Walnut (L. V.) N. 
Robey e. to N. Clark; Walsh Ct. (W. 
D.), 727 S.May w. to Centre Ave.; 
Walter (H. P.) stock yards track s. 
to 40th; Walton PI. (N. D.) 330 Clark 
e. to the lake; Ward (N. D.) 666 Cly- 
bourn Ave. ne. to FuUerton Ave.; 
Ward (L. Y.), 1036 Dunning n. to 
Diversey; Ward (S. D.), Bro s Ave. 
s. to 39th; Ward Ave. (L.), 39th s. to 
50th; Ward Ct. (W. B.), 401 Lumber 
w. to Jefferson; Warren Ave. (W. 
D.),'.7 Ogden Ave. west to limits; 
Warsaw Ave. (W. D.), 1707 N. Cali- 
fornia Av. w.to Thomas Ave. ; Wash- 
hurne Ave. (W. C), 15 Waller w. to 
t<. Oakley Ave.; Washington (S. D ), 
Michigan Ave. w. to the rivei; 
Washington (W. D.); the river w. to 
S. Halsted; Washington Bd. (W.D.), 
S. Halsted w. to city limits; Wash- 
ington (L. v.), Robey e. to Ravens- 
wood Park; Washington Ave (H. 
P.), 4842 Lake Ave. s. to 59th; Wash- 
ington PI. (N. D.), 292 Clark e. to 
Dearborn Ave.; Washteraw Ave. S. 
(W. D.), 1138 Wilcox Ave. s. to 
Archer Ave.; Washtenaiv Ave. N. 
(W. D.), 1206 Lake n. to Armitage 
Ave.; WatervilleiS. D.), 1077 32d se. 
to F x; Waubxm Ave. (L. V.), 1860 
Surf n. to Belmont Ave ; Waver (S. 
D.), r4.0 Archer Ave. w. one block; 
Waverly PI. (W. D ) 439 Madison n. 
to Washington; Wayman (^v. D.), 
86 N. Jefferson w. to N. Halsted; 
Weage Ave. (W. D ), 723N. Kedzie 
Ave. w. to Homan Ave.; Webb Ave. 
(L.), see Spaulding Ave.; Webber 
Ave. (L. v.), 3692 N Robey e. to 
Clark; Webster Ave. (N. D.), the 
river e. to Lincoln Park; Webster 
Ave. (W. D.), 945 Elston Ave. w. to 
Leavitt; Webster Ave. (L. V.), West- 



ern Ave. east to Clark; Webster Ave. 
(L.), 69th s. to 84th; Weed (V. D.), 
33 1 Hooker ne. to Hawthorne Ave.; 
Weed Ct. (N. D.), 256 Clybourn Ave. 
ne. one- half block; Wellington Ave. 
(L. v.), C. & N. W. Ry. e. to the lake; 
Wellington PI. (H. P.), 46th n. on-- 
half block; Wells N. (N. D.), the 
river north to Lincoln Park; Wen- 
dell ( xj . D.), 187 Sedgwick e to Wells; 
Wentworth Ave. (S. D.),259 16th s. 
to 85th; Werder (W. D. ), 627 N. Rock- 
well w. to California Ave.; Westcott 
Ct. (L.), 80th w. one-h If block; 
Wesson (N. D.), 89 Chicago Ave 
n. to Division; West Ct. (L. V.) 
J833 Belmont Ave. s. one-half block; 
West Water N. (W. D.), 5 Randolph 
n. to Indiana; West Water S. (W. 
D.), 5 Randolph s. to Madison; 
Western Ave. N. (W. D. and L. V.), 
1012 Lake n. to limits; Western Ave. 
S.(W. D. andL. V.),10l2Lake 8. to 
87th; Wharf (W. D.), Lumber se. to 
the river; Wharton Ave. (H. P.), 498 
61st s. to 67th; Wheaton (W. D) 575 
N. Kedzie Ave. w. one block; Whcel- 
ock Ave (L.), 75 s. two blocks; Whip- 
%)le (W. D.), 170 Colorado Ave. s. to 
5i8th; Whitehouse (W. D.), 1431 S. 
Kedzie Ave. w. to Crawford Ave.; 
Whitehouse PL (S. D.), 3000 Went- 
worth Ave. w. to StcAvart Ave.; 
Whiting (N. D.), 276 Market e. to 
Wells; Wieland (N. D.), 137 Schiller 
n. to North Ave.; Wilcox Ave. (W. 
D.), 145 S. Oakley Ave. w. to Sacra- 
mento Ave.; Will (W. D.), 567 Mil- 
waukee Ave. n. to Augusta; Willard 
PL (W. D.), 861 Washington n. to 
Randolph ; William (S. D.), Rock- 
well w. to Kedzie Ave.; William 
Ave. (W. D.), 661 N. Central Park 
Ave. w. to Hamlin Ave.; Willow 
(N. D.), 491 Larrabee w. to Clybourn 
Ave.; Wilmot Ave. (W. D.), 833 N. 
Robey w. to Hoyne Ave.; Wilson 
(W. D.), 29 Stewart Ave. w. to S. 
Jefferson; Wilson Ave. (L. V.), 
Leavitt e. to Halsted; Wilton Ave. 
(L. v.), 14 '6 Nellie Ave. n. to Grace; 
Willis Ct. (W. D.), 651 13th s. to R.R. 
track; Winchester Ave. (W. D.), 758 
Madison s. to 12th; Winchester Ave. 
(L.), 46th s. 87th; Windsor Ave. (L. 
v.), Sheffield Ave. e. to Halsted; 
Winneconna (L.), Stewart Ave. sw. 
to Goldsmith; Winter (L.), 39th §. to 



STREET DIRECTORY. 



349 



79th; Winthrop Ave. (L. V.), Law- 
reace Ave. n. to Thorndale Ave.; 
Winthrop PL (W. D.), 523 Pclk s. to 
Taylor; Wisconsin (N. D.), 819 Clark 
w. to Larrabee; Wolcott (L. V.), 460 
Belmont Ave. n. to Balmoral; Wolf- 
ram (L. v.), 1500 Ashland Ave. e. to 
Halsted; WoodN. (W. D.), 674 Lake 
n. to Webster Ave.; Wood S. ( W.D.), 
674 Lake s. to 71st; Woodland Ave. 
(W. D.), Doug-las Park Bd.s. to 16th; 
Woodland Park (S. D ), 3411 Cottage 
Grove Ave. e. one block; Wi)odlawn 
Ave. (H. P.), 4433 Lake Ave. s. to 
81st; Woodside Ave. (L. V.), School n. 
to Graeeland Ave.; Work (L.), State 
w. to Railroad; Worttien Ave. (W. 
D.), 256 Og-den Ave. s. to 21st; 
WiHght (W. D.), 115 Stewart Ave. w. 
to Morg-an; Wright (W. D.), 99 North 
Ave. nw. two blocks; Wright (L.), 



39th s. to 87th; Wright (L. V.), Centre 
n to Balmoral Ave.; Wright Ave. 
(L. v.), Sulzer n to Lawrence Ave.; 
Wright PI. (W. D.), 143 Grand Ave. 
n. to Huron; Wrightwood Ave. (L. 
V.\ Clybourn Ave. e, to Lake View 
Ave. 



Yale (L.), 63d s. to 85th; Yates Ave. 
(H. P.), 7ist s. to75th; Feat07i(W. 
D.), 513 S. Wood w. to Lincoln; 
York (W. D.), 171 Laflin w. to Wood; 
York PI. (L. v.), 1454 Clark e. to 
Evanston Ave.; Yorktown (S. D.>, 
Bross Ave. s. to 35th. 



Zion PL (W. 
Loomis. 



D.), 633 Troop w. to 



MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

Street Nomenci-ature.— Street nomenclature in Chicag-o is likely to 
confuse the visitor. It is not clear even to old residents. There is an entire 
absence of system in the t aming- of streets, and whei e a system has been at- 
tempted it has only served to increase the confusion. For instance, the streets 
running east and west, south of the Chicago river, a; e named South Water, 
Lake, Randolph, Washington, Madison, Monroe, etc. Now, from Washing- 
ton south it was the evident intention to name the streets after the presi- 
dents, but those which are so named are not in the proper order, and Jeffer- 
son and Lincoln sts. are on the West Side, running north and south, while 
Johnson is a little back street in the southwestern part of the city, streets 
named after trees, such as Elm, Oak, Pine, etc., are on the North Side, and 
Walnut is on the West Side. There is a Lake st. and a Lake ave., the latter 
miles away from the former. There is a Park ave. on the West Side and a 
South Park ave., miles away, on the South Side. We have a Garfield ave. 
on the North Side, Garfield Park on the West Side, and a Garfield blvd. on 
the South Side. We have a Washington st., Washington ave. and Washing- 
ton blvd., each in a different district of the city. So, also, we have Madison 
st. and Madison ave. Again, we have Michigan st., INfichigan ave. and 
Michigan blvd., Indiana st. a' d Indiana ave, etc., etc. There is at present a 
scheme before the authorities for correcting the nomei)clature of streets, 
bur it is so radical as to be unpopular. Practically there is no distinction 
between streets and avenues. Both run north and south, east and west, 
and diagonal. 

National Political, Conventions in Chicago.— The geographical 
position of Chicago, her accessibility by direct i-ail from all parts of the 
United States; her great newspapers which coll'^ct and disseminate the news 
( f the day in a manner that is not approached elsewhere; her wonderful 
telegraphic facilities; her immense hotels and incomparable accommodation 
for extraordinary gatherings have contributed toward making her the 
Convention City of the Nation. Some of the mo»t important conventions 



350 MISCELLANEOUS INFORMATION. 

of the great political parties have been held here. Abraham Lincoln was 
nominated in Chicago in 1860. The place in which the convention was held 
was a structure erected for the purpose, called the " Wigwam,'' It was 
built by voluntary subscriptions, and consisted of an immense audience 
room, arranged like an amphitheatre, the roof of which was supported by 
numerous upright posts. The Wigwam stood on Market, near Washington 
St. Gen. Geo. B. McClellan was nominated here for the presidency in 1864; 
Gen. U. S. Grant (in Crosby's Opera House) in 1868; Gen. Garfield (in tr^e Ex- 
position building) in 1880; James G. Blaine and Grover Cleveland (in the Expo- 
sition building) in 1884, and Benjamin Harrison (in the Auditorium) in 1888. 
The National Democratic Convention in the Wigwam, June, 1893. 

Population OF American Cities.— The population of the principa: 
cities of the United States, according to the census of 1890, was as follows. 
New York, 1,513,501; Chicago, 1,098,576; Philadelphia, 1,^44,894; Brooklyn, 
804,377; St. Louis, 460,357; Boston 446,507; Baltimore, 433,639; San Francisco, 
297,99.'; Cincinnati, 396,309; Cleveland, ^61,546; Buffalo, 355,543; New Orleans, 
341,995; Pittsburgh. 338,473; Washmgton, 238,160; Detroit, 307,791; Milwaukee, 
303,979; Newark, 183,020; Louisville, 185,756; Minneapolis, 164,780; Jersey City, 
163,987; Rochester, 135,302; Omaha, 134,742; St. Paul, 133,156; Providence, 132,403; 
Denver, 126,1>>6; Indianapolis, 125,0C0; Kansas City 105.000; Allegheny City, 
104,967; Scranton, 95,000; Albany, 93,523; New Haven, 85,981; Worcester, 8 ',133; 
Richmond, 80,300; Paterson, 78,300; Memphis, 75,360. [See population statis- 
tics under heading " Chicago As It Is." ] 

Population of Foreign Cities.— The population of the great cities of 
foreign countries is as follows, with the census years: London (1889), 4,351,738; 
Paris (18;6), 2,344,550; Berlin (1885), 1,315,287 ; Vienna (1889), 1,350,000; Tokio 
(1887), 1,165,048; St. Petersburg (1888), 978,309; Constantmople (1885), 
873,565. 

Mayors of Chicago.— Following is a list of the mayors of Chicago from 
the incorporation of the city to the present time : William B. Ogden, Buck- 
ner S. Morris, Benjamin W. Raymond, Alexander Loyd, Francis C. >'-herman, 
Augustus Garrett, Alson S. Sherman, John Putnam Chapin, James Curtiss, 
James H. Wordworth, Walter S. Gurnee, Charles M. Gray, Isaac L. Milliken, 
Levi D. Boone, Thomas Dyer, John Wentworth, John C. Haines, Julian S. 
Rumsay, John B. Rice, Roswell B. Mason, Joseph Medill, Harvey D. Colvin, 
Monroe Heath, Carter H. Harrison, John A. Roche, DeWitt C. Cregier, 
Hempstead Washburne. 



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